Offentliga rum är en konstant i urbana miljöer och också därför en stor del av människors liv. Att det ska vara tryggt att vistas i dessa offentliga miljöer är således kanske en självklarhet. Trygghet i offentliga miljöer är en central fråga för att skapa en trivsam och säker omgivning för alla människor. Det handlar om att känna sig säker och skyddad när man vistas på platser som parker, torg, gator, kollektivtrafik och andra offentliga utrymmen. En hög nivå av trygghet i dessa miljöer främjar både individens och samhällets välbefinnande. För att uppnå trygghet i offentliga miljöer är det viktigt att ta hänsyn till flera faktorer och implementera lämpliga åtgärder. Dessa faktorer är ibland inte helt självklara och genom vetenskaplig litteratur kan samhällsplanerare bättre förstå och utforma miljöer som människor kan bruka till sin fulla potential.  Undersökningen bygger därför på en komparativ fallstudie av tre offentliga miljöer av olika karaktär. Genom platsanalys och observation har dessa miljöer undersökts för att skapa en fysisk och verklig koppling mellan teori och fysisk planering. Av den kvalitativa textanalysen framkommer det att flera faktorer såsom exempelvis: arkitektonisk design och utformning, belysning, översikt och social kontroll bidrar till miljöns upplevda trygghet. Studering av de olika miljöerna har lett till slutsatsen att Karlskrona kommun har ett trygghetsperspektiv grundad i vetenskapliga teoretiska utgångspunkter vid planeringen av offentliga miljöer men att det finns en del brister i genomförandet. Det vill säga att en dissonans existerar mellan teorin och den fysiska planeringen där förbättringar och strategier för ökad trygghet kan göras.

Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka och belysa individernas beskrivningar och upplevelser av konflikten mellan myndigheterna och nya religiösa rörelser. Fokus ligger på att förstå konfliktens olika aspekter och dess påverkan på både gruppen och myndigheterna. Genom att använda narrativ analys av deras berättelser i tre dokumentära TV-serier undersöker denna studie och tolkar deras berättelser utifrån Goffmans teorier om social kontroll och stigmatisering. Tidigare forskning visar att myndighetsingripanden ofta sker på grund av oro för barnens välbefinnande inom de nya religiösa rörelserna. Resultaten visar att både explicita och implicita maktutövning integreras med varandra och är rotad i ledarskapet. Både myndigheterna och religiösa ledare utövar makt genom olika strategier och metoder för att kontrollera och påverka sina anhängare. Detta visar att maktutövningen bidrar till att förstärka stigmatisering och social kontroll. Myndigheterna förlitar sig på regelverk, lagar och auktoritet medan de religiösa ledarna utnyttjar auktoritet. Resultateten visar även en bristande kunskap hos myndigheterna när det kommer till hantering av sådana konflikter, vilket resulterade i skada och negativa konsekvenser för många individer, särskilt barnen inom dessa rörelser. Det framkommer att allt mänsklig handlande har komplexa konsekvenser och att en ökad förståelse behövs för att kunna hantera dessa situationer på ett mer effektivt sätt. Genom att inkludera dessa aspekter av individers upplevelser ger denna studie en djupare inblick i de individuella erfarenheter som uppstår under konflikten mellan myndigheterna och nya religiösa rörelser.

Trygghet är ett av de viktigaste och grundläggande kraven som finns på ett samhälle. Dess betydelse uppstår från folks rätt att känna sig trygga i sin omgivning. Denna studie ämnar att diskutera frågor som rör tryggheten i en stad, faktorer som kan påverka känslan av trygghet och hur man kan stärka trygghet med byggd miljö. Arbetet presenterar en fallstudie baserad på Annelund området. Annelund är ett litet bostadsområde som ligger i Malmö. Det är väl rapporterat att invånarna i Annelund känner sig mycket otrygga. Det huvudsakliga syftet med detta arbete är att fördjupa förståelsen av de faktorer som påverkar trygghetsnivån i Annelund. Vidare syftar studien också till att föreslå förbättringar som kan göras för att det ska kännas tryggare för de som bor och vistas i området. Aspekter som rör trygghetsnivån i trakten har analyseras med hjälp av litteraturstudier, plats observationer och intervjuer. Studien visar att den byggda miljön är en viktig faktor som påverkar tryggheten av en plats; dock visar studien också att bredare insatser behövs för att främja utvecklingen av en trygg stad. Detta eftersom Annelund faktiskt är ett lugnt område med ganska låg brottslighet där den byggda miljön är bra; men invånarna känner sig fortfarande mycket otrygga där på grund av sin omgivning d.v.s., på grund av de olagliga aktiviteter som sker på Norra Grängesbergsgatan. Under denna studie konstaterades det att gatan verkar vara ganska stökig kunde även observera att det fysiska rummet är dåligt planerat. Vilket gör att gatan blir lämplig för olagliga aktiviteter. Således rekommenderar denna studie att ändra de fysiska aspekterna av gatan för att minska de olagliga aktiviteterna som sker i Norra Grängesbergsgatan. Detta kan resultera i att invånarna i Annelund känner sig tryggare. / Safety is one of the main fundamental requirements of a society. It`s importance arises from peoples right to feel safe within their premises. This thesis attempts to address some questions about safety in a city, factors that can affect feeling of safety and how to endorse safety in built environment. This work presents a case study based on Annelund area. Annelund is located in Malmö, Sweden. The residents of Annelund are reported to feel unsafe in their neighbourhood. The main purpose of this work is to deepen understanding of the factors that affect the perceived safety level in Annelund. The work also aims to suggest improvements that can be made so that the residents in Annelund can feel safer. Aspects related to the safety level of the neighbourhood are analysed by means of literature studies, site observations and interviews. The study shows that the built in environment is an important factor that affects the safety of a place; however, the study also highlights that broader efforts are needed to promote the development of a safe city. This, because Annelund is actually a quiet area with low crime rate where the physical space is relatively good but, still the inhabitants feel very unsafe due to their surrounding neighbourhood that have its basis in the illegal activities that occurs in Norra Grängesbergsgatan. During this study, it was observed that this place seems to be a troubled street where physical space is poorly planned. Due to this the street is suited for some illegal activities. Thus, this study recommends changing the physical aspects of the street to reduce illegal activities in Norra Grängesbergsgatan. This could ultimately lead to higher and improved safety level in Annelund.

