Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T13:54:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JociaraAN_DISSERT.pdf: 1895191 bytes, checksum: dbcf62f6afa82ae98eef54e8d4e6cf1a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-27 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This paper discusses the experiences related to the treatment of children?s cancer which had children, their mothers and families as their main characters. They were mainly originated from areas in the countryside and urban poor areas in the State of Rio Grande do Norte. The non-governmental organization Grupo de Apoio ? Crian?a com C?ncer (GACC) was the privileged ethnographic location. In this setting, the mother, which was called acompanhante (companion), and the children, defined as pacientes (patients), were often sheltered in reason of therapeutic practices and the treatment undertaken by children in a nearby hospital. This study aims to focus on the therapeutic itinerary, beyond the children?s suffering, dealing with the family as a whole, since the moral values from these popular families imply the complete involvement of the family in relation to the illness and its treatment. Therefore, it is experienced as a family problem. We also intend to understand the construction of meanings to the illness, dealing with the ideological continuity in the relationships between the families and the GACC. These meanings were built in the intersection of these two spheres, which refer particularly to medical, religious and emotional explanations. Ethnographic methods were applied in this research at the entity and another social contexts, such as the family households. I also tried to retrieve the process of treatment outside the GACC, visiting the family context, when doing dense interviews or just having conversations with informants. It was found that the GACC, as a non-governmental organization, generates a negotiation of identities, which develops, then, through the family as a whole, but also through the child and especially the mother, affecting, in some way, their internal organization. Furthermore, the meanings of the experience of illness appeared to be shaped by the family sphere as well as by the logic of public health structures / Este trabalho aborda experi?ncias ligadas ao tratamento do c?ncer infantil vividas por crian?as, m?es e fam?lias das classes populares urbanas e do interior do Rio Grande do Norte, tendo como loca??o etnogr?fica o Grupo de Apoio ? Crian?a com C?ncer (GACC) do RN. No GACC, tanto a m?e, definida como acompanhante, como a crian?a, classificada como paciente, ficam abrigadas mais comumente em raz?o das pr?ticas terap?uticas e de tratamento pelas quais passam as crian?as. O objetivo desse estudo ? focar o itiner?rio terap?utico, para al?m da crian?a que sofre a enfermidade, na fam?lia como um todo, pois o universo moral do tipo de fam?lia em quest?o implica o envolvimento de todo o n?cleo parental no tratamento da mol?stia da crian?a, que ?, por isso, vivenciada como uma quest?o familiar. Pretendemos tamb?m entender a constru??o de sentidos para a doen?a, tratando das rela??es de continuidade ideol?gica entre as fam?lias e o GACC, pois eles constroem-se no entrecruzamento de ambas as esferas, que recorrem, cada uma de modo particular, ?s explica??es m?dicas, religiosas e emocionais. Foi aplicado o m?todo etnogr?fico na pesquisa feita na entidade e em outros contextos, tais como as resid?ncias familiares. Atrav?s de entrevistas densas e conversas com informantes, tamb?m tentamos resgatar o processo do tratamento fora do GACC, alcan?ando o contexto familiar. Constatou-se que a entidade gera uma negocia??o de identidades, que perpassa, ent?o, a fam?lia como um todo atrav?s da crian?a e, sobretudo, da m?e, afetando, de algum modo, a sua organiza??o interna. Al?m disso, os sentidos para a experi?ncia da enfermidade apareceram moldados tanto pela esfera familiar como pela l?gica das estruturas p?blicas de sa?de

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1736900 bytes, checksum: dc036bcc7de06c9b5ee9227e00e5273c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The aim of this study was to analyze the performance and the strategic place of Non-Governamental Organizations/NGOs in the consolidation of social policies, in particular in health care provision for children and adolescents in Recife, as well as chart your profile. The study had the delimitation sample eighty-eight (out of 100) organizations registered in COMDICA. To achieve the objectives of this study, from a critical perspective, we conducted an exploratory, basic qualitative and quantitative. So, it was possible to understand the dynamics of "NGOs" in the current situation and its functionality in the production and reproduction of social life, through the analysis of the expressions of the socio-historical that underlie the structure of these organizations, especially in the context of neoliberalism in Brazil. We start by reading the theoretical and methodological categories (civil society and State) and concepts ("NGO" and "third sector"). The organizations studied have a mission to ensure the full protection of children and adolescents as executing those policies through public and private partnerships. 