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Studien har syftat till att undersöka att undersöka hur inhemska afrikanska religioner har framställts i svenska religionsläroböcker från 1907 början till 2013, samt studera utvecklingen av denna gestaltning. Studien har vidare syftat till att diskutera dessa eventuella förändringar med utgångspunkt i Edward Saids Orientalism. Detta genom att göra en text och i viss mån även bildanalys av tjugosex läroböcker mellan nämnda årtal. Studien har visat att läroböcker från framför allt första halvan av 1900-talet har starka tendenser till andrefiering och exotifiering, där studiens teoretiska utgångspunkt- orientalism- i hög grad är möjlig att diskutera som en viktig faktor till läroböckernas skildring av afrikansk inehemsk religion. Dessa tendenser fortsätter i viss mån under 1900-talets senare hälft, men på sent 1900-tal och tidigt 2000-tal finns i de studerade läroböckerna tydliga försök till avståndstagande av nedsättande uttryck och termer, även fast även dessa är skrivna ur ett västerländskt perspektiv.I det avslutande och analyserande avsnittet diskuteras resultatet och det empiriska materialet i förhållande till orientalismen, där den viktigaste slutsatsen är att det är möjligt att konstatera att orientalismen mycket väl kan användas för att förstå läroböckernas skildringar och utveckling gällande framställandet av inhemska afrikanska religioner, men att även andra faktorer som författaren, rådande ideologisk strömning och samhällsförändringar kan vara viktiga faktorer till att förklara detta.

This dissertation examines Asian North American rearticulations of the inorganic—a quality that has historically been assigned to Asians, rendering them counterfeit, abstract or not-quite-human—in new media, film and literature. By analyzing circulations of Asian North American disassembled body parts, “copies,” and gendered inter/faces, I argue that the excess, failures and ambivalence of Asian North American labour and performance constitute virtual modes of racialization that disrupt neoliberal, postracial temporalities in the Information Age. Asian American studies has held in tension its critiques of the West’s monopoly of liberal humanism in techno-Orientalist narratives (David S. Roh, Betsy Huang and Greta A. Niu) and the oppositional strategies of reappropriating techno-Orientalist tropes. My project does not seek to recuperate the Asian North American subject from the dehumanizing processes of fragmentation, surplus reproduction or abstraction—an impulse described by Rachel C. Lee as returning the “extracted body part” to the racialized “whole” in order to resolve anxieties about subjective “incoherence” or cultural inauthenticity. Instead, I turn to modes of inorganic life that do not produce an agential, autonomous Asian North American subject, but engender racializing disassemblages that work out survival and wellbeing within the neoliberal, abstracting pulls of the Information Age. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

The student thesis Nationalism and Norrientalism: A Discourse Analysis of the Norrlandic Independence Debate of Late Summer 2016 and Beyond aims to examine the style and content of the recent secession debate in the Swedish and Norrlandic printed press. From the late summer of 2016 to the beginning of 2017 the question of Norrlandic sovereignty was a prioritized topic in the legacy media debate, as well as in social media. It commenced after the Swedish government enterprise Vattenfall planned to relocate forty employment opportunities from Jokkmokk, raising the question of Norrlandic independence based on a post-colonialist view of the region. This thesis examines how the framing of Northern Sweden as a colony has been established, re-established or refuted in the different discourses of the printed debate, through a faceted lens composed of various theories of Orientalism and nationalism. Rooted in the discourse theory of Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe, merged with the critical discourse analysis of Norman Fairclough, and leaning against media theories of inoculation and framing, the study takes aim at the myths, metaphors, articulations and antagonisms which constituted the polemics in the printed press of the period. The results conclude that the debate revolved around independence, resources, and the myth regarding Norrland—often described as a barren landscape, marked by vast distances and a lack of social services. The term colony was used to describe Norrland as marginalised and robbed of its natural resources, whereas the term was met by opposition from the objecting side, who emphasised the historic and present representation of Norrlanders in high politics. The colonial identity was constituted in the press through internal Orientalism by Stockholm writers and self-Orientalisation by Norrlandic ones. The most distinct patterns of difference between the objecting side and the advocating side of independence was the determination of the real economic loser of a Norrlandic secession from Sweden.

