The purpose of this paper was to examine how ”the other” is portrayed in Joseph Conrad’s novel Heart of darkness from a postcolonial perspective. Thru this analysis determine if and in what way the novel may be beneficial to education surrounding postcolonial perspectives in the subject Swedish at upper secondary school. Thru close reading of the text focusing on the novels portrayal of “the other”, the analysis concludes that the novel gives a stereotypical and dichotomous picture rooted in the novels contemporary science and culture of the western world. The way “the other” is portrayed in Joseph Conrad´s Heart of darkness does not consist with the fundamental values of the Swedish upper secondary school. The analysis has concluded that the novels potential as an educational tool in the education surrounding postcolonial perspectives is limited due to it´s lack of non-European perspectives.

Feminist initiative – an idea analysis. On the fourth of April in the year 2005 Feministic initiative (Fi) was created, it was an main response to the slow changes in the Swedish society, which claimed to establish an equal society. Equality has become one of the major indicators of a contemporary democratic society. The Swedish government has long proclaimed to reach this goal, but even though Sweden currently lies in the front among the democratic societies, while you consider equality issues, especially between the sexes, there is still a lot that need to be done in the Swedish society. Feministic initiative began as an organization and established a political party and participated in the election during the year 2006, but failed to reach a place in the parliament. Recently Feministic initiative said that they will participate in the upcoming election in the year 2010. It made me wonder which feministic ideals that Feministic initiative actually practices. Feminism is a broad ideology, and a reaction against the society that claims to be democratic but systematically oppresses women. This oppression created feminism; but there is different views of feminism, my main objective in this paper is to present a few different feministic directions. These are, radicalfeminism, marxistic feminism, liberalfeminism, socialistic feminism, post-modernfeminism and black (women’s) feminism. From these theories will I create a analyze frame and try to locate different kinds of feministic ideas within Feministic initiatives policy documents called F! for a feministic policy, election manifest and platform for Feministic initiative Thus, the main focus in this paper to do an idea analyze and focus on Feministic initiative, do they really use the different ideas expressed within the different types of feminism that I consider in this paper in a equal manner? The conclusion is that Feministic initiative is tendentious, Feministic initiative uses ideas, perspectives and expressions that are typical for radicalfeminism more than they use ideas, perspectives and expressions from other types of feminism.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The present study aims to understand the process of interorganizational networks development and to move forward as theoretically as empirically on management field of networks. The interorganizational networks were here studied by the theory of process of Van de Ven (1992), Van de Ven & Poole (1995) and Halinen (1998) that, for abiding different procedures is used in an integrated way, the theories of the life cycle, evolutionary, teleology and dialectics as a means to understanding of duality (static / dynamic) of organizational structures of events that occurs over time. In a sequential manner and supported in different schools or perspectives of networks, we aim to understand the events occurred in the networks over time, and provide a vision of how the development process and changes happens in interorganizational networks. The research was conducted by a multicases, qualitative and exploratory study carried out through narratives and focused interviews, by a procedural approach in eight interorganizational networks, located in Rio Grande do Sul. Events arising from the actions of key network individuals were analyzed. Considering the need to link between theory, empirical phenomena and the methodology used in the research, it was adopted the abductive approach with content analysis of the data. In the results, has been examined and described each case, featuring different evolutions, but with the possibility in a general context to be treated in a complementary manner. It is considered that the program "Redes de Cooperação " was crucial to raising awareness and encourages the formation of networks. Over time, the actions of the teams provided by the program have demonstrated the need for restructuring to bring all members to the interests of the network, overcoming individual interests of participation and gain the acceptance of the other members. Another required restructuring was the network professionalization on the strategy and activities. In such situation, the network becomes in the management of activities more independent people and no more a network member, avoiding the interconnection between individual interests and the network. In this restructuring, the network reaches a perceived crucial point in two of analyzed cases. First, it followed