Estruturas sanduíche possuem aplicações em diferentes áreas, tais como as indústrias: automotiva, naval, aeronáutica e moveleira. As razões da sua utilização vão desde a elevada eficiência estrutural até o baixo custo. Na indústria automotiva, elas são usadas em veículos convencionais, bem como em esportivos de alto desempenho. Uma alternativa de baixo custo são estruturas sanduíche com núcleos feitos em papel celulose e faces em materiais compostos termoplásticos. Alguns automóveis utilizam esses materiais em componentes com forma plana ou pequenas curvaturas. Os principais objetivos de usá-los são a redução do peso, o aumento da reciclabilidade e o projeto multifuncional (funções ambiental, estética, acústica, térmica e estrutural, simultaneamente). No entanto, uma das dificuldades que surge no projeto destes componentes é a previsão do comportamento estrutural, uma vez que tais materiais são difíceis de caracterizar experimentalmente. Assim, neste trabalho, são apresentados alguns métodos para avaliar as propriedades elásticas de sanduíches com núcleo hexagonal (estrutura colméia) e senoidal em papel e faces em não-tecido de polipropileno com fibras de vidro. As propriedades elásticas equivalentes longitudinais do núcleo são obtidas através de um modelo de elementos finitos de viga, que é validado com um método analítico para células hexagonais. Quanto às propriedades transversais, é utilizado um procedimento experimental, onde os núcleos com células senoidais são testados em uma máquina de tração. Neste caso, as dimensões das células são alteradas, bem como as gramaturas dos papéis. As propriedades equivalentes das faces são obtidas através de um modelo de elementos finitos planos. / Sandwich structures are used in various areas of application such as the automotive, marine, aeronautical and furniture industries. The reasons for their use range from the high structural efficiency to low cost. In the automotive industry, they are used in conventional vehicles as well as in high-end sports cars. An alternative of low-cost structures is that of cores made of cellulose paper and faces of thermoplastic composites. Some vehicles already use these materials in parts with flat shape or with small curvatures. The main purposes of using them are the reduction of the total weight of the vehicle, the increase of recyclability and the multifunctional design (environmental, aesthetic, acoustic, thermal and structural functions simultaneously). However, one of the difficulties that arises in the design of these components is the prediction of their structural behavior, since such materials are difficult to characterize. So, this work presents some methods to assess the elastic properties of sandwich cores composed of hexagonal (honeycomb) and sinusoidal cells of Testliner paper and faces of polypropylene/fiberglass nonwoven. The in-plane equivalent elastic properties of the core are obtained through a numerical finite element beam model, which is validated with an analytical method for hexagonal cells. For the out-of-plane equivalent properties, an experimental procedure is carried on, where sinusoidal cell cores are tested on a traction machine. In this case, the dimensions of the cell are changed, as well as the grammages of the papers. The equivalent elastic properties of the face are obtained through a numerical plane finite element model.

