The objective of this study was to develop a gas measurement chamber for the comparison of emissions from different dairy manure storage facilities. Compost bedded pack (CBP) barns are a loose housing system in which cows rest on an intensely managed compost pack. Sawdust is the primary material added to the system, along with manure and urine inputs from the cows, and the pack is stirred one to two times daily. Maintaining a high level of aerobic microbial activity in the pack is critical for cow health. Previous dairy emissions work has not included compost bedded pack barns; it was expected that the largely aerobic system would have a different emissions profile than other manure storage systems. A measurement chamber was developed to determine emission fluxes from the compost bedded pack barn surface. Infrared and electrochemical sensors measuring ammonia, methane, and carbon dioxide obtain headspace gas concentrations, temperature, and humidity each second. The relatively lower cost of each chamber, as compared to photoacoustic and gas chromatography systems, will allow a greater number to be deployed to more accurately represent the spatial variation within the system.

<p>Pack-rust corrosion is a type of corrosion that affects steel built-up members especially old  bridges. It is a localized corrosion that happens in the crevice between two mating surfaces. Pack-rust corrosion does not only cause section loss like other types of corrosions, but also induces local distortion in the structural members that are not the intention of the original designs. This corrosion can change the behavior of the connection fixity and could also cause instability in the overall  built-up members. The size of distortion and section loss were observed to behave linearly between  the free edge and the first line of fasteners. As the distance is moving toward the free edge, the  distortion in the members and section loss in the base material were observed to be maximum. Another important observation was that pack-rust corrosion does not grow beyond the fastener at the fastener’s line. </p> <p>The literature revealed that there are no comprehensive experimental and analytical studies focused on the behavior and effect of pack-rust corrosion on the overall performance of built-up members and connections in compression. Therefore, this research studies the effects of pack-rust corrosion on the capacity of built-up compression members including but not limited to stiffness, yield strength, maximum capacity, and change in fastener force under applied load. This research was studied by performing large-scale experimental testing of flexural members with simulated pack rust. Pack-rust distortion was simulated by placing washers in the crevice between two plates and then the two plates were drawn together using high-strength fasteners. There were also members with real pack-rust corrosion damage from bridge components that used to be in service, and were tested in axial compression tests. </p> <p>The experimental results were compared with hand calculation using conventional design  equations. Finite element analysis was also studied to compare with the experimental results in  order to calibrate future models, but it is not presented in this report. The findings of the  experimental results of all the specimens show that pack-rust corrosion affects yield strength and  maximum capacity of the member and minimally affects the member’s stiffness. Maximum load  of the member affected by pack-rust corrosion can still be estimated conservatively using the  conventional design equations with some modifications. There was no indication of significant  increase in fastener force under applied load, so the likelihood of fastener failing in tension was  very small as observed from this study.   </p>

Allt fler detaljhandelskoncerner möter problem med att optimera fördelning och påfyllning av produkter till butiker. Ledtiderna inom modeindustrin är långa och återförsäljarna måste planera sina inköp flera månader i förväg för de kommande säsongerna. Produkterna paketeras hos tillverkarna innan de skickas vidare till centrallagret. Beslut om packstorlekar tas i samband med inköpsordern. Genom att paketera flera lagerhållningsenheter (SKU) tillsammans ökar effektiviteten och kostnader i leveransflödet reduceras, samtidigt kan felfördelningskostnader uppstå. Detta examensarbete är utfört åt Venue Retail Group som är en ledande aktör i norden inom accessoarer, resetillbehör och skor. Syftet med examensarbetet är att finna de åtgärder inom packutformningen som skulle kunna generera ökad genomförsäljning för Venue Retail Groups egenproduktion av syntetväskor. I examensarbetet formuleras förpackningsproblemet som ett optimeringsproblem. En modell utformas för bestämning av optimal packkonfiguration som tillfredsställer varje butikskategoris prognostiserade efterfrågan med målet att minimera de totala kostnaderna. Genom kartläggning av produkternas varuflöde samt identifiering av kostnader relaterade till packkonfiguration föreslår examensarbetet en ändring av Venue Retail Groups befintliga packstrategi som kan uppnå en bättre genomförsäljning. / An increasing number of retail groups is facing problems with optimizing distribution and replenishment of products to serve stores. Lead times in the fashion industry are long and dealers often have to plan their purchases several months in advance for the coming seasons. The products are packed in production before they are sent to the central warehouse. Decisions about the pack configuration are made in connection with the purchase order. By packaging multiple stock-keeping units (SKUs) together, the efficiency increase and the costs in the supply chain can be reduced, while misallocation costs may arise. The master thesis is performed at the Venue Retail Group, which is a leading group in the Nordic region within the accessories, travel equipment and shoes. The objective of the paper is to identify the optimal pack configuration in order to generate increased turnover sales within the supply chain for own production synthetic bags. In this paper the pack problem is formulated as an optimization problem. A model is designed to determine the optimal packing order quantities that satisfy every store category's forecasted demand with the goal to minimize the total costs. By mapping product flow and identifying costs related to pack configuration the paper suggest a change of Venue Retail Groups existing pack strategy to achieve the objective.