46% of the analyzed entities were founded after 1990. They serve fifty thousand users. The action of these private organizations stands out in the execution of basic protection policy Welfare. Identified two main conceptions in the approach of this phenomenon: the design (neo) liberal, who put the "NGOs" as the best option for the implementation of policies and removes the functions of the state and the market in relation to compliance with the manifestations of the "social question", and the critical-materialist perspective, we understand this phenomenon as a byproduct of "neoliberal strategy." This research will approach from this standpoint.Therefore, it was identified that "NGOs" as "representatives" of civil society, take the spaces of contention and a representative to defend their "assisted" posture, but can not identify such an attitude contribute to human emancipation and policies of service users.There is a new political stance against the state, marked by "partnership", and outsourcing services. Their position in the relations of forces is in order to ensure social harmony, helping to focus and fragmentation of social policies, and its role in strengthening the social struggles to defend and conquer right now does not matter, as in decades previous, or imply needs before idealized social change. Thus, it was concluded that the placement of "NGOs" in Recife, currently contributes only playing a system that denies the constitutional rights and citizenship - in its broad sense - contributing to the process of despoliticization of social struggles and people's organizations, leaving the users even more unprotected and alienated. Regarding the political articulation of these organizations in the city, there is a process of despoliticization of the struggles in defense of the rights of children and adolescents. Organizations, by putting only as executing projects no longer take center stage in the relationship of forces in defense of universal rights. They are not, currently, as a movement of struggle strengthened to ensure better political and social conditions for children in Recife. / O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar a atuação e o lugar estratégico das Organizações Não Governamentais/ONGs na consolidação das políticas sociais, em específico na política de atendimento à criança e ao adolescente em Recife, bem como traçar o seu perfil. O estudo teve como delimitação amostral oitenta e oito (do total de 100) organizações registradas no COMDICA. Para atingir os objetivos deste estudo, a partir de uma perspectiva crítica, realizamos uma pesquisa exploratória, de base quali-quantitativa. De forma, que fosse possível apreender a dinâmica das ONGs na atual conjuntura e sua funcionalidade na produção e reprodução da vida social, através das analises das expressões da realidade sócio-histórica que fundamentaram a estruturação dessas organizações, principalmente, no contexto do neoliberalismo no Brasil. Partimos pela leitura teórico-metodológica das categorias (sociedade civil e Estado) e dos conceitos ( ONG e terceiro setor ). As organizações estudadas têm como missão, garantir a proteção integral das crianças e dos adolescentes, como executoras dessas políticas, através de parcerias públicas e privadas. Das entidades analisadas 46% foram fundadas após a década de 1990. Elas atendem 50 mil usuários. A ação dessas organizações privadas destaca-se na execução da proteção básica da política de Assistência Social. Identificamos duas concepções principais na abordagem desse fenômeno: a concepção (neo)liberal, que colocam as ONGs enquanto melhor opção para a execução das políticas e retira as funções do Estado e do mercado em relação ao atendimento às manifestações da questão social ; e, a perspectiva crítico-materialista, que entende esse fenômeno como subproduto da estratégia neoliberal . Esta pesquisa se aproximará dessa última perspectiva. Portanto, foi possível identificar que as ONGs , como representantes da sociedade civil, assumem nos espaços de disputa uma postura representativa e de defesa dos seus assistidos , porém não é possível identificar que tal atitude contribua para a emancipação dos usuários dos serviços. Observa-se uma nova postura política frente ao Estado, marcada pela parceria , e de terceirização dos serviços. O seu posicionamento nas relações de forças é com o intuito de garantir a harmonia social, contribuindo para a focalização e fragmentação das políticas sociais; e seu papel de fortalecer as lutas sociais, de defender e de conquistar direitos já não tem importância, como em décadas anteriores, nem implica as necessidades de mudanças sociais antes idealizadas. Dessa forma, foi possível concluir que o posicionamento das ONGs , em Recife, atualmente, contribui apenas para a reprodução de um sistema que nega os direitos constitucionais e de cidadania - em seu sentido amplo - contribuindo com o processo de despolitização das lutas sociais e das organizações populares, deixando os usuários ainda mais desprotegidos e alienados. Em relação à articulação política dessas organizações, no município, há um processo de despolitização das lutas em prol da defesa dos direitos da criança e do adolescente. As organizações, ao se colocar apenas como executoras de projetos, já não assumem o protagonismo nas relações de forças, em defesa dos direitos universais. Elas não se constituem, atualmente, como um movimento de luta fortalecido para assegurar melhores políticas e condições sociais para a infância em Recife.