A produção de etanol em indústrias de polpação de celulose é uma proposta importante para o desenvolvimento econômico do país e que desafia pesquisadores a buscar tecnologias mais eficientes que viabilizem a transformação dessas indústrias em biorrefinarias. Há necessidade de serem estudadas e viabilizadas novas fontes e novos processos de obtenção de etanol, sendo que uma das alternativas é a utilização de materiais lignocelulósicos. O presente trabalho visa realizar a hidrólise enzimática de polpa Kraft não branqueada da indústria de papel e celulose com posterior uso do produto das hidrólises para a formação de papel. A hidrólise enzimática foi realizada com o cocktail de enzimas Cellic® CTec2 a 6% em incubadora sob a temperatura de 50 °C, pH 5,0-5,5 e 250 rpm. As amostras foram preparadas em triplicata utilizando a relação de 1,5 gramas de polpa celulósica para 10 mL de solução tampão previamente esterilizada. Na hidrólise foram testados diferentes tempos de 0,5 h, 1 h, 1,7 h, 3 h, 6 h, 16 h, 24 h, 48 h e 72 h de incubação. O produto sólido das hidrólises foi utilizado para a formação de papel e o líquido foi separado para a determinação dos açúcares por cromatografia de troca aniônica. Para os maiores tempos de hidrólise obteve-se uma maior conversão de polpa celulósica em glicose (34,6%) e xilose (47,2%), respectivamente. Tanto para o papel branqueado quanto para o não branqueado ocorreu uma redução na resistência à tração (43,2% e 51,3%, respectivamente), ao estouro (41,8% e 16,2%) e ao rasgo (82,4% e 82,3%, respectivamente) do papel comparada a polpa in natura quando a polpa utilizada passa por um tempo maior de hidrólise (6 h). Para a produção de papel, os tempos ideais foram os menores, até 3 horas. Para a fabricação do papel após hidrólise em tempos maiores, deve-se adicionar até 20% com polpa celulósica não hidrolisada. Com a utilização da microscopia óptica observou-se claramente que após 6 horas de hidrólise enzimática ocorre a degradação visível da fibra de celulose. / The production of ethanol from cellulose pulping industries is an important proposal for the country's economic development and that challenges researchers to seek more efficient technologies that enable the transformation of these industries in biorefineries. There needs to be studied and made possible new sources and new processes to obtain ethanol, and one of the alternatives is the use of lignocellulosic material. This study aims to carry out the enzymatic hydrolysis of Kraft unbleached pulp of the pulp and paper industry with subsequent use of the product of hydrolysis to form paper. The enzymatic hydrolysis was performed with the enzyme cocktail Cellic® CTec2 to 6% in an incubator under the temperature of 50 ° C, pH 5.0-5.5 and 250 rpm. Samples were prepared in triplicate using the ratio of 1.5 grams of pulp into 10 ml of sterile buffer solution beforehand. In the hydrolysis were tested different times of 0.5 h, 1 h, 1.7 h, 3 h, 6 h, 16 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h incubation. The solid product of hydrolysis was used for forming the paper and the liquid was separated for the determination of sugars by anion exchange chromatography. For larger hydrolysis times was obtained a higher conversion pulp into glucose (34.6%) and xylose (47.2%), respectively. Both for bleached paper and for the unbleached was a decrease in tensile strength (43.2% and 51.3%, respectively), the overflow (41.8% and 16.2%) and the groove (82, 4% and 82.3% respectively) compared to the paper pulp in nature when the pulp passes used by a higher hydrolysis time (6 h). For paper production, the ideal times were minor, up to 3 hours. For the manufacture of paper after hydrolysis times higher, one must add up to 20% unhydrolyzed cellulosic pulp. Using optical microscopy clearly be observed that after 6 hours of enzymatic hydrolysis occurs visible degradation of the cellulose fiber.

The subject of the thesis is the market value of the company KRPA PAPER, a.s. as of December 31st, 2014. The aim of the thesis is an aplication of teoretical knowledge in a particular example. The purpose is to determine the net market value of the company. The thesis is divided into chapters which represent the typical phases of the valuation of a company. At the beginning of each chapter there is a brief description of its purpose in a business valuation. In the introduction part the basic aspects of the valuation are described. The financial and strategic analysis, the value drivers, the financial plan and the valuation chapters follow. For the valuation itself the DCF Entity method is used. The discount on the entity level is applied.