[pt] Na exploração e produção de petróleo em águas profundas e ultraprofundas, um dos problemas mais freqüentes é a contenção da fragmentação do reservatório durante a produção do óleo, quando o mesmo é proveniente de arenitos inconsolidados, facilmente encontrados na Bacia de Campos e demais fronteiras Offshore ao longo da costa Brasileira. O ingresso do material particulado do reservatório na coluna produtora irá criar problemas de erosão e deposição nas tubulações e demais equipamentos de superfície. Para evitar estes problemas, atualmente está sendo empregada de forma intensiva a técnica de contenção de areia chamada de Gravel Packing em poço aberto (OHGP - Open Hole Gravel Packing). Dadas as condições críticas encontradas quando se perfura em águas profundas e ultra-profundas, tais como baixo gradiente de fratura das formações, aliado à necessidade de se perfurar poços com trechos horizontais cada vez mais extensos, é imperativo que se faça o deslocamento do Gravel- pack com precisão operacional suficiente para garantir o sucesso da tarefa. Como a tecnologia para a perfuração e completação de poços horizontais extensos (trechos acima de 600m) foi desenvolvida a poucos anos atrás, somente recentemente, foi notado que tais trechos horizontais acarretam em um problema para o escoamento, ou seja, nestes poços não se tem um perfil homogêneo de produção, levando a uma drenagem não uniforme do reservatório e a uma baixa eficiência de recuperação. Isto sem contar a chegada antecipada da água injetada e a formação de cones de água e gás. Portanto, dispositivos para a equalização do escoamento da produção estão sendo desenvolvidos, através de projetos de pesquisa em diversos lugares. Telas de Gravel-pack dotadas de uma furação não-uniforme no seu tubo base consiste em uma destas novas tecnologias. O foco desta dissertação será apresentar o desenvolvimento do modelo matemático aplicado para o cálculo da vazão nos furos e para a checagem da melhor disposição dos mesmos, nos tubos base das telas de Gravel-pack. Tal furação deverá ter a capacidade de uniformizar o fluxo do óleo produzido ao longo do trecho de poço aberto horizontal, provendo uma melhor drenagem do reservatório, garantindo o deslocamento do Gravel-pack sem que a sobrepressão gerada, durante a operação, devido a baixa concentração de furos do tubo base (junto ao calcanhar do poço), frature a formação produtora e, ao mesmo tempo, garantindo o deslocamento através de ondas alfa e beta sem que, a concentração excessiva de furos (junto ao dedão do poço), leve ao embuchamento prematuro. Os resultados obtidos são validados através de um trabalho experimental de simulações físicas em escala próxima à real. / [en] One of the most common problems in deep and ultradeep water explorations are the sand control during production time, even in unconsolidated sandstones reservoirs, easily found in Campos Basin and others Offshore frontiers along the Brazilian coast. The reservoir particles entrance in the production pipe may create erosion inside the column and deposition problems in the surface and subsurface equipments. In order to avoid all of these problems Open Hole Gravel-Packing (OHGP) is the most applied sand control technique in such scenarios. Due to the critical conditions found in deep and ultradeep waters such as low fracture gradient, ally long horizontal section requirements, is imperative that the Gravel-Packing operation be done with accuracy. Since the long horizontal wells technology it was developed few years ago, only recently has been noted that such wells brings other flow problem, that is: the wells delivery a non-uniform production profile, that leads to a non-uniform reservoir drainage as well as a low recovery efficiency. This phenomenon is also related to the early breakthrough of water and to water and gas conning problems. Therefore, flow equalization devices are being developed, through research projects, for several teams. Gravel-Pack screens with an unevenly holes pattern perforated in the base-pipe consist in one of these new solutions. The main focus of this work consist in present the mathematical model development applied to the flow rate calculus in the holes and the checking of the best hole pattern in the base- pipe. Such pattern should have the capacity to promote the production profile equality, providing the best reservoir drainage, guaranteeing the total Gravel-Package without the overpressure created, during the operation, due to the few concentration of base-pipe holes (close to the heel), may cause the formation fracture and, at same time, guaranteeing the displacement through alfa/beta waves without, the excessive holes concentration (close to the toe), lead to premature screen-out. The computational results obtained are validated through an experimental work by physical simulations.