to the professionalization reducing their horizontal nature in which everyone is autonomous and singly they think your individual activities and for them answered reaching to a network more vertical. At the other, the network, in addition to responding for the management of their issues, also has taken the issues of individual processes of each of its members, through brand licensing, standardization process, administration of marketing and communication, selecting a mix of products, elaborating a list of suppliers. Over time and directly in relation of changing events and networks development are teams or working groups that provide benefits management, or expectations of those involved in interorganizational networks. Due to the individual autonomy that characterizes this perspective, it has become possible to integrate the four motors of change and provide a vision of how interorganizational networks can manage as the relationships established and developed in networks with the dialectical theory as the different interests with common goals through of teleological and evolutionary theories. To understand how to manage interorganizational networks, over time, it must be understood how the development process happens and how the different schools and change motors step in overtime on changes and evolution of the network. The studies in networks management can be developed in the future, based on the implications of proposals of this thesis. / O presente estudo tem por objetivo compreender o processo de desenvolvimento das redes interorganizacionais e avançar, tanto teórica quanto empiricamente, no campo da gestão das redes. As redes interorganizacionais são aqui estudadas através da teoria do processo de Van de Ven (1992), Van de Ven & Poole (1995) e Halinen (1998), que, por seguir diferentes lógicas, utiliza-se, de forma integrada, das teorias do ciclo de vida, evolucionária, teleologia e dialética como meio para compreensão e entendimento da dualidade (estático / dinâmico) de estruturas organizacionais de eventos que ocorrem ao longo do tempo. De modo sequencial e com apoio em diferentes escolas ou perspectivas de redes, pretende-se entender os eventos ocorridos nas redes, ao longo do tempo, e proporcionar uma visão de como ocorrem o processo de desenvolvimento e as mudanças nas redes interorganizacionais. A pesquisa foi realizada por um estudo multicasos, qualitativo e exploratório, realizado através de narrativas e entrevistas focadas, por meio de uma abordagem processual, em oito redes interorganizacionais, localizadas no Rio Grande do Sul. Analisaram-se eventos oriundos das ações dos indivíduos chave de gestão de cada rede. Considerando a necessidade de ligação entre a teoria, os fenômenos empíricos e a metodologia utilizada na investigação, adotou-se a abordagem abdutiva com análise de conteúdo dos dados obtidos. Nos resultados, foi analisado e descrito cada um dos casos, caracterizando evoluções distintas, porém com possibilidade, em um contexto geral, de serem tratados de forma complementar. Considera-se que o programa Redes de Cooperação foi determinante para a sensibilização e o estímulo à formação das redes. No decorrer do tempo, as ações das equipes previstas pelo programa demonstraram a necessidade de reestruturação, para alinhar todos os integrantes aos interesses da rede, superando interesses individuais de participação e obter a aceitação dos demais integrantes. Outra reestruturação requerida foi a da profissionalização da rede em relação à estratégia e às atividades. Em tal situação, a rede passa a ter, na gestão das atividades, pessoas independentes e não mais integrantes da rede, evitando a interligação entre os interesses individuais e os de rede. Nessa reestruturação, a rede chega a um ponto crucial percebido em dois dos casos analisados. No primeiro, ela seguiu para a profissionalização, reduzindo sua natureza horizontal, em que todos são autônomos e isoladamente pensam suas atividades individuais e por elas respondem, chegando a uma rede mais vertical. No outro, a rede, além de responder pela gestão de suas questões, também assumiu as questões dos processos individuais de cada um de seus integrantes, por meio de licenciamento de marca, padronização de processos, gestão do marketing e comunicação, determinação de um mix de produtos, elaboração de um rol de fornecedores. Ao longo do tempo e diretamente em relação aos eventos de mudança e ao desenvolvimento das redes, estão as equipes ou grupos de trabalho que proporcionam a gestão de benefícios ou expectativas dos envolvidos em redes interorganizacionais. Devido à autonomia individual que caracteriza esta perspectiva, tornou-se possível integrar os quatro motores de mudança e proporcionar uma visão de como as redes interorganizacionais podem gerenciar tanto os relacionamentos estabelecidos e desenvolvidos nas redes com a teoria dialética como os diferentes interesses com objetivos comuns, através das teorias teleológica e evolucionária. Para entender como gerir as redes interorganizacionais, ao longo do tempo, é preciso entender como ocorre seu processo de desenvolvimento e como as diferentes escolas e os motores de mudança interferem, ao longo do tempo, nas mudanças e na evolução da rede. Estudos em gestão de redes poderão ser desenvolvidos, no futuro, embasados nas implicações propostas nesta tese.