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-14T13:24:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1083374 bytes, checksum: 0af4145e55ef61a65c31e61f61073f1e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-07-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This dissertation entitled: The Social and Educational Inclusion of Children and Young People with Visual Impairment and participation of the NGO Institute of the Blind of Paraiba, this is a survey developed in the Graduate Programs in Social Work at the Federal University of Paraíba and by objectives the analysis of social-inclusive implemented by the NGO Institute of the Blind of Paraiba, aimed at children and youth with visual impairments, from the perception of these subjects in terms of social inclusion process to which they are submitted according to the parameters of the National Education Policy inclusive. The study was premised on the analysis of public policies of assistance to young people with visual disabilities specifically developed by the government with the participation of the NGO Institute of the Blind (ICP) in completing the process of social inclusion. The references presented a discussion on the role of social organizations linked to the Third Sector, focusing on the spoken-NGO-Citizens in the perspective of solidarity, as a key agent for completion and support of public policies in view of the great challenge that is put subjects such policies as real protagonists. The social-educational activities undertaken by the NGO / ICP, the object of our investigation, we are all linked to the process of social inclusion of its users, such as education, sport, culture, facilitation of access, the poor entry to the market of work to end discrimination and the exercise of citizenship. It must be remembered that all these actions are conditions to prevent social exclusion, while effecting inclusive actions. In this sense our research contributes to the broadening of debate about the problems faced by disabled people considering the responses materialized through public policies and operated both by the public as by private non-profit organization, attention to their needs and achieving its rights. / A presente dissertação intitulada: A Inclusão Sócio-Educacional de Crianças e Jovens com Deficiência Visual e a Participação da ONG Instituto dos Cegos da Paraíba, trata-se de uma pesquisa desenvolvida no Programas de Pós Graduação em Serviço Social da Universidade Federal da Paraíba tendo por objetivos a analise das ações sócio-inclusivas implementadas pela ONG Instituto dos Cegos da Paraíba, voltadas para crianças e Jovens com deficiência visual, a partir das percepções desses sujeitos em relação ao processo de inclusão social ao qual estão submetidos segundo os parâmetros da Política Nacional de Educação Inclusiva. O estudo teve como premissa a análise das políticas públicas de atendimento aos jovens portadores de deficiência visual especificamente, desenvolvida pelo poder público com a participação da ONG Instituto dos Cegos (ICP) na complementação do processo de inclusão social. A bibliografia levantada apresentou a discussão em torno do papel social das organizações ligadas ao Terceiro Setor, enfocando as -ONGs ditas Cidadãs- na perspectiva da solidariedade, como agente fundamental para complementação e apoio às políticas públicas, tendo em vista o grande desafio que é colocar os sujeitos dessas políticas, como verdadeiros protagonistas. As ações sócio-educativas desenvolvidas pela ONG/ICP, objeto da nossa investigação, estão todas vinculadas ao processo de inclusão social dos seus usuários, a exemplo da educação, do esporte, da cultura, da facilitação do acesso, da entrada do deficiente ao mercado de trabalho, ao combate da discriminação e pelo exercício da cidadania. Convém frisar que todas essas ações são condicionantes para evitar a exclusão social e ao mesmo tempo efetivar ações inclusivas. Nesse sentido a nossa investigação vem contribuir para a ampliação do debate a respeito dos problemas enfrentados pelos deficientes considerando as respostas materializadas por meio de políticas publicas e operacionalizadas tanto pelo poder publico como pela iniciativa privada não lucrativa, na atenção as suas necessidades e concretização dos seus direitos.