Novas demandas de aplicação tem sido a principal motivação para a produção de materiais estruturais associando boas propriedades mecânicas e baixo custo de fabricação. A indústria aeroespacial vem desenvolvendo estudos com titânio e suas ligas, devido, a sua elevada resistência mecânica e baixa massa específica. Alguns estudos afirmam que, em temperaturas acima de 500°C as ligas de titânio possuem baixa resistência à oxidação restringindo a sua aplicabilidade. Localizada na parte inferior das turbinas em aviões comerciais, a liga Ti ?-21S tem mostrado bom desempenho em até 700°C com grande potencial para substituir alguns componentes, diminuindo os gastos com manutenção e aumentando a autonomia das turbinas a gás. Diante desse cenário, o objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolvimento de revestimentos visando o aumento da resistência a oxidação na liga Ti ?-21S mantendo as suas características iniciais. O processo de revestimento foi feito em diferentes condições de temperatura × tempo via HAPC (CVD in situ). A faixa de temperatura analisada foi de 560 à 760°C entre 1 à 25h. A microestrutura de todos os coupons (não revestidos, revestidos e oxidados) foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX) e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A cinética de crescimento aparente da camada de revestimento foi feita medindo a espessura de revestimento nas condições analisadas e a cinética de oxidação foi feita através da variação de massa superficial dos coupons. Os resultados do DRX e MEV mostraram que os revestimentos produzidos foram monofásicos com composição química TiAl3. A cinética de crescimento entre 660 à 760°C apresentou energia de ativação de 108 kJ/mol e constante pré-exponencial de 1,21 × 10-3 cm²/s, esses resultados sugerem que a cinética de crescimento é controlada pela difusão dos átomos de alumínio no volume da liga Ti ?-21S formando a camada de TiAl3. Os coupons revestidos foram oxidados à 750 e 850°C por 100, 200 e 300h, os resultados da caracterização microestrutural mostrou que nos coupons revestidos foi formada uma camada de Al2O3 e a variação de massa superficial após 300h à 850°C foi de 0,60 mg/cm². Portanto, após a oxidação dos coupons revestidos, foi observado que o revestimento promoveu a formação de óxidos protetores como Al2O3 aumentando a resistência a oxidação da liga Ti ?-21S revestida. / New application demands have been the main motivation for the production of structural materials associating good mechanical properties and low manufacturing cost. The aerospace industry has been developing studies with titanium and its alloys, due to its high mechanical strength and low specific mass. Some studies report that, at temperatures above 500°C, titanium alloys have low oxidation resistance, restricting their applicability. Located at the bottom of turbines in commercial aircraft, the Ti ?-21S alloy has shown good performance up to 700°C with great potential to replace some components, reducing maintenance costs and increasing the autonomy of gas turbines. In view of this scenario, the objective of this work was the development of coatings aiming at increasing the resistance to oxidation in the Ti ?-21S alloy while maintaining its initial characteristics. The coating process was done at different temperature × time conditions via Pack Cementation (CVD in situ). The temperature range analyzed was 560 - 760°C between 1 - 25h. The microstructure of all coupons (uncoated, coated and oxidized) were characterized by XRD and SEM. The kinetics of apparent growth of the coating layer were made by measuring the coating thickness under the analyzed conditions and the oxidation kinetics was done by varying the surface mass of the coupons. The results of the DRX and MEV showed that the coatings produced were monophasic with TiAl3 chemical composition. The kinetics of growth between 660 - 760°C showed activation energy of 108 kJ/mol and pre-exponential constant of 1.21 × 10-3 cm²/s, these results suggest that the kinetics of growth is controlled by the diffusion of atoms of aluminum in the volume of the Ti ?-21S alloy forming the TiAl3 layer. The coated coupons were oxidized at 750 and 850°C for 100, 200 and 300h, the results of the microstructural characterization showed that in the coated coupons an Al2O3 layer was formed and the surface mass variation after 300h at 850°C was 0.60 mg/cm². Therefore, after oxidation of the coated coupons, it was observed that the coating promoted the formation of protective oxides like Al2O3 increasing the oxidation resistance of the coated Ti ?-21S alloy.

