Introdução: Adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso e complexidade do regime terapêutico têm relação com o manejo de doenças crônicas em idosos com polifarmácia. No entanto, é escassa a avaliação da adesão e da complexidade terapêutica em idosos com condições agudas atendidos em ambiente com tempo e recursos limitados. Objetivos: Avaliar adesão medicamentosa e complexidade do regime terapêutico como preditores para hospitalização e visita ao Pronto Socorro (PS) em seis meses em idosos com polifarmácia atendidos em hospital dia. Avaliar os fatores clínicos e demográficos associados à adesão medicamentosa e complexidade do regime terapêutico. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo com 207 participantes (média de 77,8 ± 8,2 anos de idade; 67% mulheres) admitidos em um hospital dia geriátrico. Adesão medicamentosa foi avaliada através de três instrumentos: Escala de Morisky, Escala do Conhecimento do Regime Terapêutico e Teste da Caixa Organizadora de Medicamentos. A complexidade do regime terapêutico foi avaliada através do Índice de Complexidade da Farmacoterapia. Houve seguimento de seis meses por contato telefônico mensal para aferição dos desfechos hospitalização e visitas ao PS. Os fatores associados à adesão e à complexidade do regime foram avaliados através de modelos de regressão linear ou logística conforme a apresentação das variáveis independentes. Modelos de riscos proporcionais associaram os testes de adesão e de complexidade aos desfechos adversos. Resultados: Após ajuste de variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas, alfabetismo em saúde inadequado foi fator associado a um baixo conhecimento do regime terapêutico (Beta -11,3; IC95% - 16,6 - -6,1) e ao preenchimento incorreto da caixa organizadora de medicamentos (OR 5,5; IC95% 2,6 - 11,6). A presença de sintomas depressivos foi associada a baixa adesão pela escala de Morisky (OR 2,4; IC95% 1,1 - 5,4), a um baixo conhecimento do regime terapêutico (Beta -5,3; IC95% -10,2 - -0,4) e a maior complexidade do regime terapêutico (Beta 6,1; IC95% 2,6 - 9,6). Alta complexidade do regime terapêutico foi fator protetor para hospitalização (HR 0,3; IC95% 0,1 - 0,8). Os testes de adesão medicamentosa não foram preditores de hospitalização e visita ao PS. Conclusões: Alfabetismo em saúde e a presença de sintomas depressivos foram associados à adesão medicamentosa. A presença de sintomas depressivos foi associada a complexidade do regime terapêutico. Adesão medicamentosa e complexidade do regime terapêutico não foram preditores de hospitalização ou visita ao PS / Introduction: Medication adherence and complexity of the therapeutic regimen are associated with the management of chronic diseases in older adults with polypharmacy. However, the evaluation of adherence and therapeutic complexity in older adults with acute conditions attended in a busy healthcare setting with limited time and resources is scarce. Objectives: To evaluate the value of medication adherence and the complexity of the therapeutic regimen in predicting 6-month hospitalization and emergency room visits in older adults with polypharmacy. To evaluate sociodemographic and clinical factors associated with medication adherence and the complexity of the therapeutic regimen. Methods: A prospective cohort study with 207 participants (mean age 77.8 ± 8.2 years, 67% female) admitted to a geriatric day hospital. Medication adherence was measured with three instruments: 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale, Medicine Knowledge Assessment Form and a mock prescription test. The complexity of the therapeutic regimen was evaluated with the Pharmacotherapy Complexity Index. We conducted 6-month follow-up by monthly phone contacts to assess the outcomes, which included hospitalization and emergency room visits. The factors associated with the medication adherence and the complexity of the therapeutic regime were evaluated with linear or logistic regression models according to the independent variables. Hazard models were used to associate adherence tests and complexity tool with adverse outcomes. Results: After adjusting sociodemographic and clinical variables, inadequate health literacy was associated with a low knowledge of the therapeutic regimen (Beta -11.3, 95%CI -16.6 - -6.1), and incorrect filling of the a mock prescription test (OR 5.5, IC95% 2.6-11.6). The presence of depressive symptoms was associated with low adherence by the Morisky scale (OR 2.4, 95%CI 1.1 - 5.4), low knowledge of the therapeutic regimen (Beta -5,3, 95%CI-10, 2 - -0.4) and a high complexity of the therapeutic regimen (Beta 6.1, 95%CI 2.6 - 9.6). During the 6-month follow-up period, the incidence of hospitalization was 27.4% and emergency room visits was 48.8%. High complexity of the therapeutic regimen was a protective factor for hospitalization (HR 0.3, 95%CI 0.1 - 0.8). Conclusions: Medication adherence was associated with health literacy and depressive symptoms. The complexity of the therapeutic regimen was associated with depressive symptoms. Medication adherence and complexity of the therapeutic regimen were not predictors for hospitalization or emergency room visits