O setor industrial produtor de papel e celulose tem aumentado sua relevância comercial nas últimas décadas devido à demanda constantemente crescente. O aumento na competitividade do setor gerado pela economia globalizada e a dificuldade de desenvolvimento de bons planos de produção em ambientes produtivos cada vez mais complexos têm motivado a pesquisa por novas e efetivas ferramentas de auxílio à tomada de decisão. Considerando estas dificuldades, abordamos neste trabalho o problema de dimensionamento e sequenciamento de lotes com foco em empresas com processo integrado de produção de celulose e de papel. Trata-se de um problema de planejamento de médio a curto prazo, geralmente com maior enfoque no curto prazo por considerar o planejamento detalhado da produção em horizontes de planejamento que não superam 30 dias. No processo integrado de celulose e papel, foram consideradas as decisões de produção do digestor, evaporador, caldeira de recuperação e de múltiplas máquinas produtoras de papel, além do controle de estoque de produtos intermediários e finais. Modelos matemáticos da literatura foram modificados e estendidos para incorporar características adicionais do problema como, por exemplo, processos com múltiplas máquinas de papel. Além disso, foram desenvolvidas heurísticas construtivas, heurísticas de melhoria, abordagens de solução híbridas baseadas em algoritmos genéticos combinadas com ferramentas comerciais de solução exata, além de combinações entre os métodos. As abordagens desenvolvidas foram testadas computacionalmente e as melhores combinações de métodos foram definidas. De forma geral, os resultados dessas abordagens foram superiores aos obtidos por ferramentas de solução comerciais puras. Ademais, a variação proposta da heurística de melhoria fixe-e-otimize com mudanças na função objetivo se destacou com relação aos demais métodos, obtendo os melhores resultados, independentemente da qualidade da solução inicial utilizada. As principais contribuições desta tese são a apresentação de modelos matemáticos para representar apropriadamente o problema estudado, e o desenvolvimento de métodos de solução efetivos para resolver o problema. / The pulp and paper industry has been increasing the commercial importance in recent decades due to the constant growing demand. The increasing competitiveness of this sector generated by the globalized economy and the difficulty to develop good production plans in complex production environments have motivated the search for new and effective decision support systems. Given these difficulties, in this thesis we address the lot sizing and scheduling problem focused on integrated pulp and paper mills. This is a problem of medium to short term planning, generally more focused on the short term as it covers detailed production schedules in planning horizons which do not exceed 30 days. In these integrated pulp and paper process the production decisions of digester, evaporator, recovery boiler and multiple paper machines are considered, apart from the inventory control of intermediate and final products. Mathematical models known in the literature were modified and extended to incorporate additional features of the problem, such as processes with multiple paper machines. In addition, constructive and improvement heuristics, and hybrid methods based on genetic algorithms combined with a commercial solver were developed, as well as combinations of these solution approaches. The methods developed were computationally tested and the best combinations of methods were defined. Overall, the results of these methods were superior to the solutions obtained by pure commercial solvers. Moreover, the alternative variation proposed of the improvement heuristic fix-and-optimize with exchanges in the objective function surpassed the other methods, obtaining the best results, regardless of the quality of the initial solution used. The main contribution of this thesis are the presentation of mathematical models that appropriately represents the problem under study, and the development of effective solution methods to deal with the problem.