Interval graphs are well studied structures. Intervals can represent resources like jobs to be sched-uled. Finding maximum independent set in interval graphs would correspond to scheduling maximum number of non-conflicting jobs on the computer. Most optimization problems on interval graphs like independent set, vertex cover, dominating set, maximum clique, etc can be solved efficiently using combinatorial algorithms in polynomial time. Hitting, Covering and Packing problems have been ex-tensively studied in the last few decades and have applications in diverse areas. While they are NP-hard for most settings, they are polynomial solvable for intervals. In this thesis, we consider the generaliza-tions of hitting, covering and packing problems for intervals. We model these problems as min-cost flow problems using non-trivial reduction and solve it using standard flow algorithms. Demand-hitting problem which is a generalization of hitting problem is defined as follows: Given N intervals, a positive integer demand for every interval, M points, a real weight for every point, select a subset of points H, such that every interval contains at least as many points in H as its demand and sum of weight of the points in H is minimized. Note that if the demand is one for all intervals, we get the standard hitting set problem. In this case, we give a dynamic programming based O(M + N) time algorithm assuming that intervals and points are sorted. A special case of the demand-hitting set is the K-hitting set problem where the demand of all the intervals is K. For the K-hitting set problem, we give a O(M2N) time flow based algorithm. For the demand-hitting problem, we make an assumption that no interval is contained in another interval. Under this assumption, we give a O(M2N) time flow based algorithm. Demand-covering problem which is a generalization of covering problem is defined as follows: Given N intervals, a real weight for every interval, M points, a positive integer demand for every point, select a subset of intervals C, such that every point is contained in at least as many intervals in C as its demand and sum of weight of the intervals in C is minimized. Note that if the demand of points are one, we get the standard covering set problem. In this case, we give a dynamic programming based O(M + N log N) time algorithm assuming that points are sorted. A special case of the demand-covering set is the K-covering set problem where the demand of all the points is K. For the K-covering set problem, we give a O(MN2) time flow based algorithm. For the demand-covering problem, we give a O(MN2) time flow based algorithm. K-pack points problem which is a generalization of packing problem is defined as follows: Given N intervals, an integer K, M points, a real weight for every point, select a subset of points Y , such that every interval contains at most K points from Y and sum of weight of the points in Y is maximized. Note that if K is one, we get the standard pack points problem. In this case, we give a dynamic pro-gramming based O(M + N) time algorithm assuming that points and intervals are sorted. For K-pack points problem, we give O(M2 log M) time flow based algorithm assuming that intervals and points are sorted.

No description available.

Thesis (MMus (Music))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / This study consists of two parts. The first part focuses primarily on literature that discusses the biography in general, and then turns its focus more sharply on the music biography. A critical reading of three South African music biographies is conducted in order to identify tendencies or patterns in the biographical writing of musicians, especially performers. The second part of this thesis consists of a biographical case study of Pack. This particular biography makes no claim that it will not be faced with the same problems illustrated in the general discussion on biography as a discipline, but rather through the established critical frame claims to qualify and critically elucidate the biographical writing pertaining to Pack. This case study will underline one of the defining elements in the writing of lives of those figures who are considered less important, namely the limited resource material that tend to replicate the themes and stereotypes inherent in biographical writing. This practical problem causes an inevitable repetition of the intellectual difficulties of biographical writing. The purpose of this biography, which is the combination of different source materials and, is not necessarily to avoid these “myths”, but to identify it by critical reflection. With this approach, it is not the biography itself that becomes “critical”, but rather the reading and comprehension of the biography. Finally, the conclusion is reached that Betty Pack’s life as committed to paper and memory displays various themes and topoi characteristic of the music biography in general, rather than just the biographies of performers. The conventions of music biography, as consolidated in the biographical descriptions of composers, thus still provide the norms and forms for the biography of the performing artist.

Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2017-09-29T16:50:31Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Carline Fabiane Stalter_.pdf: 2749271 bytes, checksum: 1830f5c4b58dad8461d121b0d87ca2ca (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-29T16:50:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carline Fabiane Stalter_.pdf: 2749271 bytes, checksum: 1830f5c4b58dad8461d121b0d87ca2ca (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-21 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPQ – Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / PROSUP - Programa de Suporte à Pós-Gradução de Instituições de Ensino Particulares / A geração de resíduos em um processo deve ser evitada, tanto por questões econômicas como por questões ambientais, isso porque os resíduos gerados são compostos por matérias-primas que não se tornaram produto. Neste sentido, o presente trabalho busca avaliar oportunidades de melhoria através da ferramenta ambiental Produção mais Limpa (P+L) a fim de reduzir a quantidade de resíduos gerados no processo de embalagem da empresa Gama localizada no estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Este processo utiliza como matéria-prima o filme de polipropileno biorientado (BOPP), um polímero termoplástico resultante da orientação biaxial do filme de polipropileno (PP). Esses filmes são produzidos e vendidos pela empresa Alfa na forma de bobinas para a empresa Beta que realiza a impressão e então os comercializam. O processo de embalagem é realizado nas embaladoras horizontais do tipo Flow Pack que provem a selagem a quente do filme. Na empresa existem seis máquinas deste tipo, juntas geraram no ano de 2016, em média, 900kg de resíduo de embalagem de BOPP. Neste estudo foram selecionadas duas máquinas para serem estudadas e estas foram identificadas de acordo com o ano de fabricação: Flow Pack 84 e Flow Pack 07. A partir da avaliação in loco do processo em ambas as máquinas, foram identificadas as principais causas da geração de resíduo: rompimento do filme, falta de material, material trancado, material desalinhado e selagem inadequada. Com base em uma análise estatística por tabela de contingência e o diagrama de Pareto foram identificadas as principais falhas, ou seja, as que deveriam ser sanadas com prioridade: falta de material para a Flow Pack 07 e material trancado para a Flow Pack 84. Foi verificado ainda que a Flow Pack 84 gerava quase três vezes mais resíduos de embalagens quando comparada a Flow Pack 07. Assim, foram definidas ações de P+L visando a redução/eliminação de resíduo na fonte geradora. Com a instalação de uma esteira pulmão e de dois sensores de parada na Flow Pack 84 será possível eliminar a geração de resíduos por materiais trancados, pois quando algum material venha trancar o sensor identificará e interromperá o processo. Quanto a Flow Pack 07, a falta de material não depende da máquina em si, mas sim da qualidade do material que é alimentado nela, ou seja, é um problema que deve ser resolvido antes do processo de embalagem. A análise de viabilidade econômica realizada através do PayBack simples mostrou que o investimento realizado com as mudanças será recuperado em pouco mais de 1 ano. Com a implantação da melhoria no processo será reduzida a geração de resíduos de embalagem em 63,4% na Flow Pack 84, e consequentemente, serão reduzidos os impactos ambientais negativos causados não apenas pelo processo de embalagem, mas também por toda a cadeia produtiva do BOPP. / The generation of waste in a process should be avoided, both for economic and environmental reasons , because waste is composed of raw materials that have not become a product. In this sense, the present work seeks to evaluate improvement opportunities through the Cleaner Production (CP) environmental tool in order to reduce the amount of waste generated in the packaging process of a company Gama located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. This process uses as a raw material bioriented polypropylene film (BOPP), a thermoplastic polymer resulting from the biaxial orientation of the polypropylene film (PP). These films are produced and sold by the company Alfa in the form of reels for the company Beta that do the printing and then sell them. The packaging process is carried out on the horizontal packers of the Flow Pack machines that provide the heat sealing of the film. In the company there are six machines of this type that together generated in the year 2016, on average, 900kg of packaging waste of BOPP. In this study two machines were defined to be studied and identified according to the year of manufacture: Flow Pack 84 and Flow Pack 07. From the on-site evaluation of the process in both machines, the main causes of waste generation were identified: Disruption of the film, lack of material, locked