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Children out of family relationships enter the world of street and socialize with groups of peers with whom they share daily activities like work, theft and alcohol and inhalants consumption. Their lives are commonly associated with survival. However, the study of their life courses shows that the use ofthis term is not always adequate. Following implementation of supports and forms of stability that children reach to maintain with peers and associations, survival gives way to a relative control, random but real, of their destiny. From a fieldwork in La Paz and El Alto (Bolivia) with observations and children life stories in street situation, the article highlights transitions to and out of survival in their biographical course to characterize this notion. / Los niños que rompen los vínculos con su familia entran en el universo de la calle y se socializan con grupos de pares, con los cuales comparten actividades cotidianas como el trabajo, el robo o el consumo de alcohol e inhalantes. Sus condiciones de existencia se asocian frecuentemente con la supervivencia. Sin embargo, el estudio de sus trayectos de vida enseña que el uso de este término no resulta siempre adecuado. Según la implementación de soportes y las formas de estabilidad que los niños logran mantener con sus pares y el medio asociativo, la supervivencia desaparece en favor de un control, aleatorio pero real, de su destino. A partir de una investigación en La Paz y El Alto (Bolivia) compuesta por observaciones y relatos de vida de niños y jóvenes en situación de calle, este artículo evidencia las transiciones hacia y fuera de la supervivencia en su itinerario biográfico con el fin de caracterizar esta noción.

A consagração do neoliberalismo como ideologia dominante, em meados dos anos 1980 veio acompanhada de diversas mudanças no papel do Estado, principalmente no que concerne às questões sociais, que passaram a ser repassadas ao setor social. Tal mudança vem abrindo espaço para que se questione o lugar de certas organizações – as ONG -, as quais, nos anos 1960/70/80, atuaram na América Latina como verdadeiros partidos políticos em defesa dos grupos socialmente mais vulneráveis (CARRION; COSTA, 2011). Paralelamente, em um contexto no qual o neoliberalismo tem se consagrado não somente como ideologia, mas como práxis, modificações na paisagem urbana das cidades têm privilegiado a valorização fundiária, acompanhada da expulsão dos grupos social e economicamente desfavorecidos para regiões periféricas das cidades. Assim, em tempos de preparação para a Copa do Mundo de Futebol de 2014, que resultará em diversas mudanças na paisagem urbanística de Porto Alegre, esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar as ações da ONG Cidade – tradicional defensora dos interesses urbano-ambientais das camadas mais vulneráveis da população - a fim de analisar em que medida sua presença na esfera pública contribui para que o planejamento urbano em Porto Alegre seja democraticamente construído. Para tanto, estudo caracterizou-se como qualitativo e exploratório, possuindo como método o estudo de caso. As técnicas de coleta de dados foram a observação participante e a análise documental. Para a análise dos dados colhidos, que foi baseada na análise de conteúdo, utilizou-se como referencial teórico o pensamento habermasiano e, em especial, o debate acerca das teorias de mundo da vida e mundo do sistema (1992; 2002). Como resultados, a pesquisa desvelou, de um lado, as dificuldades que a ONG Cidade tem enfrentado para se fazer ouvir nos canais formais de participação popular, estabelecidos para o debate relacionado às questões urbanas e, de outro, a cumplicidade do Estado com os interesses do capital. Esses fatores têm contribuído para a disseminação de um modelo de „cidade da exclusão‟, o qual, em nome da mais valia fundiária, está transferindo a população de baixa renda para regiões periféricas da cidade. Diante do exposto, fica claro que a lógica habermasiana de mundo do sistema é a que predomina na esfera pública que trata do planejamento urbano de Porto Alegre. Por fim, evidencia-se que a ONG Cidade mantém sua autonomia política de ação diante do Estado e contribui para a construção democrática à medida que foca seu trabalho na articulação dos movimentos sociais em torno de alternativas de resistência ao modelo excludente apresentado pelo governo municipal. Entretanto, em um mundo que está em constantes mudanças, onde o papel do Estado é sucessivamente redefinido, pode-se questionar: Até quando entidades tradicionalmente defensoras dos interesses das camadas mais vulneráveis da população, como a ONG Cidade, vão conseguir manter sua lógica de atuação e defender os interesses daqueles que representam? / The consecration of neoliberalism as the dominant ideology in the mid-1980s was accompanied by several changes in the role of the state, especially regarding social issues, which came to be passed on to the social sector. This change has opened space for questioning whether the place of certain organizations - NGOs - which, in the years 1960/70/80, worked in Latin America as real political parties in the interests of socially vulnerable groups (CARRION; COAST, 2011). In parallel, in a context in which neoliberalism has been enshrined not only as an ideology, but as practice, changes in the urban landscape of cities have tended to increase in land values, accompanied by the expulsion of the socially and economically disadvantaged groups to the outskirts of cities.Thus, in times of preparation for the FIFA World Cup 2014, which will result in several changes in the urban landscape of Porto Alegre, this research aimed to investigate the actions of NGO Cidade - traditional defender of urban-environmental vulnerable population layers interests - in order to analyze to what extent its presence in the public sphere contributes so that the urban planning in Porto Alegre could democratically be built. For this reason, the study characterized as qualitative and exploratory, and the method used was a case study. The techniques of data collection were participant observation and document analysis. In order to analyze the data collected, which was based on content analysis, was used a theoretical Habermas's thought, in particular, the debate about the theories of the life world and the world of system (1992; 2002). As the survey results unveiled, on one side, the difficulties that the NGOs Cidade has faced to be heard in formal channels of popular participation established for the discussion related to urban issues, and, on the other hand, the complicity of state with the interests of capital. These factors have contributed to spread a model of a „city of exclusion', which, on behalf of the more valuable land, is shifting to low-income city peripheral areas. In the view of the forgoing, it is clear that the logic of Habermas about world of system is the one that prevails in the public sphere which treats urban planning in Porto Alegre. Finally, it is evident that the NGO Cidade keeps its political autonomy of action against the state and contributes to a democratic building as it focuses its work on the articulation of social movements around resistence alternatives to the exclusionary model presented by the municipal government. However, in a world that is constantly changing, where the role of the state is successively redefined, the question remains: Even when entities traditionally champions of the interests of the most vulnerable population, such as NGOs Cidade, will get his logic performance and protect the interests of those they represent?

