Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:48:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo Campos Gomes.pdf: 645904 bytes, checksum: af030022149e1ba6c2278e05b6159413 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-06-09 / The aim of this dissertation is to analyze the determinants and recent dynamics of self-employment in Brazil, taking as a starting point similar analysis carried out by developed countries. The methods of research consist of bibliographical research, providing the required theoretical basis, and analysis of the main sources of information over the labor market in Brazil. Among the data sources used in this work, the PME and the PNAD are highlighted, remaining in line with the main definitions of major international organizations, such as ILO. The own-account workers are used as a proxy of self-employment in Brazil. As a result of the analysis of recent self-employment s dynamics in the country, we found some similarity with the achievements observed in other nations, that are, there were reduction of self-employment, during much of the twentieth century, until the 70's, followed by a continuing growth of self-employment over the 80 s and 90 s, and a new trend raised, in the first decade of XXI century, about a new reduction of self-employment s participation in the economy. And, finally, through the analysis of some determinants of self-employment in Brazil, which are unemployment, education, age and gender, it is concluded that, generally, self-employment can be seen as a negative phenomenon in the country, tending to serve as an alternative to the worker, in the face of adverse situations found at the labor market / Esta dissertação tem por objetivo analisar os determinantes e a dinâmica recente do auto-emprego no Brasil, tendo como ponto de partida análises similares realizadas nos países desenvolvidos. Como procedimentos de pesquisa, são utilizadas a pesquisa bibliográfica, fornecendo o embasamento teórico requerido, e a análise das principais fontes de informação sobre o mercado de trabalho no Brasil. Dentre as fontes de dados empregadas neste trabalho, destacam-se a PME e a PNAD, em sintonia com as principais definições de organismos internacionais importantes, como a OIT, com a utilização do trabalho por conta própria como proxy do auto-emprego no Brasil. Como resultado da análise da dinâmica recente do auto-emprego no país, verifica-se algo muito semelhante ao observado nos demais países, ou seja, redução do auto-emprego durante boa parte do século XX, até a década de 70, seguido de um crescimento contínuo do auto-emprego ao longo das décadas de 80 e 90, e uma nova tendência de redução de sua participação, na primeira década do século XXI. E, finalmente, por meio da análise de alguns determinantes do auto-emprego no Brasil, que são o desemprego, a educação, a idade e o gênero, conclui-se que, de forma geral, o auto-emprego pode ser visto como um fenômeno mais negativo no país, tendendo a servir como uma alternativa ao trabalhador, diante de situações adversas no mercado de trabalho

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T17:27:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Rodrigo dos Santos.pdf: 1478959 bytes, checksum: ef48691a04b584bcbffe958f5eb57952 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / This dissertation, from I Primi Scritti Politici of Niccolo Machiavelli, presents the so-called "theory of force", called this way by Claude Lefort, founded on the basis of quality training for the Florentine army, whose instrumental force of efficient weapons, well handled, with disciplined men to form an appropriate army for the City of Florence. Regarding the establishment of the theory of force, and in view of all the harm that is incurred to rely on mercenaries in armies mixed in men unpatriotic because they are real betrayers due to the money, Machiavelli proposes the choice before the disjunctive love or force, the use of force for conquest again and preservation of the state. That's why the Italy of his time suffered the hardships of a nation plundered externally, because it was weak in terms of defense and attack. The dream of Machiavelli is to regroup it and the Republic of Florence is to be a pioneer in an organized strategy from the theory of force and a logic that is appropriate, heading to a praxis of freedom. The logic of force is binary, it has a theoretical and strategic way from which Machiavel is becoming clever, and another practical where the weapons, especially the fire ones are indications of real power. The virtuous handling of efficient weapons linked to good laws, mixed with violence when useful, it takes