Introdução: A obesidade é uma doença crônica de incidência global e crescente que se tornou nas últimas décadas um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública nas sociedades urbanas. A intervenção cirúrgica, ou cirurgia bariátrica, tem sido apontada como eficaz no tratamento das formas graves de obesidade e a derivação gástrica em Y de Roux (DGYR) é o tipo mais realizado no mundo e no Brasil. O acompanhamento contínuo de todos os indivíduos submetidos à DGYR por equipe multidisciplinar é recomendado por se tratar de uma cirurgia de grande porte com riscos de complicações em longo prazo, entre elas as deficiências nutricionais. Por isso, as consultas nutricionais pós-operatórias são um componente importante desse seguimento. Objetivos: Estimar a prevalência de adesão ao seguimento nutricional ambulatorial pós-cirurgia bariátrica e avaliar a associação dessa adesão com fatores selecionados em um grupo de obesos moderados com comorbidades e obesos mórbidos submetidos à DGYR. Métodos: Estudo de coorte retrospectiva utilizando-se dados de prontuários hospitalares de 241 adultos de ambos os sexos submetidos à derivação gástrica pelo Sistema Único de Saúde entre 2006 e 2008 no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo. Considerou-se aderente o indivíduo que compareceu a quatro ou mais consultas nutricionais nos 12 primeiros meses após a cirurgia. Para estimar a associação da adesão ao seguimento nutricional pós-cirúrgico com os fatores idade, sexo, estado conjugal, escolaridade, situação empregatícia, distância entre a residência e o hospital, estratégias para perda de peso no período pré-operatório, índice de massa corpórea (IMC) no précirúrgico imediato, presença de comorbidades e duração da internação após a cirurgia, foram calculadas as Razões de Prevalência (RP) e os intervalos de 95% de confiança (IC 95%); para a análise ajustada utilizou-se regressão múltipla de Poisson. Resultados: A população de estudo foi caracterizada pelo predomínio de mulheres (80,9%), pela média de idade de 44,4 anos (±11,6), pela média de IMC pré-operatório de 47,2kg/m2 (±6,16) e 78,4% dos participantes apresentaram uma ou mais comorbidades. Convivência com companheiro foi relatada por 51,5% da população, 41,9% referiram ter ensino fundamental incompleto como nível de escolaridade, 50,9% não possuíam atividade remunerada, 44,7% residiam à distância de até 16 km do hospital e 11,6% ficaram internados por seis ou mais dias após a cirurgia. A prevalência de adesão nessa população foi de 56,0% (IC 95% 49,7-62,3). A análise multivariada revelou que somente duração da internação maior ou igual a seis dias foi associada à adesão ao seguimento nutricional pós-cirúrgico (RP=1,46 IC 95% 1,15-1,86). Conclusões: A prevalência de adesão encontrada nesta população foi semelhante às dos estudos internacionais, mas menor do que a prevalência mínima de 75% recomendada para que o centro seja reconhecido como de excelência em cirurgia bariátrica. Os indivíduos que ficaram internados por mais tempo no pós-cirúrgico mostraram-se significantemente mais aderentes ao seguimento nutricional, podendo sugerir que o maior contato desses com a equipe multiprofissional pode ter contribuído para aumentar a percepção da gravidade da doença e da necessidade de cuidados contínuos com a saúde, e consequentemente ter levado à maior assiduidade às consultas ambulatoriais / Introduction: Obesity is a global chronic disease with increasing incidence during the past decades and has become one of the major public health problems in the urban societies. The surgical intervention, or bariatric surgery, has been considered as an effective treatment of the severe forms of obesity and the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) has been the commonest surgical procedure worldwide, including in Brazil. The long term outpatient postoperative follow up after bariatric surgery by a multidisciplinary team has been recommended to all individuals submitted to RYGB because it is a major surgery which can cause complications such as nutritional deficiencies. Therefore, nutritional assessment in the postoperative period is an important component of the follow up. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of adherence to outpatient postoperative nutritional follow up after bariatric surgery and to analyze the association between adherence and selected factors in a group of moderately obese with comorbidities and morbidly obese adults who underwent RYGB. Methods: Retrospective cohort study using data from hospital records of 241 adults of both sexes who were submitted to RYGB by the Unified Health System between 2006 and 2008 at the Hospital das Clínicas - Medical School, University of São Paulo. It was considered adherent the individuals who attended four or more nutritional appointments in the first 12 months after surgery. To estimate the association between adherence to postoperative nutritional follow up and factors such us age, sex, marital status, education, employment status, distance between home and hospital, strategies for weight loss in the preoperative period, body mass index (BMI) in the immediate pre-surgical, presence of comorbidities and duration of hospitalization after surgery, were calculated the Prevalence Ratios (PR) and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CI); for the adjusted analysis, Poisson multiple regression was used. Results: The study population was characterized by the predominance of women (80.9%), the mean age of 44.4 years (±11.6), the mean of preoperative BMI of 47.2kg/m2 (±6.16) and 78.4% of participants presented one or more comorbidities. Living with partner was reported by 51.5% of the population, 41.9% had incomplete primary education level, 50.9% had no paid work, 44.7% lived at a distance of up to 16km to the hospital and 11.6% were hospitalized for six or more days after surgery. The prevalence ratio of adherence in this population was 56.0% (95% CI 49.7- 62.3). Multivariate analysis revealed that only length of hospital stay greater than or equal to six days was associated with adherence to nutritional follow up in the postoperative period (PR=1.46 95% CI 1.15-1.86). Conclusions: The prevalence of adherence found in this population was similar to those of international studies, but less than the minimum prevalence of 75% recommended for services to be recognized as a bariatric surgery center of excellence. Individuals who were hospitalized for longer than six days after surgery were significantly more adherent to the nutritional follow-up. This may have happened because they had longer contact with the multidisciplinary team which may have contributed to increase their perception of disease severity and the need for long term health care, and consequently, it may have led to higher assiduity to the nutritional appointments