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T23:15:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo9315_1.pdf: 391050 bytes, checksum: a88e9c95d1e3c8af3aae2f5c1009f47f (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2002 / Esta dissertação trata do processo de emergência e empowerment de formas organizativas locais nos bairros do Sofrio e da Caluva. As formas organizativas locais, aqui analisadas, são representadas por Comissões, Grupos de Moradores e respectivas lideranças enquanto agentes constituidores de mobilização e reivindicações sociais como forma de reconhecimento social. Partindo da contextualização da realidade angolana, especificamente, da província da Huíla, são analisados os diversos atores e fatores que se relacionam, interpenetram e jogam um papel decisivo no surgimento desse tipo de organização social. A intervenção da ADRA, ONG angolana, nos bairros do Sofrio e da Caluva no Lubango, capital da província da Huíla, foi o campo empírico que estimulou este trabalho

D’origine anglo-saxonne, le lobbying, en tant que stratégie d’influence du décideur politique ou des politiques publiques est une pratique connue dans le monde entier. Le Burkina Faso, en Afrique de l’Ouest, ne fait pas exception à la règle. On observe en effet des organisations non gouvernementales (ONG) utiliser les techniques du lobbying pour promouvoir des causes nobles, à savoir la bonne gouvernance socio-politique, la lutte contre la corruption, l’accès gratuit des personnes vivant avec le VIH aux médicaments essentiels génériques et la promotion de l’hygiène/assainissement aux populations rurales défavorisées. Mais comment les actions de communication sont-elles mises en place ? Et comment peut-on les observer et les analyser du point de vue des Sciences de l’information et de la Communication, en général, et de la Communication des organisations, en particulier ? Notre méthode d’investigation est qualitative et inscrite dans une approche constructiviste. Un guide d’entretien semi-directif nous a aidé à interroger quatre groupes d’ONG, chaque groupe étant composé de quatre structures, soit 16 entretiens au total conduits. L’analyse thématique appliquée au contenu des entretiens, confrontée à d’autres sources d’information comme les articles de presse, nous confirme plusieurs choses. D’une part, il apparaît que les médias sont utilisés comme médiateurs entre Organisations de la société civile – auxquelles les ONG sont rattachées – et groupe des gouvernants. D’autre part, l’étude révèle que la maîtrise de l’information est capitale dans l’exercice de l’influence politique et que la mise en réseau (ou la construction de relations) avec des alliés joue en faveur des structures engagées dans les actions. Ensuite, il ressort le fait que le pouvoir en place, qui n’est pas totalement démocratique, est sensible à la fois aux stratégies de négociation et de confrontation avec les opérateurs de la société civile. Enfin, notre travail laisse voir que les événements focalisant l’attention publique sont des accélérateurs des processus de régulation sociale et politique. / Lobbying, which originates from an anglo-saxon culture, is nowadays widely known as influential efforts oriented towards policy makers and public policies. Burkina Faso, in West Africa, does not depart from this general rule. In effect, one can observe Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) using lobbying techniques to promote great causes including, for instance, good governance in the social-political area, the fight against corruption, the free access to antiretroviral drugs to people living with HIV/AIDS, the promotion of hygiene and sanitation services to disadvantaged rural populations. But how exactly are communications actions put in place? And how can one observe and analyze them from the standpoint of the “Sciences de l’Information et de la Communication” (Public Relations) in general, and the organizational communication, in particular? Our investigation method is qualitative based and constructivist. A semi-structured interview guide has helped collect data from 4 groups of NGOs, each composed of 4 entities, which makes a total of 16 people interviewed. The thematic analysis of the content of all interviews, faced with other sources of information including the media clippings, gave us confirmation of many things. First, we learnt that the media are being used as mediators between Civil Society Organizations (CSOs) – to which NGOs are attached – and the governing body. Secondly, it appears that the control of information is critical to exerting political influence and that networking (or coalition building) with allied people or organizations is also instrumental. Another finding shows that the regime in place, which is not totally democratic, (at the time the study was performed), is open to both negotiation and confrontation strategies with CSOs. Lastly, our study shows that “focusing events” on public opinion are accelerators of social and political regulation process.