In the pulp- and paper industry the human dimension indesign of information systems has been underestimated andoverlooked. Research indicates that there is a gap concerninguser involvement in the maintenance phase. Therefore, thepurpose of the study is to investigate how user involvementin the maintenance phase affects the user satisfaction, withinthe pulp and paper industry. The study has a deductiveapproach with a qualitative method. A relations model wasdesigned based on the theoretic framework, the modelshows five important factors in user involvement that affectsuser satisfaction; the users opportunity to be involved, the usersinfluence, communication between user and developer, the usersattitude towards the system and organization and managementculture. We interviewed 8 users of the system PaperLine, intwo different work groups and factories. The analysisshowed that the central factor was communication betweenuser and IT-staff, since this was relevant for all the areas of thestudy. The organization and management culture need toactively encourage involvement in the system developmentwork to give the user the opportunity to get involved, this willthen increase the users influence which in turn will lead to theusers positive attitude towards the system. The findingsresulted in a new model called K-OLMII, which shows theeffect user involvement has on user satisfaction in themaintenance phase, through identified factors for the successof user involvement. / Inom massa- och pappersindustrin har den mänskligadimensionen vid design av informationssystem underskattasoch förbisetts. Forskningen indikerar även att det finns ettglapp gällande användarinvolvering i förvaltningsfasen.Därför är studiens syfte att undersöka huranvändarinvolvering i förvaltningsfasen av ett system påverkar användartillfredsställelsen inom massa- ochpappersindustrin. Studien har en deduktiv ansats medkvalitativ metod. Baserat på det teoretiska ramverketutformades en sambandsmodell som visar fem viktigafaktorer inom användarinvolvering, som påverkaranvändartillfredsställelsen; användarens möjlighet attinvolveras, användarens inflytande, kommunikation mellananvändare och utvecklare, användarens inställning till systemetoch organisations- och ledningskultur. Vi har intervjuat 8användare av systemet PaperLine, inom två olikayrkeskategorier och fabriker. Analysen visade att dencentrala faktorn var kommunikation med IT-personal, då dettavar relevant inom samtliga områden av studien.Organisations- och ledningskulturen måste aktivt uppmuntrainvolvering i systemutvecklingsarbetet för att användarenska få en möjlighet att involveras, detta ökar i sin turanvändarens inflytande vilket leder till att användaren får enpositiv inställning till systemet. Fynden resulterade i en nymodell kallad K-OLMII, som visar användarinvolveringenseffekt på användartillfredsställelsen i förvaltningsfasen, viaidentifierade framgångsfaktorer för användarinvolvering.

The topic of this thesis is description, analysis and proposal of turbo generator’s control and protection system. The power output of turbo generators is from 3 MVA up to 75 MVA for various industrial sectors. The final proposal is based on the results of this analysis and it consists of a modern control and protection turbo generators systems. This proposal is designed to respect universality, customer’s requirements. And this proposal should be used in many industry branches.

Nivåerna av växthusgaser i atmosfären har ökat drastiskt de senaste århundradet, till följd av mänsklig aktivitet. Det krävs en stor omställning för oss människor om klimatförändringarna ska motverkas och för att konsekvenserna för planeten inte ska bli allt för stora. Koldioxid är en av de viktigaste växthusgaserna och skogen är en viktig del i balansen av koldioxid i atmosfären genom att växter och träd binder in koldioxid och lagrar biogent kol i biomassan. Rundvirke kan användas för att producera en mängd olika produkter med olika användningsområden och varierande livslängd och det finns både globala och nationella mål som stödjer ett arbete för en minskad klimatpåverkan med skogens resurser som verktyg. Syftet med examensarbetet var att analysera inbindningen av biogent kol i det årliga tillskottet av träbaserade produkter från svensk skogsindustri, för att sedan undersöka potentialen att öka tiden för inbindning av det biogena kolet. FN:s klimatpanel (IPCC) har tagit fram en generell metod för att beräkna lagringen av kol i skördade träprodukter och beräkningarna bygger på tre produktkategorier, vilka är sågade trävaror, spånskivor och papper och kartong. Detta examensarbete har utvidgat FN:s klimatrapportering genom att studera totalt sexton produktkategorier. Flödet av biogent kol studerades genom en materialflödesanalys, som bygger på massbalans mellan ”inputs” och ”outputs” i ett system. Systemet studerades från det att råvara förbrukas till dess att produkterna går som avfall och förbränns. Statistik över råvaruförbrukning inom sågverksindustrin och massaindustrin, samt produktionsmängd av fibermassa och träbaserade produkter användes i analysen. En stor volym biomassa går dessutom direkt till förbränning och ger bioenergi. Resultatet visade att sågade trävaror från sågverksindustrin har längst medellivslängd och binder även in störst mängd biogent kol. Biobränslen har kortast medellivslängd, och koldioxid frigörs till atmosfären på mycket kortast tid. Enligt detta examensarbete innehåller träbaserade produkter från Sverige 29,0 miljoner ton koldioxid årligen. Tre strategier att förlänga inbindningstiden av biogent kol studerades, vilka är förlängd livslängd för produkter, kaskadanvändning och Bio-Energy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS). Att förlänga livslängden för produkter innebär att återvinning av exempelvis cellulosabaserade textilier införs. Kaskadanvändning innebär att skogsindustrin primärt ska producera långlivade produkter och undvika att biomassa direkt går till förbränning. BECCS bygger på att träden binder in kol i sin biomassa och när en träbaserad produkt förbränns pressas frigjord koldioxid ned i marken och lagras. BECCS bedöms vara den strategi som är mest avancerad. / The levels of greenhouse gases have increased drastically over the past hundred years as a result of human activity. Major actions are needed to counter climate change, if the consequences are not to be too great. Carbon dioxide is one of the most important greenhouse gases and the forest is an important part of the balance of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, by the fact that plants and trees bind carbon dioxide and store biogenic carbon in the biomass. Roundwood can be used to produce a variety of products with different applications and varying life spans and there are both global and national goals that support a work to reduce climate change with forest resources as tools. The aim of the thesis was to analyse the storage of biogenic carbon in the annual addition of wood-based products from the Swedish forest industry, and then to investigate the potential to increase the time of storage. The UN Climate Panel (IPCC) has developed a general method for calculating the storage of carbon in harvested wood products and the calculations is based on three product categories, which are sawn wood, wood-based panels and paper and paperboard. This thesis has expanded the UN climate reporting by studying a total of sixteen product categories. The flow of carbon was studied using a material flow analysis, which is based on the mass balance of inputs and outputs in a system. The system was studied from the raw material being consumed until the products are defined as waste and incinerated. The calculations were based on statistics on raw material consumption in the sawmill industry and the pulp and paper industry, as well as production volume of fibre pulp and wood-based products. A large volume of biomass also goes directly to incineration and provides bioenergy. The binding time of biogenic carbon was analysed to explore the potential of increasing the binding time, using different strategies. Sawn timber products from the sawmill industry have the longest average life span and also bind the highest amount of biogenic carbon. Biofuels have the shortest average life span, which means that carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere rapidly. A total of 29.0 million tonnes of carbon dioxide are stored in wood-based products annually, according to this study. Three strategies to extend the storage time of biogenic carbon were studied in this study, which were extended life span of the products, cascading wood use and so called BECCS. To extend product life means introducing recycling of, for example, cellulose-based textiles. Cascading wood use means that the forest industry primarily produce long-lived products and avoid biomass going directly to incineration. BECCS is based on the fact that trees bind carbon dioxide in their biomass and when wood-based product is incinerated, the carbon dioxide is stored in the ground. BECCS is considered to be the most advanced strategy, of the three.