Parent-child interaction interventions, guided by the aim of promoting child development, have developed in Sweden during the last three decades. The aim of this thesis was to describe families taking part in such interventions and examine short term and long term changes in their problem loads. Praticular interest was directed towards the parents' experiences, both with respect to the treatment they had taken part in at either of four centres for parent-child interaction interventions presented in this thesis and to other persons and/or contexts the parents considered had played an important and beneficial role for the child or the family. The results show that the centres have reached both mothers, fathers and children beset by considerable difficulties in relation to interaction, offering them a treatment which an overwhelming majority of the families have chosen to follow through and which has made a difference to the families. This thesis highlights the significance of beneficial relationships, not only within the intervention but also in other professional contexts, for the enhancing of children's development.

La délinquance économique et financière, constituée par l'ensemble des activités illégales, qui peuvent être commises de manière individuelle, en entreprise ou bande organisée, a des méthodes d'action différentes de celles des infractions de droit commun. Le plus souvent, elles se commettent par des procédés astucieux (tromperie), ou frauduleux (faux par exemple), par l'exploitation des secrets commerciaux ou des données confidentielles (délits d'initiés), exigeant pour cela des connaissances et un savoir-faire propres au monde des affaires, voire une ingénierie financière, à l'encontre des particuliers, d'entreprises. de l'Etat ou d'organisations internationales. Généralement, leur finalité est la recherche du gain facile, donc de l'argent sale ou noir, fruit d'activités illégales ou criminelles. Cet argent est au centre de la délinquance économique et financière. Il en est le moteur. C'est une des raisons pour lesquelles la lutte contre cette forme de délinquance doit avoir comme principale finalité la saisie des avoirs d'origine criminelle ou délictuelle. A cette fin. nous avons fait dans cette étude, des propositions de réforme dans les codes pénaux et de procédure pénale des Etats appartenant à la sphère UEMOA-OHADA et d'y inclure des dispositions permettant de procéder efficacement à cette saisie. Cette question de saisie des avoirs d'origine illicite montre à quel point il est difficile de lutter contre cette forme de délinquance. Car, aujourd'hui, l'action des Etats, pris individuellement. pour combattre ce fléau, a perdu son efficacité. C'est pourquoi, le traitement de cette délinquance devrait nécessairement passer par une harmonisation du droit pénal des affaires de l'OHADA et une uniformisation du droit pénal économique et financier de l'UEMOA. Cependant. ce combat au niveau communautaire n'est pas sans poser quelques difficultés dans la mesure où les Etats membres de ces deux organisations ne veulent pas se départir, au profit des Institutions communautaires, du pouvoir d'élaborer des sanctions pénales contre les incriminations communautaires applicables sur leur territoire. D'où la nécessité de tenir compte de l'impératif d'harmonisation des règles pénales de sanction contre les violations du droit communautaire, d'un côté, et de l'impératif du respect de la souveraineté des Etats, de l'autre, même si ces deux impératifs sont difficilement conciliables. En tout état de cause, pour rendre efficace la lutte contre ce phénomène criminel, les dispositifs actuels doivent évoluer vers de nouveaux instruments plus adaptés. Ainsi des typologies de mesures relatives au droit pénal de forme et de fond sont elles proposées tant au niveau national et régional. En effet, une lutte envisagée à un seul niveau est d'avance vouée à l'échec. C’est ainsi qu'il faut instaurer un véritable coopération judiciaire dans l'espace UEMOA-OHADA pour une lutte efficace contre la délinquance économique et financière dans cet espace. / Economic and financial criminality, constituted by all illegal activities, which can be committed individually, in companies or organized groups, has different methods of action than those of violation of common law. Most often, they are committed by clever means (trickery), fraudulent (false for example), by the exploitation of trade secrets or confidential data (insider trading), requiring knowledge and know-­How of the business world, or even financial engineering against individuals, companies, the State or international organizations. Most often, their finality is the search for easy gain. therefore dirty or black money is the fruit of illegal or criminal activities. This money is at the center of economic and financial crime. It is the driving force behind it. This is one of the reasons why the fight against this form of crime must have as main objective the seizure of assets of criminal origin. In this sense, we have made in these study proposals for reform in the penal codes and criminal proceeding of the States belonging to the WAEMU-OHADA sphere and to include disposal enabling effective seizure. This issue of seizure of assets of illicit origin shows how difficult it is to fight this form of delinquency. Because today, the action of States taken individually to fight this scourge, has lost its effectiveness. Therefore, the treatment of this delinquency should necessarily involve a harmonization of the criminal business law of the OHADA and a standardization of the economic and financial criminal law of WAEMU. However, this battle at Community level is not without some difficulty, to the extent of that the member states of these two organizations do not wish to abandon the power to draw up criminal sanctions against Community incriminations applicable in their territory to the benefit of the community institutions. From where the necessity to take account of the need to harmonize criminal law rules penalties against community law violations. on the one hand and the imperative of respect for State sovereignty on the other, even if these two imperatives are difficult to reconcile. At all events, in order to make efficient the fight against this criminal phenomenon, the current plan of action must evolve towards new and more appropriate instruments. Thus, are typologies of measures relating to criminal law in form and substance proposed at both national and regional level. Indeed, a fight envisaged at a single level is in advance tied to failure. It is thus necessary to establish real judicial cooperation in the WAEMU-OHADA area for an effective fight against economic and financial crime in this area.