material, misaligned material and inadequate sealing. The statistical analysis by contingency table and the Pareto diagram showed the main failures, those that should be addressed with priority: lack of material for Flow Pack 07 and material locked for Flow Pack 84. It was also verified that Flow Pack 84 generated almost three times more packaging waste when compared to Flow Pack 07. Thus, CP actions were defined in order to reduce or eliminate waste in the generating source. With the installation of a lung treadmill and two stop sensors in the Flow Pack 84 it would be possible to eliminate the generation of waste by stucked materials, because when some material stuck into the machine the sensor would identify and interrupt the process. As for Flow Pack 07 the lack of material does not depend on the machine itself, but on the quality of the material that is fed into it, so, it is a problem that must be solved before the packaging process. The economic viability analysis performed through simple PayBack showed that the investment made with the changes would be recovered in just over a year. With the improvement of the process, the generation of packaging waste would be reduced by 63,4% in Flow Pack 84 and consequently the negative environmental impacts caused not only by the packaging process but also by the entire BOPP production chain would be reduced.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-09-22T18:29:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaLaisMonte.pdf: 3899898 bytes, checksum: 80c6c2eab407e3030e826f9938538169 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-22T18:29:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaLaisMonte.pdf: 3899898 bytes, checksum: 80c6c2eab407e3030e826f9938538169 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-24 / The present research is a study about the importance of the clothing tech pack in the development of products in clothing industry, considering its information content. The objective is to identify the different types of tech packs in the industries and to understand how their informational design can facilitate the productive process, avoiding errors and waste. For that, the survey was carried out in clothing industries from São Luís (MA), and the tech packs used in the production process were collected, which were organized regarding the different types found, considering the models proposed by Araújo (1999), Rigueiral (2002) and CITEVE (2005). Next, the informational contents of tech packs were analyzed based on the variables of Mijksenaar (2001), concluding with the elaboration and application of a questionnaire in order to understand how the users understand the importance of the tech pack. As result, it was evident that tech packs are still little used in the industries of São Luís – MA, mainly by the employees. The tech packs did not present a good hierarchy, creating noises that can difficult legibility and readability, the space for graphic representations is insufficient or has no description of details and information is still insufficient for users. The only positive common point among all tech packs is the use of fonts with size greater than 8 pt. Theses results are due to the lack of parameters to elaborate a good informational design for tech packs / A presente pesquisa é um estudo sobre a importância da ficha técnica de vestuário no desenvolvimento de produtos nas indústrias, considerando o seu conteúdo informacional. O objetivo é identificar os diferentes tipos de fichas técnicas nas indústrias e entender como o seu design informacional pode facilitar o processo produtivo, evitando erros e desperdícios. Para tanto, a pesquisa foi realizada nas indústrias de vestuário de São Luís (MA), tendo sido feito o levantamento das fichas técnicas utilizadas no processo produtivo, as quais foram organizadas quanto aos diferentes tipos encontrados, considerando-se os modelos propostos por Araújo (1999), Rigueiral (2002) e CITEVE (2005). Em seguida, analisou-se o conteúdo informacional das fichas técnicas com base nas variáveis de Mijksenaar (2001), concluindo com a elaboração e aplicação de questionário a fim de compreender como os usuários entendem a importância da ficha técnica. Como resultado, ficou evidente que as fichas ainda são pouco utilizadas nas indústrias de São Luís – MA, sobretudo pelos funcionários. As fichas não possuíam uma boa hierarquização, criando ruídos que possam dificultar a legibilidade e leiturabilidade, o espaço para o desenho é insuficiente ou não possui descrição dos detalhes e as informações ainda são escassas para os usuários. O único ponto positivo em comum para todas as fichas técnicas é o uso de fontes com tamanho maior que 8. Esses resultados ocorrem devido à falta de parâmetros para elaboração de um bom design informacional das fichas técnicas