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:29:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Renato Marchi.pdf: 1336693 bytes, checksum: bcdd5e2f052a29bb390cf3fc87b8af07 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-02-12 / Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with ps ychosocial and family relationships disturbing, mortality and economic burden high rates . The treatment aims the acute episodes and prevents new episodes. There are high rates of non-adherence in BD. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a clinical rating scale capable to predict the patient compliance to treatment in BD in both gend ers. The procedure involved the search in pertinent scientific literature for reports of factors of non-adherence of bipolar patients, analysis of patients during pilot studies and contact with professionals who deal with those patients in order to develop a comprehensive list of possible symptoms. This procedure was followed by items' selection and testing of the preliminary form of the clinical rating scale. The scale was analyzed statistically. Reliability study showed a high level of internal consistency. Factor analysis revealed five factors related to the clinical treatment: behaviors and beliefs of the patient, therapeutic alliance, therapeutic procedures, association of psychotherapy interventions and adverse effects of drug therapy. Predictive validation showed that items' factors were able to measure the non - adherence to treatment. It was concluded that the Clinical Rating Scale to Predict the Compliance to Treatment in Bipolar Disorder can be considered a valid instrument to predict the patient compliance to medical treatment . / O Transtorno Bipolar do Humor (TBH) est? associado a altas taxas de desajustes psicossociais e familiares, mortalidade e preju?zos econ?micos. O tratamento visa o controle de epis?dios agudos e preven??o de novos epis?dios. As taxas de n?o - ades?o ao tratamento s?o altas em TBH. Este trabalho teve por objetivo elaborar e validar uma escala de avalia??o clinica , capaz de indicar a probabilidade de ades?o ao tratamento medico clinico dos pacientes bipolares de ambos os g?neros. O procedimento foi constitu?do de levantamento dos fatores ligados a n?o-ades?o ao tratamento em TBH na literatura pertinente, analise de pacientes bipolares durante estudo piloto, analise por juizes, sele??o dos itens e aplica??o da escala em sua fase inicial, para subseq?ente an?lise psicom?trica. A analise de precis?o do instrumento evidenciou n?vel satisfat?rio de consist?ncia interna. Extra?ram-se cinco fatores de acordo com a analise fatorial explorat?ria, ligados ao tratamento medico clinico: atitudes e cren?as do paciente, alian?a terap?utica, procedimentos terap?uticos, associa??o de interven??es psicoter?picas e efeitos adversos dos psicof?rmacos. A valida??o preditiva revelou que os itens referentes a tais fatores medem a n?o-ades?o ao tratamento. Conclui -se que a ECPAT-TBH pode ser considerada um instrumento v?lido para prever a ades?o ao tratamento m?dico.

Trata-se de um ensaio clínico controlado randomizado, que objetivou avaliar a contribuição do apoio social familiar nos resultados das intervenções educativas junto às pessoas com diabetes mellitus tipo 2, em seguimento ambulatorial. Os desfechos foram: autoeficácia, conhecimento sobre a doença, adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso, atividades de autocuidado, índice de massa corporal, pressão arterial, circunferência abdominal, glicemia plasmática de jejum, hemoglobina glicada, colesterol total e frações, triglicérides, ureia e creatinina. A variável apoio social foi avaliada somente após as intervenções educativas. A amostra foi de 164 pessoas, segundo o cálculo amostral e os critérios de inclusão/exclusão. A randomização dos participantes foi por meio da técnica de aleatorização simples. As intervenções educativas junto às pessoas com diabetes mellitus constituíram a base para as intervenções com os familiares, e os temas abordados foram: fisiopatologia, controle e complicações da doença, exercícios físicos e cuidados com os pés, alimentação, monitorização da glicemia, medicamentos orais, insulinoterapia, e sentimentos/emoções referentes à doença e ao tratamento. Estes temas foram desenvolvidos com os mapas de conversação em diabetes, fundamentados na Teoria Social Cognitiva. No grupo intervenção, houve o envolvimento de um familiar- cuidador, indicado como fonte de apoio social pelos participantes. As intervenções aos familiares-cuidadores foram por meio de contatos telefônicos e se relacionavam aos temas abordados, seguindo o protocolo estabelecido, conforme os princípios da Teoria Social Cognitiva e as técnicas de comunicação da entrevista motivacional. Utilizaram-se a estatística descritiva para a caracterização da amostra e o teste de Mann-Whitney para a comparação entre os grupos. Destaca-se que 93 (56,7%) eram do sexo feminino; as médias e desvios-padrão, expressos em anos, para a idade, tempo de escolaridade e de diagnóstico da doença foram, respectivamente, de 60,4 (8,4), 4,9 (3,8) 15,7 (7,8), e os grupos foram semelhantes para estas características. Após as intervenções, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos para as variáveis autoeficácia, conhecimento sobre a doença e adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso; para a variável atividades de autocuidado, o grupo controle apresentou melhor desempenho do que o grupo intervenção, em um comportamento relacionado à alimentação e em dois relacionados à atividade física, bem como menor índice de massa corporal e menor circunferência abdominal entre as mulheres (p<0,05). Referente ao controle metabólico, não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os grupos, embora o grupo intervenção tenha obtido maior redução da hemoglobina glicada que o grupo controle, após as intervenções. Este último dado é considerado clinicamente relevante e sugere