the state to remain in power and defend its condition of freedom. The proof in the dissertation is that the history is instructed to show men that achieve the full harmonization of mezzo uomo e mezzo bestia , essential situation be fixed in the power in the place. And such was the situation of Cesare Borgia and Castruccio Castracani / A presente dissertação, a partir dos I Primi Scritti Politici, de Nicolau Maquiavel, apresenta a denominada "teoria da força", intitulada desta forma por Claude Lefort, fundada na qualidade de base para formação do exército florentino, tendo como instrumental, as boas armas, bem manuseadas, com homens disciplinados e patriotas. No que se refere à constituição da teoria da força, e tendo em vista todos os malefícios em que se incorre ao confiar em estruturas arcaicas, tal como o modelo medieval de Providência ou da ação política fundada no amor, Maquiavel desenvolve uma estratégia, aferida em sua prática, que desvincula a utilização de soldados mercenários ou exércitos mistos, portanto, de homens não patriotas, porque estes são por demais traidores e dados ao dinheiro. Maquiavel propõe a escolha perante o disjuntivo do amor ou força, o pretérito do uso da força para conquista, reconquista e conservação do Estado. É por isso que a Itália de seu tempo sofria as agruras de uma nação espoliada, externamente, porque era fraca do ponto de vista de defesa e ataque. O sonho de Maquiavel é unificá-la, e a República de Florença há de ser a pioneira na estratégia de organizadamente a partir da teoria da força, e de uma lógica que seja própria, partir para uma práxis de liberdade. A lógica da força é binária, pois tem uma direção teórica e estratégica, da qual Maquiavel se torna expert e outra prática, de onde a necessidade das armas, principalmente as de fogo, são indícios de fato do poder. O manuseio virtuoso das boas armas, vinculadas a boas leis, dosado de violência quando necessária, leva o Estado a manter-se no poder e defender sua condição de liberdade. A prova disso é que a história se incumbiu de demonstrar aos homens que faziam a plena harmonização do mezzo uomo e mezzo bestia, situação essencial para a fixação no poder. E tal era a situação de César Bórgia e Castruccio Castracani

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2017-10-31T12:04:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Mirian Gomes Canavarro Batista.pdf: 964849 bytes, checksum: dde8b36ad295de73c78bee2ad5a6c67a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-31T12:04:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Mirian Gomes Canavarro Batista.pdf: 964849 bytes, checksum: dde8b36ad295de73c78bee2ad5a6c67a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-10-18 / This paper analyzes the issue of the right to image from a civilian perspective, in the face of the challenges imposed by technology and by the advent of social networks above all. The study investigates the changes occurred in the right to image since its acclaim as a right of the personality and as autonomous of others rights until the present day. The research also seeks to present concepts that are not well known in the law, but which are fundamental to understand the dimension of new technologies and their supporting role in today's society. Through national jurisprudence, the present work demonstrates the importance of the right to the image within the context of social networks / Este trabalho analisa o tema do direito à imagem na perspectiva civilista, frente aos desafios impostos pela tecnologia e, principalmente, pelo advento das redes sociais. O estudo investiga as mudanças ocorridas no direito à imagem, desde sua consagração como direito da personalidade autônomo dos demais, até os dias atuais. A dissertação busca, ainda, apresentar conceitos pouco conhecidos do campo do Direito, mas que são fundamentais para entender a dimensão das novas tecnologias e seu papel como coadjuvante na sociedade atual. Com base na jurisprudência nacional, a presente pesquisa demonstra a importância do direito à imagem dentro do contexto das redes sociais