I Sverige har brottslighet och kriminalitet blivit ett utbrett samhällsproblem som diskuteras flitigt i den politiska – och mediala debatten. Politikernas svar på den ökade gängkriminaliteten tenderar ofta att hamna i en diskussion om att skärpa straffen, slopa ungdomsrabatten och ge polisen fler maktmedel för att bekämpa brottslighet än att arbeta förebyggande med målgruppen. Syftet med litteraturstudien är att undersöka vilka konsekvenser före detta kriminella möter när de har gjort valet att bryta med sin gamla livsstil, och att identifiera olika hinder som påverkar deras möjligheter att återanpassas till att bli fungerande medborgare. Betydande forskning från USA visar på att skärpta straff och långa fängelsevistelser är verkningslöst ifall syftet är att minska brottsligheten. En relevant fråga att ställa sig är ifall detta verkligen är den rätta vägen att ta? I min litteraturstudie pekar resultatet snarare på att långa fängelsevistelser riskerar skapa en rad följdkonsekvenser på både individ - och samhällsnivå för tidigare dömda personer som leder till att återanpassningen misslyckas. Men vad är lösningen på problemet med den ökade brottsligheten och hur skulle det kunna se ut istället? / In Sweden, crime and criminality have become a widespread societal problem that is frequently discussed in the political - and media debate. Politicians' response to the increase in crime often tends to sharpen penalties, cancel the youth discount and give the police more authority. But is this really the right way to go? The purpose of my literature study is to investigate the consequences that former criminals face when they have made the choice to break with their old lifestyle, and to identify the various obstacles that affect their chances of being readjusted to become functioning citizens. Significant research from, among others, the USA, shows that harsher punishment is ineffective if the purpose is to reduce crime. In my literature study, conclusions point rather to the fact that longer prison stays tend to result in aggravating obstacles on both an individual - and societal level that make it harder for the individual convicted person to stop committing crimes and return to a functioning everyday life. But what is the solution to the problem with increased crime, and what could this solution look like instead?

This study investigates children born out of wedlock. It is based on birth – and baptism records from two island on the west coast in Sweden, named Styrsö and Öckerö. The essay is divided in three different periods in the intervals between 1860-1945. It’s a comparative study between the islands and the aim is to research how many children are illegitimate and if these children have a known or unknown fader. Its later compered to each other and the national statistic in Sweden.  The result of the study is that the islands have a low number of children born out of wedlock compared to the national statistics. The theory that is applied on the study is social control and social vulnerability. Both islands have little too no contact to the mainland and the strict rule of the orthodox religion has an impact on controlling the people but is later questioned by the free churches that currents on the island in the 1870th century. The social vulnerability starts with the mother for even having a relationship or sexual intercourse out of wedlock and then when the child is born it doesn’t have the same prerequisites as the children born with parents that are married.