Denna undersökning syftade till att undersöka hur buddhismen i jämförelse med kristendomen framställs i religionsböcker för årskurs 4-6 i relation till lgr 22 (läroplanen för grundskolan, förskoleklassen och fritidshemmet). Undersökningen tog avstamp i de teoretiska utgångspunkterna läroplansteori och orientalism. Syftet delades upp med hjälp av frågeställningar om hur mycket utrymme buddhismen respektive kristendomen fick i läroböckerna, om det fanns orientalistiska tendenser i form av andrafiering och etnocentrism samt hur skildringarna hörde ihop med lgr 22. Syftet uppnåddes genom att i en jämförelse mellan läroplan och läroböcker identifiera om och hur kunskap konstrueras som en form av maktutövande. Specifikt lades fokus på hur orientalistiska tendenser ges uttryck i behandlingen av kristendomen som något igenkännbart och buddhismen som något främmande. Undersökningen bestod av både en kvantitativ och kvalitativ textanalys av fyra läroböcker anpassade efter lgr 22. Analysen skedde utifrån en tematisk analys där koder urskildes för att bilda teman som utgjorde grunden för besvarandet av frågeställningarna. Resultatet visade att läroböckernas urval av kunskap i termer av utrymme och innehåll bidrar till kristendomens särställning i jämförelse med buddhismen. Buddhismen fick mindre utrymme än kristendomen i samtliga läroböcker. Orientalistiska tendenser och maktutövande visade sig främst i skillnaderna mellan hur kunskapen om de två religionerna presenteras där kristendomen fick representera ett “vi” som var mer igenkännbar, sann, modern, moraliskt god, vacker och komplex. Läroböckernas olika hanteringar av de två religionerna kunde i sin tur delvis ses som ett resultat av läroplanens skilda direktiv för de två religionerna. Krav som rör kristendomens representation är mer specifik än de krav som gäller buddhismen som genom sin vaghet öppnar för olika tolkningsmöjligheter och maktutövanden.

Travel agencies provide exciting opportunities for tourists to gain new experiences, allowing them to learn more about foreign countries. However, travel agencies also have a role in creating and maintaining problematic aspects of the tourism industry. Thailand is a country with one of the most prominent tourism industries in the world, which has also created a plethora of problems. The purpose of this study is to understand how Swedish travel agency websites portray Thailand from the standpoint of post-colonial theory. More specifically, Orientalism is the main theoretical framework used in this thesis because of its specific focus on the effects of European imperialism and colonization on Asia. A number of prior studies that use Orientalism and post-colonial theory are also referred to in examining the tourism industry. The empirical data for this study was collected from 7 Swedish travel agency websites and analyzed using critical discourse analysis. The results showed that the themes present in the data resemble elements of Orientalism discussed by Edward Said. These themes are ‘othering’, ‘exotification, ‘discovering the unknown’, ‘entitlement’, ‘paradise’, and ‘authenticity’. The themes exemplify the power dynamics between Thailand and Sweden created by tourism and suggest that Orientalist ideas continue to be perpetuated outside of their original contexts. The findings were consistent with the findings of prior studies. This study provides insight into the effects of Orientalism beyond the colonial era, and into aspects of modern life, like tourism.

This essay examines the complex identity struggles of Kwame Asante and Nana AdakuII in Mabel Dove-Danquah’s “Anticipation” and “The Torn Veil.” Dove-Danquah, a pioneer in African literature and politics, portrays the tension between traditional Ghanaian values and colonial influences. Through the lens of Mimicry, Hybridity, and Orientalism, the essay explores the characters’ negotiations between modernity andtradition. Kwame’s pursuit of education and status, juxtaposed with Nana’scommitment to cultural heritage, illustrates the post-colonial identity crisis. The analysis extends to societal impacts, showing how colonial legacies challenge traditional values. By delving into these stories, the essay highlights the cultural negotiation, resistance, and adaptation in postcolonial Ghana, offering insights into identity formation aftercolonialism. Mabel Dove-Danquah discusses through these narratives the enduring influence of colonialism on African societies.

K-pop is the latest in a long line of example of ways East Asian cultures have been constructed in the West. Over time this has created generalizations about K-pop as a phenomenon and as a music industry. Furthermore, it has also contributed to a specific narrative about K-pop fans and how their experiences are justified. The discourse around K-pop fans is founded in stereotypes around gender, age, race and culture and social norms around how female fandoms and subcultures are seen as pathological. In this study, racism is seen as an analytical framework that is positioned within the research fields of postcolonial feminism and critical whiteness studies. This study aims to examine how K-pop fans use social media as a tool for negotiating space and to take back power regarding shaping the public image of themselves and their idols. One of the main goals of this project has also been to complicate the perceived notion of fangirls. This study draws data and empirical material from fan forums on the platform Reddit. By studying the interaction that takes place in these forums, this study shows how discourses about orientalism, authenticity and gender create a hegemonic discourse of K-pop in the West. Also, how fans create counter-negotiations against these discourses by questioning how Asian cultures are portrayed in the West.