La Roumanie est passée en un laps temps très court du centralisme autoritaire à un pluralisme décentralisé. Son inscription sur l’axe politique occidentale, marquée par l’adhésion à l’OTAN et à l’UE, a intensifié les mécanismes de contrôle extérieurs, notamment dans le domaine de la justice et de la « liberté » (d’expression, de la presse, etc.). Au sens large, l’enjeu majeur fut la consolidation de la démocratie. Afin d’accomplir cette dernière, une émergence de la société civile et des organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire est indispensable. Dans les pays post-communistes, les organisations de l’économie sociale et solidaire ont connu une renaissance après la chute du communiste. D’un côté, les coopératives et les mutuelles, bien présentes dans la vie économique pendant le communisme, ont gagné leur liberté interne de décision démocratique. De l’autre, les associations et les fondations, interdites auparavant, ont commencé à apparaître. Nous parlons donc d’une émergence, dans le sens d’une apparition d’un fait social, économique et politique nouveau. L’objectif général de cette étude est d’analyser l’économie sociale et solidaire roumaine par une approche géographique, à plusieurs échelles. La référence de l’étude sera la région Ouest de la Roumanie, à travers cinq territoires d’études. La finalité de la thèse est de comprendre ce qu’est l’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) dans le contexte post-communiste roumain et de quelle émergence et de quelle structuration peut-on parler dans la région Ouest de la Roumanie. / Romania evolved in a very short time from an authoritarian centralism to a decentralized pluralism. Its inscription on the Western political axis, joining NATO an the EU, intensified extremal control mechanisms, particularly in the field of justice and "freedom" (of expression, of the press, etc) Broadly, the major challenge was the consolidation of democracy. To accomplish this, the mergence of civil society and social and solidarity economy's organizations was essential. In post-communist countries, the organizations of the social and solidarity economy experienced a renaissance after the fall of the Communist. On the one hand, cooperatives and mutual insurance systems, althought present in the economy during communism, gained their internal freedom of democratic decision. On the other hand, associations and foundations, previously forbidden, began to appear. We are talking about the emergence, in the sense of an appearance of a social economic and political fact. The aim of this study is to analyze the Romanian social and solidarity economy through a geographical approach, on several scales. The reference of the study will be the Western region of Romania, through five study areas. The purpose of the thesis is to understand what the social and solidarity economy (SSE) is in the Romanian post-communist context and about what kind of emergence and structuring can we deal in the Western region of Romania

Cette thèse approche par une lecture interactionniste la manière dont les enfants et les jeunes en situation de rue au Népal négocient leur identité sociale face à un processus de domination,d’étiquetage et de violences. Leur capabilité à survivre en rue détermine leur carrière mais celle-ci est également influencée par leur capacité à jouer avec le maillage institutionnel supposé les aider ou les contrôler. Leurs parcours de vie seront abordés par une analyse poussée des identités héritées (caste, religion, bagage familial et communautaire), de leurs identités acquises en situation de rue (activités quotidiennes, groupe de survie, drogues et violences physiques, morales et sexuelles) et de leurs identités espérées (rêves, projections). Présentant une typologie des dispositifs d’intervention existants, cette recherche abordera leurs carences et les effets de conversion ou de retour à la norme portés ou suscités par les ONG et les pouvoirs publics népalais. Les transformations en cours des politiques de protection de l’enfant seront analysées ainsi que leur impact réel ou ressenti par les enfants et les jeunes à la marge. Le paradoxe entre les discours institutionnels présentant l’enfant comme acteur de sa vie et de ses droits et la réalité des dispositifs intégrants trop marginalement les perspectives individuelles et le contexte interactionnel des sujets concernés sera décrypté. / This thesis uses an interactionist approach to understand how Nepalese children and youth in street situations negotiate their social identity while confronted with dynamics of domination, labelling and violence. Their capability to survive on the street determines their career, which is also influenced by their capacity to play with the institutional network supposed to help or control them. These life stories will be approached with a deep analysis of: their inherited identity (e.g., cast, religion, family and community background); the identity developed by street situations (e.g., survival group, regular activities, drugs, physical, moral and sexual violence); and their projected identity (e.g., dreams, expectations, projections). Presenting a typology of the existing intervention system, this research will shed light on the existing gaps and the effect of conversion « back to the norm », carried out or encouraged by NGOs or public authorities in Nepal. The current transformation of the Child Protection System will be analyzed, along with their real or felt impact on marginalized children and youth. The paradox will be explored between the institutional discourse, which presents the child as an actor of his life and rights, and the reality on the ground, where intervention tools integrate little of the individual’s perspectives and the interactional context surrounding concerned subjects.