<p>The aim of this study was to enlighten social workers experiences of social networks direct influence in Swedish social services, and in which ways those influences are manifested. Some of the issues that are being explored in this study are: The separation of the private sphere and professional duties; boundaries and dual relationships that occurs inside social networks; the use of social networks as a control-instrument in authority exercise towards clients; and social networks arising impact on social work. The empirical material was collected with nine qualitative interviews with social workers stationed at different social service departments in a Swedish municipality. Also one qualitative e-survey was sent out to, and answered by four social workers with a managerial position in the same municipality.</p><p>The results reveal that several informants have experienced different problematic situations involving clients within the social networks. This study shows that the informants are very restrictive with what information (text and pictures) they publish on their facebook-profiles, because of their position of authority and the awareness of the possibility of always being watched. Several informants reveal a strong attitude against the use of social networks in social work and argue that information about clients fetched at social networks cannot be used. Yet some social workers use social networks at work to search information about clients and verify suspicions, for example in decision-making of governmental economical support. The power that the social workers hold against their clients is being exterritorialised inside the social networks and makes further way for an expanding control-society.</p>

<p>In 2005 a public housing company in Uppsala, Sweden introduced the service quarter host. The focus on comfort (life quality in American programmes) is similar to the non-tolerance programmes. The idea of non-tolerance derived from the theory of Broken windows. The purpose is to examine how the service works according to the theories of Broken windows and social control. The aim is also to examine if the manifest and the latent functions are the same in different areas. Hosts from four different areas have been interviewed in a comparative case study. The result tells that the hosts practice according to the Broken windows model when they prevent damage to, or around the buildings by checking them. And to the non-tolerance when they are taking care of minor problems, defined by them. The manifest functions of the service are the same in all four areas. The latent functions are different related to the host’s apprehension of the people in the areas. How the manifest services are carried out influences the latent function. Social control cannot be excluded as a latent function. The resemblances with the more social administration in Gothenburg points out public housing in the direction of being social housing.</p>

The aim of this study was to enlighten social workers experiences of social networks direct influence in Swedish social services, and in which ways those influences are manifested. Some of the issues that are being explored in this study are: The separation of the private sphere and professional duties; boundaries and dual relationships that occurs inside social networks; the use of social networks as a control-instrument in authority exercise towards clients; and social networks arising impact on social work. The empirical material was collected with nine qualitative interviews with social workers stationed at different social service departments in a Swedish municipality. Also one qualitative e-survey was sent out to, and answered by four social workers with a managerial position in the same municipality. The results reveal that several informants have experienced different problematic situations involving clients within the social networks. This study shows that the informants are very restrictive with what information (text and pictures) they publish on their facebook-profiles, because of their position of authority and the awareness of the possibility of always being watched. Several informants reveal a strong attitude against the use of social networks in social work and argue that information about clients fetched at social networks cannot be used. Yet some social workers use social networks at work to search information about clients and verify suspicions, for example in decision-making of governmental economical support. The power that the social workers hold against their clients is being exterritorialised inside the social networks and makes further way for an expanding control-society.

In 2005 a public housing company in Uppsala, Sweden introduced the service quarter host. The focus on comfort (life quality in American programmes) is similar to the non-tolerance programmes. The idea of non-tolerance derived from the theory of Broken windows. The purpose is to examine how the service works according to the theories of Broken windows and social control. The aim is also to examine if the manifest and the latent functions are the same in different areas. Hosts from four different areas have been interviewed in a comparative case study. The result tells that the hosts practice according to the Broken windows model when they prevent damage to, or around the buildings by checking them. And to the non-tolerance when they are taking care of minor problems, defined by them. The manifest functions of the service are the same in all four areas. The latent functions are different related to the host’s apprehension of the people in the areas. How the manifest services are carried out influences the latent function. Social control cannot be excluded as a latent function. The resemblances with the more social administration in Gothenburg points out public housing in the direction of being social housing.

Sweden has an obligation to report child abuse suspicions to Social Services. According to Socialtjänstlagen (swedish constitution) 1 § Chapter 14, all employees in agencies affecting children, such as schools, have a responsibility to report their suspicions. Research shows that many abuses are not reported. The consequence of this is that Social Services does not hear about all cases of abused and harmed children. One profession where reporting is mandated is school counselors. The school counselor has a particular status in the educational community and meets many maltreated children, and children who injure themselves through their own behavior. The purpose of our study was to describe the circumstances that school counselors believe may affect their tendency to report. Using qualitative methods, we had eight interviews with school counselors from different municipalities who work with students of different ages, and who have different experiences within their profession. The result was related to the theoretical frames of the written composition by Stephen Webb’s (2006), The Rationality of Regulation and the Sociological Concepts of Formal and Informal Social Controls (Israel, 1968). Our study shows that all school counselors knew that a report had to be submitted even at the slightest suspicion, although several of them said that they in some cases avoided to report. The reasons for this, which all according to our interpretation means that the regulation and the social control of maltreated children does not always work, could have to do with the cooperation and response from the social services, or that they assumed that the involvement with the social services would not benefit the child. It could also be that the student’s situation was not serious enough to report, or that they wanted more information about the situation before reporting. Another reason could be that they assumed that there are better ways to sort out the students’ concerns within the school or other agencies, especially if it regards an older student. The study also shows that the school counselors felt there was a risk in losing the students trust when reporting their suspicions.