Dagens behov för energieffektivisering ställer höga krav på industrisektorn som anses vara den största energikonsumenten. Holmen AB är verksam inom massa- och pappersindustrin som är en energiintensiv bransch där sådana stora energianvändare som pumpapplikationer spelar en nyckelroll i produktionen. Denna studie genomfördes för att hjälpa företaget att undersöka vilka energi- och kostnadsbesparingar som kan förväntas om det befintliga pumpreglersättet ändras. Syftet med arbetet var att ta fram en metod för uppskattning av pumpenergiförbrukning, som skulle producera ett underlag för en jämförelseanalys av energiförbrukningen vid olika reglersätt. Studien fokuseras mest på centrifugalpumpar, som dominerar i industriell miljö på grund av sin robusta konstruktion, höga effektivitet och relativt låga behov för underhåll. Men det tillvägagångssätt som har använts i studien kan användas för bedömning av olika typer av pumpar och reglersätt eftersom det byggs på de grundläggande fluidmekanikslagarna. Tidigt i arbetet identifierades de viktiga parametrar som mest påverkar energiförbrukning i centrifugalpumpar och som krävs i beräkningar. Olika reglersätt diskuterades utifrån den befintliga litteraturen och forskningen. Uppskattning av energiförbrukning och energikostnader utfördes för två olika reglersätt, strypreglering och frekvensreglering. I arbetets sista skede jämfördes resultaten för de två reglersätten för att avgöra om det finns en potential för energi- och kostnadsbesparingar vid byte från strypreglering till frekvensreglering. Studiens resultat visar att övergång till frekvensreglering kommer att medföra energibesparingar och som följd besparingar i årliga driftkostnader samt LCC-kostnader. Storleken på besparingarna beror på minskning i varvtalet. Frekvensregleringen är mest lönsam då det önskade flödet skiljer sig mycket från det nominella flödet i systemet, men eventuell försämring av motor- och pumpverkningsgrad måste tas i beaktande. En mer utförlig analys av energiförbrukning vid olika flöden och olika typer av medier rekommenderas att utföras med användning av praktiskt uppmätta effektförbrukningsvärden. / Today's need for energy efficiency places high demands on the industrial sector, which is considered to be the largest energy consumer. Holmen AB is a pulp and paper producer. Pulp and paper production is an energy-intensive branch where pump applications consume large amounts of energy while playing a crucial role in the production process. This study was conducted to help the company investigate what energy and cost savings can be expected if the existing pump control method is changed. The purpose of the study was to develop an approach for estimating pump energy consumption, which would produce a basis for comparative analysis of energy consumption for different control methods. The study focuses mainly on centrifugal pumps, which dominate the industrial environment due to their robust construction, high efficiency, and relatively low maintenance needs. However, this study's approach can be used to assess different types of pumps and control modes as it is based on the fundamental fluid mechanics laws. At the beginning of the study, the key parameters that affect energy consumption in centrifugal pumps were identified to be later used in calculations. Pump control methods were discussed based on the existing literature and research. Estimation of energy consumption and costs was performed for two different control methods, throttle control, and frequency control. In the last stage of the study, two control methods were compared based on the energy consumption calculation to determine whether there is a potential for energy and cost savings when switching from throttle control to frequency control. The results show that usage of frequency control would lead to energy savings and, therefore, to savings in annual operating costs and LCC costs. The amount of the savings depends on the reduction in the rotational speed of the motor. The frequency control is most advantageous when there is a significant difference between the desired flow and the nominal flow in the system. But the potential reduction of motor and pump efficiency must be taken into consideration. A more detailed analysis of energy consumption for different flows and different types of pulp is recommended, with practically measured energy consumption values.