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-25T16:44:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wilson de Paula Trevisan.pdf: 1093882 bytes, checksum: a471834c46738e6bd4d925333478835b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-05-18 / The decision of start a new business and the process of choosing what kind of business has been the subject of several studies. The relevance of this issue lies in its association with changes in the workplace. In the twenty-first century, the option of undertaking becomes increasingly a real and affordable way to generate income, occupation and work in a globalized environment in which large organizations reduce jobs, employment and shorter careers. In this context, we highlight the figure of seasoned middle-aged executive, fired from a large corporation, and sees the opening of the business itself an option to generate income and occupation. The objective is to understand the variables that influence the decision of when executives choose to start their own businesses and understand the reasons for the choice of business type and its selection criteria in light of the literature on entrepreneurship. This is a qualitative exploratory study that investigates how the dismissed executive develops its option to start a new business. To this end, there were five semi-structured interviews in which participants were asked to narrate their professional life stories and discuss issues related to their career development. The participants were five former executives who chose to mount his own business. The analysis of the transcript generated from the interview was performed using the method of analysis of the content. We performed the coding and categorization of the messages contained in the interviews, and information resulting from these procedures were the basis for the interpretation of results. Executives revealed that the decision process and choose the type of business to be started was, as the most important factors, the degree of mobility and accordingly, represented by the maximum time in an organization and the function or position most played in his career, together with the factors of attraction and financial comfort, ranging from Wright Mills executive typical described to the innovative businessman described by Joseph Schumpeter. From the results obtained, there were some thoughts that can serve as guidelines for future studies on this topic. These reflections have become in proposing a set of parameters, which aims to present the process of choosing the type of business of the former executive, through the scale and intensity of facts connected with its history of professional life, current situation and motivations / A decisão de empreender e a escolha sobre que tipo de negócio, tem sido objeto de vários estudos. A relevância do tema está em sua associação às transformações no mundo do trabalho. No século XXI, a opção de empreender torna-se, crescentemente, uma forma real e acessível para gerar renda, ocupação e trabalho em um ambiente globalizado em que grandes organizações reduzem postos de trabalho, onde há diminuição do emprego e carreiras mais curtas. Nesse contexto, destacamos a figura do executivo experiente e de meia idade, demitido de uma grande corporação e que vê, na abertura do negócio próprio, uma opção de gerar renda e ocupação. O objetivo do trabalho é entender os fatores que influenciam a decisão desses executivos quando optam por iniciar um negócio próprio, e compreender os motivos da opção pelo tipo negócio e seus critérios de escolha, à luz da literatura sobre empreendedorismo. Trata-se de estudo exploratório de enfoque qualitativo, que investiga como o executivo demitido desenvolve sua opção de empreender. Para tanto, foram realizadas cinco entrevistas semi-estruturadas, nas quais os participantes foram convidados a narrar suas histórias de vida profissional e a discorrer sobre aspectos relacionados ao desenvolvimento de suas carreiras. Participaram da pesquisa cinco exexecutivos que optaram montar um negócio próprio. A análise do material, gerada a partir da transcrição das entrevistas, foi realizada por meio do método de análise de conteúdo. Foram realizadas a codificação e a categorização das mensagens contidas nas entrevistas, e as informações resultantes desses procedimentos serviram como base para a interpretação dos resultados. Os executivos revelaram que o processo decisório e a escolha do tipo de negócio a ser montado tiveram como fatores preponderantes o grau de mobilidade e conformidade, representado pelo tempo máximo em uma organização, a função exercida ou cargo mais desempenhado na carreira, aliado aos fatores de atração e conforto financeiro, variando do executivo típico, descrito por Wright Mills, ao empresário inovador, descrito por Joseph Schumpeter. A partir dos resultados obtidos, foram realizadas algumas reflexões que podem servir como orientações a futuros estudos sobre este tema. Estas reflexões converteram-se na proposição de um conjunto de parâmetros de análise que visa apresentar o processo de escolha do tipo de negócio do ex-executivo, através da dimensão e intensidade de fatos ligados a sua história de vida profissional, situação atual e motivações