que o apoio social familiar pode ter contribuído para esse resultado. A percepção de apoio social não diferiu de forma estatisticamente significante entre os grupos. Desse modo, para o modelo de intervenções proposto no presente estudo, conclui-se que o apoio social familiar não influenciou significativamente as variáveis investigadas. Recomenda-se estudar outras variáveis que poderiam ter contribuído com esse resultado, tais como as crenças em saúde da pessoa com diabetes mellitus e de sua família, a estrutura e as relações familiares, a fim de se avaliarem a necessidade de envolvimento da família no cuidado da doença e as diferentes estratégias para esse envolvimento. / This randomized controlled clinical trial aimed to evaluate the contribution of family social support on outcomes of educational interventions in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus in outpatient follow-up. The outcomes were: self-efficacy, knowledge about the disease, adherence to drug treatment, self-care activities, body mass index, blood pressure, waist circumference, fasting plasma glucose, glycated hemoglobin, total cholesterol and fractions, triglycerides, urea and creatinine. The social support variable was assessed only after the educational interventions. The sample consisted of 164 people, according to the sample calculation and the criteria for inclusion/exclusion. The randomization of participants was through simple randomization method. Educational interventions in people with diabetes mellitus were the basis for interventions with family members, and the topics covered were: pathophysiology, control and complications of the disease, physical exercise and foot care, diet, blood glucose monitoring, oral medication, insulin therapy, and feelings/emotions regarding the disease and treatment. These themes were developed with the diabetes conversation maps, based on Social Cognitive Theory. In the intervention group, a family member/caregiver was involved and indicated as a source of social support by the participants. Interventions to members/caregivers were through telephone calls and were related to the topics discussed, following the protocol established as the principles of Social Cognitive Theory and communication techniques of motivational interviewing. Descriptive statistics was used to characterize the sample and the Mann-Whitney test for comparison between groups. It is highlighted that 93 (56.7%) were female; the mean and standard deviations for age, schooling and disease diagnosis, expressed in years, were, respectively, 60,4 (8,4), 4,9 (3,8), 15,7 (7,8), and the groups were similar for these characteristics. After interventions, there were no statistically significant differences between groups for the variables self-efficacy, knowledge about the disease and adherence to drug treatment; for the variable self-care activities, the control group performed better than the intervention group related to diet, physical activity as well as lower body mass index and lower waist circumference among women (p<0.05). Concerning the metabolic control, there were no statistically significant differences between groups although the intervention group has obtained greater reduction in glycated hemoglobin than the control group after the intervention. The latter data is considered clinically relevant and suggests that family social support may have contributed to this result. The perception of social support did not differ statistically significantly between groups. Thus, to the intervention model proposed in this study, it is concluded that family social support did not influence significantly the variables investigated. It is recommended to study other variables that could have contributed to this result, such as health beliefs of the person with diabetes mellitus and his/her family, the structure and family relations, in order to assess the need for family involvement in care disease and the different strategies for this involvement.

Introdução: Altas prevalências de transtornos mentais na população e os prejuízos decorrentes que se manifestam em diversos aspectos da vida do indivíduo, tais como isolamento social, sofrimento, interrupções ou baixo rendimento na vida laboral e nos estudos, discriminação e riscos de auto e/ou heteroagressividade são preocupantes. Estima-se que em 2020, as condições crônicas, dentre elas, os distúrbios mentais, serão responsáveis por 78% da carga global de doenças nos países em desenvolvimento. Devido à complexidade dos transtornos mentais e a necessidade de contribuir para o melhor atendimento em saúde às pessoas afetadas, realizou-se o presente estudo. Objetivo: avaliar a adesão do portador de transtorno mental aos tratamentos de acompanhamento, após a alta hospitalar. Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo descritivo, transversal, baseado em dados secundários (prontuários) e primários (entrevistas) para identificar a adesão dos pacientes ao tratamento na rede extra- hospitalar. Dados coletados no Hospital Santa Tereza de Ribeirão Preto, Centro de Atenção Psicossocial II, Núcleo de Saúde Mental e Ambulatório de Saúde Mental da UBS-Dr. Italo Baruffi, de maio de 2013 a junho de 2014 com acompanhamento na rede até janeiro de 2015. Para a coleta dos dados, utilizou-se 5 instrumentos: 1-Roteiro para obtenção de dados secundários da internação (HST-RP); 2-Roteiro para obtenção dos dados nos serviços extra- hospitalares (SEH); 3-Roteiro para Entrevista (Serviço extra-hospitalar); 4-Roteiro de dados no segundo retorno nos serviços extra-hospitalares; 5- Teste de Morisky-Green. Variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e dos retornos aos serviços foram analisados. Resultados: Dos 875 egressos, 78 (25,5%) foram excluídos por bloqueio de um dos serviços da rede, sendo selecionados apenas 71 que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão do estudo. A maioria era branca, na faixa dos 40 a 49 anos, sexo masculino, solteiros, sem companheiro e nível fundamental