Die Verwendung elektrischer Energie ist ein essenzieller Bestandteil industrieller Prozesse. Aufgrund der aktuellen Bemühungen für eine Energiewende hin zu regenerativen Energien ist es sehr wahrscheinlich, dass die industrielle Bedeutung des elektrischen Stromes weiter zunehmen wird. Damit dabei die Ziele der Roadmap 2050, eine Reduzierung des CO2-Ausstoßes um 80 % bezogen auf 1990, erreichbar bleiben, bedarf es der unausweichlichen Etablierung erneuerbarer Energien. Dies ist kostenintensiv und aufgrund der ungleichmäßigen Energiebereitstellung nicht ohne Probleme für die aufgebauten Netzstrukturen. Der flexible Leistungsbezug (Demand Response) wird aufgrund seines netzdienlichen Charakters als ein Schlüssel zur Netzstabilisierung und direkten Energiekostenreduzierung gesehen. Jedoch trägt die energieintensive Papierindustrie mit ihren Papiermaschinen bislang keinen bedeutenden Teil zu diesem Ansatz bei und profitiert demnach auch nicht von den finanziellen Vorteilen. Eine Ursache dafür ist, dass dieser Branche auf Grundlage der bisherigen Be-wertungsmethoden kaum wirtschaftliche Potentiale für einen flexiblen Lastbezug zugespro-chen werden. Ein wesentlicher Teil der vorliegenden Arbeit widmet sich der Entwicklung eigner, den Be-dürfnissen der Papierindustrie angepassten, Erhebungs-, Bewertungs- sowie angeschlosse-nen Vermarktungsmethoden für eine Energiekostenreduzierung auf der Grundlage flexibler Lasten. Für die Kostenoptimierung stehen unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten, wie die in der vor-liegenden Arbeit betrachtete Regelleistungsvermarktung, zur Verfügung. Die Ergebnisse eines sortenspezifischen Analyseansatzes von Prozess- und Energieein-satzkennzahlen zeigen, dass von der Papierindustrie ein größeres Mitwirken am Regelleis-tungsmarkt zu erwarten sein kann, als es bisher angenommen wurde. Die erkannten Poten-tiale zur Lastflexibilisierung sind jedoch nicht jederzeit verfügbar. Damit diese Verfügbarkeit nicht überschritten wird, müssen die Mechanismen, die zum Regellastabruf führen, verstan-den und deren Einfluss auf einen Lastabruf genutzt werden. Zu diesem Zweck wurde im Zuge der Arbeit die Grenzlast eingeführt. Die Grenzlast kennzeichnet die Regellasthöhe, welche aus statistischer Sicht nicht öfter abgerufen wird, als es die Verfügbarkeit zulässt. Es wird belegt, dass auch von der Papierindustrie eine Beteiligung am Regelenergiemarkt möglich ist und die Energiekosten auf diese Weise reduzierbar wären, ohne den Fokus auf das Kerngeschäft zu verlieren.:I. Abbildungsverzeichnis II. Tabellenverzeichnis III. Formelverzeichnis IV. Abkürzungen, Formelzeichen V. Thesenübersicht 1 Einleitung und Motivation 1.1 Zielstellung und Aufbau der Arbeit 1.1.1 Ziele der Untersuchungen 1.1.2 Abgrenzung zu verfügbaren Software-Lösungen 1.2 Energieoptimierung – Sichtweisen und Definitionen 1.3 Energiepolitik und umweltpolitische Forderungen 1.3.1 Roadmap 2050 1.3.2 Zieldreieck 1.3.3 Flexible Lasten und der zukünftige Energiemarkt 2 Theoretische Grundlagen 2.1 Key Perfomance Indicator - Schlüsselfaktoren 2.2 Kennzahlen der Papierindustrie 2.3 Energiesystem in Deutschland 2.3.1 Energiepreise – Preisbildung 2.4 Netzregulierung – Regelleistung 2.5 Charakterisierung von Regelleistungsarten 2.5.1 Datenaufbereitung des Regelleistungseinsatzes 2.5.2 Minutenreserve 2.5.3 Sekundärreserve 2.6 Demand Response 2.6.1 Demand Response - Definition 2.6.2 Demand Response – Speicher 2.6.3 Finanzielle Auswirkungen von Demand Response 3 Methodik – Entwicklung und Durchführung 3.1 Ableitung konkreter Arbeitsaufgaben 3.2 Erhebung sortenspezifischer Kennzahlen 3.2.1 Sortenspezifische Kennwertberechnung 3.2.2 For-Schleife 3.2.3 Anwendungssoftware 3.2.4 Überführung produktspezifischer Kennzahlen in den Produktionsplan 3.3 Potentialerhebung flexibler Lasten 3.3.1 Potentialermittlung nach Klobasa 3.3.2 Diskussion der Klobasa Methode im Kontext weiterer Methoden 3.4 Analyse der Auktionsergebnisse von Regelleistung 3.5 Ermittlung und Einflussnahme auf die Abrufdauer von Regelleistung 3.5.1 Grenzlastprognose 3.5.2 Entwicklung der Preisstruktur zur Energiekostenoptimierung 3.6 Eignungsbewertung der ermittelten Regelleistungspotentiale 4 Anwendung grundlegender Erkenntnisse und Methoden 4.1 Reservelastpotential durch Änderung des Dampfbezuges 4.1.1 Ermittlung der Potentialhöhe 4.1.2 Qualitätsbewertung der potentiellen Reserveleistung 4.1.3 Ermittlung der Potentialverfügbarkeit 4.1.4 Herleitung und Bewertung des Arbeitspreises 4.1.5 Herleitung und Bewertung des Leistungspreises 4.1.6 Bestimmung der Energiekostenoptimierung 4.2 Reservelastpotential durch Änderung der Antriebslast - Ausblick 4.2.1 Qualitätsbewertung – sortenspezifische Betrachtung der Antriebslast 5 Effizienzsteigerung durch sortenspezifische Kennwerte 5.1 Energieoptimierungssystem 5.1.1 Zielwerterhebung im Energie Optimierungs System (EOS) 5.1.2 Funktionsweise des EOS 6 Zusammenfassung VI. Literaturverzeichnis VII. Anhang