Cette thèse étudie les déterminants des transferts internationaux de technologie ainsi que leurs impacts sur la productivité en Chine. A travers une analyse de la littérature sur les transferts internationaux de technologie et de la théorie de la croissance endogène, nous identifions deux principaux canaux de transferts internationaux de technologie vers la Chine : l’investissement direct étranger (IDE) et l’importation de technologie. Nous proposons ensuite une étude empirique de l’impact des transferts internationaux de technologies et des efforts de R&D des entreprises sur la productivité des régions chinoises. Pour cela nous nous basons sur la fonction de production Cobb-Douglas traditionnelle. Dans ce cadre, nous procédons à des régressions sur données de panel équilibré contenant des informations sur les transferts internationaux de technologie vers 28 provinces chinoises entre 2001 et 2008. Tout d’abord, nous utilisons les régressions sur données de panel avec effets aléatoires sur la productivité des régions chinoises. Elles montrent que le coefficient des IDE est positif mais non significatif. Afin de résoudre les potentiels problèmes d'endogénéité dans la fonction de production, nous utilisons les variables instrumentales (IV). Avec cette méthodologie, nous constatons que l'IDE a un impact négatif sur la productivité des régions chinoises, qui est cohérent avec la littérature traitant les problèmes d'endogénéité des IDE (Aitken et Harrison, 1999; Hu et Jefferson, 2002; Konings, 2001; Xu et Sheng, 2011). L’impact négatif des IDE sur la productivité peut être expliqué comme le résultat de la concurrence entre firmes étrangères et domestiques ou l’existence d’un «fossé technologique». Les résultats montrent également que l’importation de technologies a un rôle positif considérable sur la productivité des régions chinoises. Les résultats empiriques confirment également que les efforts de R&D interne chinois ont une influence positive et très significative sur la productivité des régions en Chine. Nos résultats suggèrent donc que la Chine doit favoriser non seulement le développement du transfert de technologie international mais aussi ses propres efforts de R&D. Après cette étude quantitative, nous réalisons une analyse plus qualitative des déterminants des transferts internationaux de technologie en Chine. Dans la littérature sur les transferts internationaux de technologie, cinq facteurs apparaissent comme des déterminants importants de ces transferts : les politiques gouvernementales, l’environnement de marché, les droits de propriété, les écarts technologiques et la capacité d’absorption. Cependant, peu de travaux étudient comment ces facteurs clés influent sur les transferts internationaux de technologie vers la Chine. Nous prenons l’exemple de l’industrie automobile chinoise afin d’analyser cette question en profondeur. Nos résultats empiriques montrent que les politiques gouvernementales sur l’IDE, le commerce et la propriété intellectuelle jouent un rôle particulièrement important sur les transferts internationaux de technologie en Chine. De plus, la structure de marché, notamment le degré élevé de la concurrence sur le marché, a favorisé les transferts internationaux de technologie vers la Chine. Les droits de propriété affectent également ces flux technologiques. Les entreprises d’Etat qui ont établi une Joint Venture (JV) acquièrent principalement les technologies via l’IDE, tandis que les entreprises d’Etat sans JV et les entreprises locales indépendantes se concentrent sur l’apprentissage grâce à l’importation de technologie et la coopération. L’écart technologique affecte l’efficacité du transfert de technologie international en Chine. La capacité d’absorption est importante pour le bénéficiaire afin d’acquérir les technologies transférées. / This Ph.D dissertation studies the productivity impact and the determinants of international technology transfer in China. Through a review of the theoretical and empirical literature on international technology transfer and endogenous growth theory, we analyze two main channels of international technology transfer in China, namely FDI and technology import. We investigate the productivity impacts of international technology transfer and own R&D efforts. Relying on international technology transfer literature coupled with endogenous growth theory, balanced panel data on international technology transfer about 28 Chinese regions from 2001 to 2008 are used for testing the productivity impact. The traditional Cobb-Douglas production function is used. Firstly, Pooled EGLS (Cross-section random effects) regressions are used to estimate random-effects panel data models for