incompleto. A maioria dos sujeitos teve internações anteriores, com prevalência dos diagnósticos F20-F29 e F30-F39. O estado mental, prevalente na alta, foi calmo, associado a outros diagnósticos e sem proposta terapêutica para o pós-alta. Quanto ao comparecimento aos retornos, nos serviços da rede extra-hospitalar, constatou-se que a maioria compareceu aos retornos agendados, entretanto, sem a correspondente adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso, segundo o Teste de Morisky-Green. A maioria dos acolhimentos, nestes serviços, foi realizada pela equipe de enfermagem. Observou-se que o atendimento não está centrado na reabilitação psicossocial, como se esperava. Discussão: Dados semelhantes têm sido relatados em outros estudos, sendo inclusive responsáveis por reinternações e reagudização dos quadros psiquiátricos. Constatou-se a valorização do tratamento medicamento em prejuízo das intervenções psicossociais na instituição hospitalar pesquisada. Apesar dos serviços extra-hospitalares terem equipes multiprofissionais, os resultados não mostram uma atenção de melhor qualidade, com enfoque na reinserção social do doente mental e na sua autonomia de vida. Não há elaboração do Projeto Terapêutico Singular e articulação dos serviços de saúde mental com a atenção básica, principalmente com a Estratégia de Saúde da Família. Conclusão: Este estudo mostrou que contrariamente, ao que se infere, o portador de transtorno mental comparece aos serviços de saúde mental para a continuidade do tratamento, porém, apesar disso, constata-se que os mesmos não são reabilitados / Introduction: A high prevalence of mental disorders in the population and losses that manifest in various spheres of life, such as social isolation, suffering, interruptions or low performance levels at work or school, discrimination, and risk of self- or hetero- aggressiveness are alarming. Estimates for 2020 indicate that chronic conditions, among which are mental disorders, will be responsible for 78% of the overall load of diseases in developing countries. This study was conducted due to the complexity of mental disorders and the need to provide better care to affected individuals. Objective: to assess mental patients\' adherence to follow-up treatments after hospital discharge. Method: This descriptive, cross-sectional study was based on secondary data (medical records) and primary data (interviews) to identify adherence of patients to treatment provided in the extra-hospital network. Data were collected from the Santa Tereza Hospital, the Psychosocial Care Center II, Mental Health Unit, and the Mental Health Outpatient Clinic at the Dr. Italo Baruffi PHC Unit in Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil from May 2013 to June 2014 and from follow-up in the health service network up to January 2015. Five instruments were used for data collection: 1 - A script to obtain secondary data concerning hospitalization (STH-RP); 2 - Script to obtain data from the extra-hospital services (EHS); 3 - Script for interviews (Extra-hospital service); 4 - Script for data collected in the second visit to extra-hospital services; and 5 - the Morisky- Green test. Sociodemographic and clinical variables and return to services were assessed. Results: Of the 875 patients discharged, 78 (25.5%) were excluded due to a blockage in the health services, so that only 71 patients, who met the inclusion criteria, were selected for the study. Most were Caucasian, aged from 40 to 49 years old, male, single, without a partner/spouse, with incomplete primary school. Most were previously hospitalized and the diagnoses F20-F29 and F30-F39 were the most prevalent. The most common mental state at the time of discharge was calm, associated with other diagnoses with no therapeutic proposal for post-discharge. In regard to attending follow-up consultations in the extra-hospital network, most attended scheduled their appointments, however, did not adhere to the medication regimen according to the Morisky-Green test. The nursing staff was most frequently responsible to receive/welcome these patients into the services. We observed that care is not centered on psychosocial rehabilitation, contrary to expectations. Discussion: Similar results are reported in other studies with consequent rehospitalizations and aggravation of patients\' psychiatric conditions. Dados semelhantes têm sido relatados em outros estudos, sendo inclusive responsáveis por reinternações e reagudização dos quadros psiquiátricos.Medication treatment is valued at the expense of psychosocial interventions in the hospital facility under study. Even though the extra-hospital services are supported by multidisciplinary teams, the results do not show improved quality of care focused on the social inclusion and autonomy of mental patients. There is no cooperation between the Singular Therapeutic Project and mental health services with primary health care, especially with the Family Strategy Health. Conclusion: This study revealed that, contrary to what is expected, individuals with mental disorders attend mental health services to continue their treatment, however, they are not rehabilitated