Over the past few years, there has been a surge in literature regarding the digital transformation. Its popularity derives from the tremendous potential it has proven in production companies, in previous studies. This has increased its attention among actors within the industrial business area. Despite this overwhelming popularity, the literature does not address the research area in relation to the slow-moving pulp and paper industry. At the same time, incumbent companies within the industry have proven to be incapable of adopting the digital transformation in the rapid pace of today’s volatile environment. This research therefore intends to investigate the crucial factors an incumbent company within the pulp and paper industry needs to adopt to achieve a higher absorption of novel digital trends.  In order to investigate the subject, a qualitative case study was applied to a company within the category. The material was retrieved through semi-structured interviews with relevant actors within the case company and analyzed through thematic analysis. This revealed nine clearly outlined themes of insufficient corporate infrastructure that emphasizes essential organizational capabilities. These findings suggest that there are a number of capabilities that leaders and decision-makers need to adopt in order for the organization to conduct a more efficient and sustainable approach of digital transformation. This research therefore proposes a framework with outlined leadership capabilities to consider in transformation initiatives, within the pulp and paper industry. The framework will help leaders in shaping the process of implementing and maintaining digital transformation. These capabilities stimulate the support activities, which are the surrounding procedures and activities that support the organization in transformation initiatives, and are imperative for an organization to possess within the given context. By reducing the ambiguity and resistance to change the framework will help leaders in improving the decision making of transformation initiatives. The ultimate goal is to establish a unified organizational vision, based on digital transformation, to strengthen the overall long-term sustainability. / Tidigare studier påvisar att digital transformation blivit ett allt vanligare forskningsområde. Detta på grund av de positiva effekter transformationen medfört inom ett flertal produktionsföretag. Konceptet har ökat uppmärksamheten inom industrisektorn, där det nu blivit allt vanligare att anamma digital transformation. Trots denna trend uppvisar befintlig litteratur en avsaknad av studier inom forskningsområdet, i relation till den långsamt rörliga kartong- och massaindustrin. Samtidigt påvisar etablerade företag inom industrin en brist på förmågan att anpassa sig till den digitala transformationen. Denna forskningsstudie syftar därför till att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan vara avgörande för ett företag inom kartong- och massaindustrin att anamma i strävan att uppnå en högre absorption av nya digitala trender. För att undersöka ämnet genomfördes en kvalitativ fallstudie hos ett företag inom kartong- och massaindustrin. Materialet erhölls via semistrukturerade intervjuer med relevanta aktörer inom fallföretaget och analyserades med hjälp av tematisk analys, vilket visade på nio tydliga teman i form av bristande infrastruktur. Detta resultat tyder på att ledare och beslutsfattare behöver besitta ett visst antal kvalifikationer för att organisationen ska kunna uppnå en mer effektiv och hållbar digital transformation. Denna studie har därför upprättat ett tydligt ramverk med definierade kvalifikationer som ledare bör eftersträva vid digital transformation inom kartong- och massaindustrin. Ramverket är avsett att användas som stöd för ledare vid implementering och upprätthållande av transformativa initiativ. Genom att stimulera viktiga stödfunktioner med hjälp av dessa kvalifikationer kan den organisatoriska tvetydigheten och acceptansen för sådana initiativ öka. Det ultimata målet är att etablera en enhetlig organisatorisk vision, baserat på digital transformation, för att stärka den övergripande långsiktiga hållbarheten.