regional productivity. The coefficient of FDI is insignificant and positive. Then in order to solve the endogeneity problems in production function, we use instrumental variables (IV) estimation. In instrumental variable estimate, we find that FDI has significantly negative impact on Chinese regional productivity, which is consistent with recently literature (Aitken and Harrison, 1999; Hu and Jefferson, 2002; Konings, 2001; Xu and Sheng, 2011) which pays attention to the endogeneity of inputs. ‘Competition effects’ and ‘technology gap’ explanation can explain the negative impact of FDI on Chinese regional productivity in short run. Our empirical results show that technology import has significantly positive impact on Chinese regional productivity. The empirical results also confirm that own R&D efforts has significantly positive effect on Chinese regional productivity. Our results suggest that Chinese governments should favor the development of both international technology transfer and own R&D efforts.Then we analyze the determinant of international technology transfer in China. In existing literature, government policy, market environment, ownership relationship, technology gap and absorptive capacity are considered as the key factors influencing international technology transfer. Few works investigate how these key factors affect international technology transfer in China. In order to analyze this questions deeply, we do a case study on Chinese automotive industry. We choose to analyze this sector as it occur more international technology transfer and it is extremely important in Chinese economy. Our empirical results show that some government policies have active impact on international technology transfer in China, such as, local content requirement, the decrease of trade barriers, tax incentives and IP protection. However, some policies have no significant even negative impact on international technology transfer in China, such as, restrictions on entry and foreign equity limits. Market environment, especially market competition, to large extant promote international technology transfer in China. Ownership relationship affect international technology transfer, JV (Joint Venture) members of SOEs (State-owned enterprises) mainly acquire production technologies through FDI and technology import, while Non-JV members of SOEs and independent local company focus on learning design technologies through technology import and international cooperation. Large technology gap makes Chinese domestic companies have more opportunities to learning foreign technologies, but it also means that domestic companies have no enough ability to absorb the advanced technologies from multinationals. Absorptive capacity is important for the recipient acquiring the transferred technologies.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-24T19:12:30Z No. of bitstreams: 1 EdenCarmoSoares.pdf: 3133937 bytes, checksum: fbb5a4ec09882754fb527d148124f36c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-24T19:12:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 EdenCarmoSoares.pdf: 3133937 bytes, checksum: fbb5a4ec09882754fb527d148124f36c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-30 / The Fiscal Liability Law (FLL) brought a set of measures intended to ensure a more responsible fiscal management in the country with an emphasis on achieving local revenues by subnational units. The study brings an economic data panel of the Maranhão State and its municipalities and demonstrates how it impacts on local public finances. For the theorical foundation, the formation of the Brazilian tax system is investigated as well as aspects related to the theory to taxes. The study also addresses the fical federalism, the distribution of tax sources by federal entities, and the verification of the units responsible for the public policies management. It presents the Brazilian economic scenario that gave rise to the implementation of the Real Plan in the 1990s and the reforms associated with it that resulted in the creation of the FLL. It stands out as a general objective of the research the examination of how Maranhão municipalities have adapted to the new standards of accountability brought by the FLL in fiscal management, and espcially if they have managed to raise their exclusive revenues. We used to instruments to achieve this goal: the Fiscal Management Firjan Index (FMFI) and the Tax Revenues Achievement Indicator (TRAI). In issues such as public investment, the state's municipalities are well placed when compared to others of the Federation. However, the evaluated city halls are at a lower level than the national average