Introdução: A má adesão à terapia anti-hipertensiva medicamentosa é uma causa frequente de dificuldade de controle da pressão arterial. A prevalência de hipertensão resistente (HR) verdadeira não é conhecida pela dificuldade de estimar de maneira precisa a adesão ao tratamento medicamento anti-hipertensivo prescrito na prática clínica. Objetivos: Comparar os métodos direto e indiretos de avaliação da adesão ao tratamento anti-hipertensivo em pacientes com HR, medir a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso pelo método direto em pacientes com HR, estimar a prevalência de HR verdadeira e identificar características clínico-demográficas associadas à adesão. Métodos: Foram recrutados pacientes com HR, definida como Pressão Arterial (PA) de consultório não controlada (PA Sistólica > 140 mmHg e/ou PA Diastólica > 90 mmHg), usando três ou mais classes de anti-hipertensivos em doses plenas, sendo um diurético; ou com PA de consultório controlada (PA Sistólica < 140 mmHg e PA Diastólica < 90 mmHg), usando quatro ou mais classes de anti-hipertensivos. O método direto de avaliação da adesão consistiu na análise de amostras de urina contendo os anti-hipertensivos prescritos pela técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta pressão (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography Mass - HPLC). As análises foram feitas em quatro oportunidades diferentes, com intervalo médio de 30 dias entre as coletas. Para comparação, foram realizados concomitantemente cinco métodos indiretos de avaliação da adesão: contagem de comprimidos (CTG CP), questionário de adesão MMAS-8, impressão médica, avaliação do farmacêutico e do próprio paciente. Foram considerados pacientes aderentes pelo método direto aqueles que apresentaram todos os anti-hipertensivos prescritos em pelo menos 3 das 4 amostras de urina coletadas; consumo >= 80% dos comprimidos pela CTG CP; pontuação >= 7 no questionário MMAS-8 e nota >= 4 nas avaliações médica, farmacêutica e do próprio paciente. Para a avaliação da concordância entre os métodos foi utilizado o coeficiente de correlação de Kappa (CCK). Resultados: 50 pacientes com HR foram recrutados: 68% mulheres, com idade média de 55,1 anos (± 8,2 anos), índice de massa corpórea 29 (± 3,3 kg/m2), PA de Consultório 149/86 mmHg (± 26/15 mmHg), PA de 24 horas pela Monitoração Ambulatorial da Pressão Arterial (MAPA) de 127/82 mmHg (± 19/11 mmHg) e número de classes de anti-hipertensivos prescritos por paciente de 4,6 (± 0,7). A frequência de não adesão encontrada pelo método direto foi de 66%. Classificando os pacientes de acordo com a adesão e o controle da PA pela MAPA, 42% foram considerados pseudo-hipertensos resistentes por má adesão e apenas 18% hipertensos resistentes verdadeiros. A concordância entre os métodos avaliados foi baixa de acordo com o CCK, variando de não existente [métodos CTG CP (-0,040), impressão farmacêutica (-0,040) e do paciente (-0,132)] a mínima [questionário MMAS-8 (0,055) e impressão médica (0,126)]. Nenhuma das características clínicodemográficas avaliadas mostrou qualquer associação com a adesão pelo método direto. Conclusão: A prevalência de não adesão é alta em pacientes com HR, sendo esta, provavelmente, a principal causa de resistência ao tratamento antihipertensivo. Os métodos de adesão indiretos avaliados não apresentaram concordância com o método direto, devendo ser questionável sua utilização como ferramenta de medida de adesão na prática clínica / Background: Poor adherence to antihypertensive therapy is a frequent cause of resistant hypertension (RH). The real prevalence of true RH is still unknown due to the difficulty to accurately estimating adherence to the antihypertensive drug in clinical practice. Objective: Compare the direct and indirect methods of assessing adherence to hypertension treatment, measure the adherence to the drug treatment by the direct method in patients with RH, estimate the prevalence of true RH and to identify clinical and demographic characteristics associated with adherence. Methods: Patients with RH were enrolled: office blood pressure (BP) above goal (systolic BP > 140mmHg and/or diastolic BP > 90mmHg), taking three or more antihypertensive drugs of different classes at optimal dose, which one of them should be a diuretic; or office BP below goal (systolic BP < 140mmHg and/or diastolic BP< 90mmHg), taking four or more antihypertensive drugs. Adherence was assessed by direct method of High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) analysis for antihypertensive drugs, in 4 different urine samples, in a 30-day interval. For comparison, five indirect methods of adherence assessment were performed simultaneously: pill count, MMAS-8 questionnaire, patient self-report, physician judgement and pharmaceutical judgement. Patient was considered adherent by direct method if every antihypertensive drug was found in 3 urine samples at least; if he consumed 80% of prescribed medication at least; if he reached score >= 7 on the MMAS-8; >= 4 on self-report, physician judgement and pharmaceutical judgement. Kappa correlation coefficient (KCC) was performed to evaluate the agreement between the methods. Results: 50 patients with HR were enrolled: 68% women, mean age 55,1 ± 8,2 years, body mass index 29 ± 3,3 kg/m2, office BP 149/86 ± 26/15 mmHg, mean 24 hs by Ambulatory Blood Pressure Monitoring (ABPM) 127/82 ± 19/11 mmHg and average of antihypertensive druhs prescribed 4,6 ± 0,7 classes. 66% of patients were non-adherent by direct method: 42% classified as pseudoresistant hypertensive patients due to low adherence and only 18% as true resistant hypertensive. Agreement between methods was low according to KCC, ranging from non-existent [pill count (-0,040), pharmaceutical judgement (-0,040) and self-report (-0,132)] to minimum [MMAS-8 questionnaire (0,055) and physician judgement (0,126)]. There is no association between clinical and demographic characteristics and adherence by direct methods. Conclusion: The prevalence of non-adherence is high in patients with RH, which is probably the main cause of resistance to antihypertensive treatment. The indirect adherence methods evaluated did not show agreement with the direct method, and its use as a tool to measure adherence in clinical practice should be questionable