regarding the generation of the own revenue. Nevertheless, Maranhão municipalities managed to raise their private income after the introduction of the FLL, although this increase is concentrated in cities that received extraordinary invesments in particular sectors of the economy like Santo Antonio dos Lopes and Bacabeira. / A Lei de Responsabilidade Fiscal (LRF) trouxe um conjunto de medidas que teve como intuito garantir uma gestão fiscal mais responsável no país, com ênfase na obtenção de receitas locais pelas unidades subnacionais. O estudo traz um painel de dados econômicos do Estado do Maranhão e de seus municípios e demonstra como ele impacta nas finanças públicas locais. Para a fundamentação teórica, é investigada a formação do Sistema Tributário Brasileiro, bem como, os aspectos relacionados à teoria dos tributos. Também são abordados o federalismo fiscal, a repartição das fontes tributárias pelos entes federativos e a verificação das unidades responsáveis pela gestão das políticas públicas. Apresenta-se o cenário que permeou a economia brasileira nos anos 1990, que deu ensejo à implantação do Plano Real e as reformas associadas a ele, e que redundaram na LRF. Destaca-se como objetivo geral da pesquisa examinar como os municípios maranhenses adaptaram-se aos novos padrões de responsabilidade na gestão fiscal trazidos pela LRF, e, especialmente, se esses conseguiram elevar suas receitas próprias. Para o alcance desse objetivo foram utilizados dois instrumentos: o Índice Firjan de Gestão Fiscal (IFGF) e o Indicador de Realização de Receita Tributária (IRRT). Constata-se que, em quesitos como investimentos públicos, os municípios do Estado estão bem situados, quando comparados aos demais da federação, mas em relação à geração de receitas próprias, as prefeituras avaliadas encontram-se em um patamar inferior à média nacional. Contudo, os municípios maranhenses conseguiram elevar suas receitas próprias após a instituição da LRF, não obstante esse incremento está concentrado em cidades que receberam aportes extraordinários de investimentos em setores específicos da economia, como exemplo, Santo Antônio dos Lopes e Bacabeira.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:47:04Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Vanessa _Taques Batista.pdf: 1631976 bytes, checksum: 3a24db303da25827a7f7b853df1cdc7b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-07-22 / The physiological quality of seeds is necessary for the success of rural activity condition. The soybean crop is the main crop sown in Brazil, which is one of the largest producers and exporters of this product. Despite the success of soybean in Brazil, it is still possible to observe, in rural properties in Cascavel, state of Paraná, the use of saved soybean seeds (named in this work as seeds for own consumption), grains that farmers keep with them for the next year sowing. In this attempt to reduce the cost process, the producer makes the treatment of seeds for own consumption with pesticides on his own farm, with the aid of an instrument called metal drum. This is meant to shelter the seeds and pesticides and, with a mechanical circular motion, distribute the defensives over the seeds. The objective of this study was evaluating the physiological quality of soybean seeds for own consumption under treatment in metal drums through germination, vigor tests and identification of mechanical damage. The experimental design was completely randomized, factorial 2 X 3 with three cultivars and two treatments: one with and another without treatment in drums. Means were compared statistically by Tukey test at 5% of probability. In the germination test, the N5909 and Apollo cultivars with treatment in drums had higher percentages of normal seedlings, but it was less than 80%. For vigor tests, treatments in drums exhibited higher percentage of abnormal and dead seedlings, indicating that, under stress conditions, damage to the seeds treated in metal drums have influence on the physiological quality of seeds. In the tetrazolium test for identifying damages, all three treated cultivars had mechanical damage. Thus, the seed for own consumption treated in drums showed low vigor and presence of mechanical damage. The seed for own consumption that has not been subjected to the treatment also showed low vigor, but also had lower mechanical damage when compared to the seeds who received treatment. / A qualidade fisiológica de sementes é condição necessária para o sucesso da atividade agrícola. A soja é a principal cultura semeada no Brasil, que é um dos maiores produtores mundiais e exportadores deste produto. Apesar do sucesso da cultura da soja no Brasil, ainda é possível observar, nas propriedades rurais do município de Cascavel PR, o uso de sementes de soja salvas (denominadas neste trabalho como sementes para consumo próprio), ou seja, grãos que os produtores rurais guardam para fazer a semeadura no próximo ano. Neste processo de tentativa de redução de custos, o produtor faz o tratamento das sementes de consumo próprio com defensivos na própria propriedade rural, com auxílio de um instrumento denominado tambor metálico, cuja função é abrigar as sementes e os defensivos e, em um movimento mecânico circular, distribuir os defensivos sobre as sementes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade fisiológica de sementes para consumo próprio de soja, submetidas ao tratamento em tambores metálicos, por meio dos testes de germinação, testes de vigor e identificação de danos mecânicos nos grãos. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3 X 2, com três cultivares e dois tratamentos: com e sem tratamento em tambores. As médias foram comparadas estatisticamente pelo teste de Tukey, a 5% de probabilidade. No teste de germinação, os cultivares N5909 e Apollo, com tratamento em tambores, apresentaram maior porcentagem de plântulas normais, porém, inferior a 80%. Para os testes de vigor, os tratamentos em tambores apresentaram maiores médias de plântulas anormais e mortas, indicando que, em condição de estresse, os danos provocados nas sementes tratadas em tambores metálicos influenciam em sua qualidade fisiológica. No teste de tetrazólio para a identificação de danos, as três cultivares tratadas apresentaram danos mecânicos. Desta forma, a semente para consumo próprio tratada em tambor apresentou baixo vigor e presença de danos mecânicos. A semente para consumo próprio que não foi submetida ao tratamento também apresentou baixo vigor, porém apresentaram danos mecânicos

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects that a man's attitudes towards fathering have on the level of involvement with his children. Of particular interest was whether fathering attitudes moderated some of the more consistent predictors of involvement, such as relationship quality, maternal gatekeeping, mother's and father's employment hours, a man's history with his own father, family structure, and child characteristics. A sample of 2300 men was used to evaluate the effects of fathering attitudes on engagement and warmth among children ages 2 to 8 and 9 to 11. Results indicate an inconsistent main effect between fathering attitudes and the types of involvement among the two age groups. However, moderated multiple regression analysis revealed that, in many instances, fathering attitudes completely mitigated the effect of several of the traditional predictors of involvement. Among the younger group, men with high fathering attitudes maintained high levels of engagement despite poor history with their own father and high levels of work hours, and engagement increased as maternal employment hours increased. Warmth among these men also remained unchanged at high levels of maternal gatekeeping and low levels of relationship quality. In the older group, high father attitudes mitigated the effects of relationship quality and fathers' work hours on warmth. Attitudes did not moderate engagement among the older group.

<p>Tjejer/damer har i regel sämre ekonomiska förutsättningar i jämförelse med killar/herrar när det gäller idrott, något vi själva har upplevt då vi har varit aktiva på hög nivå en längre tid. Angelica Lorsell berättade för oss om en företagsidé, som skulle kunna gynna elitidrottande tjejer. Idén går ut på att förmedla ett medlemskort, "Elitkortet", där olika samarbetspartners erbjuder målgruppsinriktade rabatter som skulle underlätta vardagen för elitidrottande tjejer. Angelica bad oss om synpunkter och hjälp för att lyckas genomföra denna affärsidé.</p><p>Vårt syfte med uppsatsen är att ställa drömmen om att starta företagsverksamheten Elitkortet mot vad som krävs av oss som företagare för att förverkliga detta, dröm ställs mot vardag.</p><p>Litteraturen beskriver vissa personlighetsdrag som en entreprenör bör ha för att lyckas: prestationsbehov, riskbenägenhet och kontrollbehov. Att skriva ner sin affärsidé beskriver teorierna som viktigt för att lättare sätta upp mål att sträva efter. Om entreprenören tidigare har erfarenhet i den bransch det nya företag ska arbeta inom räknas det som en stor fördel. Det är ingen nödvändighet att ha en ny produkt utan det går lika bra att utveckla en "gammal" produkt eller rikta sig mot en ny målgrupp.