Introdução: Embora seja consenso que o tema uso de álcool e drogas por adolescentes é importante em razão dos resultados apresentados pelos levantamentos nacionais, não foi possível encontrar uma discussão detalhada e específica sobre a política de álcool e drogas para adolescentes no Brasil. Estudos nacionais e internacionais têm investigado diferentes estratégias de enfrentamento, porém há um consenso de que pouco se conhece sobre a efetividades das ações, sendo a adesão ao tratamento uma das grandes dificuldades. Não foram encontrados estudos que buscam a opinião dos adolescentes sobre o tratamento para o uso de álcool e outras drogas como uma forma de repensar a efetividade das ações e a adesão ao tratamento. Objetivo geral: Compreender de forma compartilhada a opinião de adolescentes atendidos pelo Centro de Atenção Psicossocial Álcool e Drogas Adolescer de Cuiabá-MT e dos trabalhadores acerca da adesão ao tratamento para uso de álcool e outras drogas. Metodologia: Estudo estratégico que busca compreender problemas que surgem em ações governamentais ou na sociedade. A abordagem teórico-metodológica é a Hermenêutica-dialética que trabalha com a comunicação da vida cotidiana e do senso comum, pela qual o ser humano é histórico e complementa-se pela comunicação. Para a coleta dos dados, foram realizadas entrevistas individuais com os adolescentes que permaneceram maior tempo em tratamento e interromperam voluntariamente e grupo focal com os mesmos e com a equipe técnica. Foram utilizados os conceitos de necessidades, necessidades de saúde e vulnerabilidade. Resultados: Foram definidas sete formas de discutir a adesão. Fazendo uma analogia à expressão bicho de sete cabeças, os capítulos foram divididos em sete cabeças. A primeira cabeça se refere as razões apontadas para o uso de álcool e drogas, como um dos aspectos a ser considerado na proposta de tratamento; A segunda cabeça está relacionada com as dificuldades para buscar tratamento, destacando os fatores que podem interferir na adesão, como o grupo de pares e a estigmatização; A terceira cabeça discute o tratamento em si, destacando o vínculo com os profissionais; A quarta forma de diálogo se refere aos motivos para a interrupção do tratamento, como a influência do grupo de pares, a estigmatização e as questões econômicas; Na quinta cabeça estão as sugestões dos adolescentes para adesão ao tratamento, como as atividades na comunidade, o envolvimento do grupo de pares e da família no tratamento; A sexta cabeça discute o conceito de adesão e não adesão segundo os adolescentes e os trabalhadores, e as contradições e semelhanças entre eles; e como sétima e última cabeça, são apresentadas as considerações sobre a importância de trazer o sujeito adolescente para a formulação das políticas. Conclusões: Os dados mostraram a importância de realizar o cuidado entendendo que uma proposta não deve ser produto de um saber exclusivamente instrumental científico-tecnológico, mas sim algo construído com os adolescentes e a partir deles, com suas próprias sabedorias práticas e instrumentais. Foi observado que as falas têm ressonância com os estudos e documentos oficias recentes sobre essa temática, como também, oferecem novas forma de repensar o cuidado nessa área. / Introduction: Although the importance of the theme regarding use of alcohol and drugs by adolescents is a consensus in reason of national survey results presented, it was not possible to find a detailed and specific discussion on the adolescent alcohol and drugs politics in Brazil. National and international studies have investigated different coping strategies, although there is an agreement that little is known on the efficiency of actions; the adherence to treatment being one of the main difficulties. No studies were found considering the adolescents´ opinion on the treatment for use of alcohol and other drugs as a means to rethink the efficiency of actions and adherence to treatment. General objective: To comprehend in a shared manner, the opinion of the adolescents cared to by the Alcohol and Drugs Psychosocial Care Center Adolescer of Cuiabá-MT as well as the workers, regarding the adherence to treatment for the use of alcohol and other drugs and their aspects. Methodology: Strategic study which seeks to comprehend problems which appear in government actions or in society. The theoretical and methodological approach is the Hermeneutic-Dialectic that works with everyday life communication and common sense, for which the human being is historic for and complementing itself by communication. For the collection of data, individual interviews with the adolescents with longer permanence in treatment, who voluntarily interrupted care were undertaken as well as focus groups with the latter and the technical team. Concepts of necessities, health necessities and vulnerability were used. Results: Seven forms of discussing adherence were defined. Making an analogy with the expression seven- headed beast , the chapters were divided into seven heads. The first head refers to the reasons appointed for the use of alcohol and drugs, as one of the aspects to be considered in the treatment proposal; The second head is related to the difficulties in seeking treatment, emphasizing factors which can interfere in adherence such as the peer group and stigmatization; The third head discusses the treatment in itself, highlighting the bond with the professionals; The fourth form of dialogue refers to the reasons for interruption of treatment, such as influence of the peer group, stigmatization and economic issues. The fifth head consists of the adolescents´ suggestions for treatment adherence, such as community activities and family and peer group involvement in treatment; The sixth head discusses the concept of adherence and non adherence according to the adolescents and staff, and the contradictions and similarities between them; and as the seventh and last head, considerations on the importance of bringing the adolescent to the formulation of these politics are presented. Conclusions: Data showed the importance in providing care, understanding that a proposal should not be the product of an exclusively scientific-technological instrumental knowledge, but something which is built in union with the adolescents and from their perspective, with their own practical and instrumental wisdom. It was observed that their speech has resonance with recent studies and official documents on this theme, as well as a means of offering new ways of rethinking care in this area.