</p><p>Vi har utgått från olika teorier kring affärsplaner och har valt att försöka skapa vår egen affärsplan. Elitkortets affärsplan som innehåller; affärsidé, produkt, tillverkning och teknik, marknadsplan, finansiering och budgetkalkyl, ägare och organisation samt riskanalys.</p><p>Vår empiriska studie har gått ut på att samla information om en eventuell företagsstart av Elitkortet samt att utforma en affärsplan för Elitkortet. Informationen har vi sökt via Internet, telefon, e-post, intervjuer samt gått på vägledning och starta eget-kurs. För att få en bättre bild kring eget företagande har vi valt att intervjua två företagare med olika förutsättningar som startat eget företag. Vi beskriver även våra känslor som uppkommit i och med möten med olika instanser och de människor vi mött.</p><p>Vi har kommit fram till att vi skulle kunna förverkliga vår dröm att starta företaget redan nu. Tekniskt och organisatoriskt är det fullt möjligt, dock vet vi inte om vi är tillräckligt riskbenägna och villiga att lägga ner den tid och kraft som krävs av oss.</p> / <p>Girls generally have poorer economic conditions in sports, in comparison with boys, something we have experienced ourselves since we’ve been active in high level for a long time. Angelica Lorsell told us about a business idea, which could benefit the elite athlete girls. The idea is to convey a membership card, "Elitkortet", where different partners offering targeted discounts that would make life easier for elite athlete girls. Angelica wished for comments and helps to successfully implement this concept. Our purpose in this essay is to make the dream of starting a business activity Elitkortet and what is required of us as entrepreneurs to make this come true. The literature describes certain traits that an entrepreneur should have in order to succeed, performance requirements, risk appetite and control needs. It’s important to write down the business concept to help set goals to strive for. If the entrepreneur has previous experience in the industry the new company will work within and it counts as a big advantage. There is no necessity to have a new product, by developing an "old" product or aiming a new target group you can succeed anyways. We started with various theories about business plans and have decided to create our own, Elitkortet business plan, which includes; business idea, product, manufacturing and technology, marketing plan, financing and financial spreadsheets, owners and organization, and risk analysis. In our empirical study we have gathered information about a possible start-up of the Elitkortet, and drafted a business plan for the Elitkortet. We have sought the information over the Internet, telephone, email, interviews, and went to counselling and on a start-up your own business course. To get a better picture about entrepreneurship, we have chosen to interview two entrepreneurs who started their businesses under different conditions. We’ve also described our feelings generated in the meetings with various instances and the people we’ve met. We have found that we could make our dream come true and start our company today. It is possible, both technically and organizationally, however, we don’t know if we are sufficiently risk-prone and willing to spend the time and effort required of us.</p>

<p>Abstract</p><p>Chained Thoughts Broken by Chains of Thought</p><p>An Analysis of the Narrative Style Used in Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own</p><p>The purpose of this essay is to analyse the narrative style used in Virginia Woolf’s A Room of One’s Own in order to show in which ways it supports and reinforces the author’s arguments in her quest for a more equal society. One of the most prominent stylistic means applied by Woolf is her ‘train of thought’, linking one reflection to another like wagons in a railway convoy or like loops in a chain (therefore also sometimes referred to as ‘chain of thought’ in dictionaries). By examining how different rhetorical devices are applied within this train or chain of thought and in which ways these strategies are linked to the main elements of persuasion (ethos, pathos and logos) in Aristotelian Rhetoric, I have found that one of Woolf’s central themes - the resentment against confinement and the advocacy of androgyny or mixed-gendered thinking - is mirrored in her style. It reflects the author’s call to resist society’s restrictions by its unrestricted combination of different rhetorical strategies; this mixture of stylistic, partly gender-neutral devices helps her to create a common ground where she can reach and appeal to both genders in a very effective and innovative way, thus enabling her chain of thoughts to break some of our chained thoughts.</p><p>Ellen Johansson</p><p>Engelska C</p>