Thesis (Ph. D. (Sociology)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014. / This study investigated the challenges to antiretroviral therapy adherence. Qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were applied in the study. Purposive sampling was used to select clients on antiretroviral therapy, convenience sampling was applied to select clients who participated in the focus group discussions and health care workers and lay counsellors were selected through the simple random sampling method. In-depth interviews were conducted with 31 clients on antiretroviral therapy at 8 health facilities, 2 focus group discussions comprising of 7 members each were conducted at two health facilities, medical records of all respondents on antiretroviral therapy were reviewed and a stigma scale was administered. A questionnaire was distributed amongst 17 health care workers and lay counsellors. Most of the respondents who participated in this study were females. Data gathered in this study confirmed that women are more vulnerable to HIV than men. The majority of the respondents were poor African people. The predominant language amongst the respondents was the Xitsonga language; hence the world-view of the Va-Tsonga people was assessed. HIV and AIDS cause many social problems in communities. Some of the major findings are that: Literacy levels were found to be very low as most of the respondents pointed out that they had only obtained grade 7 or below. However, this did not have an impact on treatment adherence. Some respondents indicated that they were unemployed; the majority said they were employed. Even though the stigma and discrimination experienced by the respondents was very low, the few who experienced it had very traumatic and cruel experiences perpetrated by their own family members and people in the community. In terms of disclosure, data indicates that most people prefer disclosing to their mothers as they feel that they will get support. The majority of the respondents disclosed to female family members and they were supported by the people they disclosed to. viii Social support is very crucial for people who are on antiretroviral therapy (ART), most of the respondents indicated that they had treatment supporters. Institutional support was very minimal in that most pointed out that they did not belong to any support groups. There were some who did not even know about the existence of any support groups at the health facilities where they were receiving their treatment. Most of the respondents indicated that they disclosed to their colleagues and others had not as they feared that they would lose their jobs. Those who had disclosed indicated that they needed support from their colleagues and employers with regard to compliance with their clinic appointments. Most of the respondents had sexual partners, and had also disclosed to their sexual partners, and disclosure was almost immediately after being diagnosed HIVpositive. There are those who had not disclosed to their sexual partners as they feared rejection or violent reaction. There were sero-discordant couples amongst the respondents who supported each other regarding adherence. Most of the respondents indicated that they had taken care of a family member living with HIV. HIV prevalence also varies amongst health facilities. Strategies employed by health facilities to monitor and evaluate HIV and AIDS programmes differ. Health Care Workers and lay counsellors provided contrasting information. Primary Health Care facilities have been accredited to provide ART, however the down-referral system seems to be failing as some clinics now have more clients on ART than hospitals. Health Care Workers and counsellors also need to be familiarized with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. The level of adherence acceptable for an individual on ART is 95%; there is however health facilities that indicated the adherence level far below the required level.

The purpose of this study was to analyse the tracking systems used to identify patients with tuberculosis who missed a clinic appointment at primary health care facilities in Waterberg District. A quantitative descriptive correlation design was used to determine if there was an association between the tracking systems used and the defaulter rates. Data was collected using a questionnaire with nurses from 46 primary health care facilities, defaulter rates were accessed from the ETR.Net and the two sets of data were correlated. The results showed that the blue folder yielded the lowest mean defaulter rate while the green card yielded the highest mean defaulter rate. Nurses were unaware of the true defaulter rate in their facilities as they underestimated these rates. They therefore did not implement relevant intervention strategies to recall patients or find ways to improve the tracking systems used to reduce the defaulter rate in their health facilities. / Health Studies / M. A. (Health Studies)

Background Sweden has experienced a unique epidemic of celiac disease (CD) in children younger than 2 years of age. The epidemic was partly explained by changes over time in infant feeding and indicated a multifactorial aetiology. In CD, a strict lifelong gluten-free diet (GFD) is crucial for health but noncompliance is often reported among adolescents. Knowledge is limited regarding their own perspectives and experiences of managing the disease and adhering to GFD. Objectives To analyse the incidence of CD in epidemic and post epidemic birth cohorts, and explore and understand how adolescents with CD perceive and manage their everyday lives in relation to the GFD. Methods A population-based incidence register of CD in children covering the entire nation from 1998 to 2003, and part of the country back to 1973. ESPGHAN diagnostic criteria for CD and NUTS classification of regions were used. Incidence rates for each year of diagnosis, age group, gender and region, and cumulative incidence by age for each birth cohort were calculated. Ten focus groups were conducted with 47 CD adolescents aged 15-18 years. Transcribed interviews were analysed to illustrate and explain adolescents’ own perspectives concerning life with a GFD, and to search for recurrent stigma-related themes across the groups. Results A considerable gap in the cumulative incidence of CD at comparable ages was demonstrated between birth cohorts of the epidemic and post-epidemic periods. The gap persisted during pre-school years, although it decreased somewhat with age. During the final years of follow-up there was again a gradual increase in incidence rate among children younger than 2 years of age. The childhood populations in ‘West Sweden’ and ‘Småland and the islands’ had a significantly higher incidence rate compared to ‘North Middle Sweden’ and ‘Stockholm’. CD adolescents described an awareness of being different from others produced by meal appearance and the poor availability of gluten-free (GF) food. Eating in public had the effect of making an invisible condition visible and thereby creating a context for felt or enacted stigma. Maintaining invisibility avoided the negative consequences of stigma. The probability of compliance with the GFD was compromised by insufficient knowledge of significant others, problems with the availability and sensory acceptance of GF food, insufficient social support and their perceived dietary deviance. Three different approaches to the GFD emerged: compliers, occasional non-compliers, and non-compliers. Conclusions The difference in CD risk between birth cohorts at comparable ages may suggest an opportunity for primary prevention. Based on post-epidemic incidence trends, the Swedish epidemic might not have been as unique as previously thought, even though its magnitude was striking. The regional variation in CD risk supports multifactorial aetiology. Continued efforts are warranted to define factors besides gluten exposure that modulate CD risk. CD adolescents experience various dilemmas related to the GFD. It can produce stigma experiences in adolescence, and dietary compliance (or lack of) can be understood in terms of dealing with GFD concealment and disclosure. The increase in CD prevalence over time and unmet needs in young celiacs require resources to attain adequate levels of dietetic provision, regulated subsidies for covering additional costs for GF food, evidence-based practice, and increased general CD awareness for optimum clinical outcomes.