No description available.

Cette étude intervient dans un contexte de baisse de crue dans le delta intérieur du bassin versant du fleuve Niger. Cette baisse de crue mise en évidence par les chercheurs, a été constatée par les populations. Les principales activités des populations du delta intérieur à savoir l’agriculture, l’élevage et la pêche font vivre des milliers de personnes particulièrement dépendantes de l’évolution de la crue. Lorsque la crue baisse, on assiste à des pertes de superficies irrigables, à des variations du niveau et du temps d’inondation des terres lesquelles agissent sur le calendrier cultural. Ces impacts concernent également divers niveaux dans les secteurs de la pêche et de l’élevage en raison des liens étroits qui existent entre l’inondation et ces activités. Les conséquences de la baisse de la crue sur l’agriculture se font particulièrement ressentir non seulement sur les rendements et les superficies inondables, mais aussi sur la productivité des terres. S’agissant de l’élevage, les impacts se traduisent par la réduction des aires pastorales et la diminution des troupeaux, mais surtout par des mutations sociales. Par ailleurs, dans le domaine de la pêche, s’opère la diminution progressive des captures et des espèces. Tous ces évènements agissent négativement sur la vie socio-économique des populations, avec une réduction significative des capacités endogènes de prises en charge des ménages. Aussi, les populations tentent-elles de s’adapter à leurs nouvelles conditions de vie, en apportant diverses réponses, dont entre autres, la reconversion à d’autres activités, l’exercice d’activités complémentaires, l’amélioration des pratiques culturales. Mais la stratégie la plus fréquente concerne la migration avec comme conséquence la déstructuration du tissu social, situation qui rend inefficace les mesures d’adaptation prises par les populations pour faire face à la baisse de la crue. Malgré les multiples efforts fournis par les populations, les ONG et l’Etat, beaucoup reste à faire. Les perspectives qui s’offrent au delta sont mitigées : d’une part la construction des barrages en amont et en aval du delta suscite des espoirs dans la perspective d’intensification des activités agricoles et donc l’amélioration des rendements et d’autre part la perte de superficies inondables liées à la régulation du fleuve prévue par le projet de construction de ces barrages. / The present study is carried out within a context of the low level of water in the interior delta Niger River. The water shortage is first noticed by eminent readers and observed by the local population itself. The main activities are agriculture, breeding and fishing which provide the needs of thousands of people in the area depend on the evolution of water. Once there is water shortage, we do observe the lost of cultural areas, variations in the level of water and that of inundation which influence the agricultural calendar. Definitely the phenomenon has implications on fishing and breeding giving the fact that there is a link between inundation and other activities. The consequences of the water shortage on agriculture are more visible on the outcome and the areas watered and more importantly on the fertile soil but also on the soils productivity. With regard to breeding, the impacts manifest themselves in the reduction of breeding areas, the herd and on social changes. On the other hand, in the fishing sector we do notice the decrease in fishing and the types of fishes. All these influence negatively on the socio economic life style of the local populations as well as significant decrease in its ability to sustain itself. Equally, the populations is getting use to a new life style by initiating several responses among which the revert to other activities, the practice of complementary activities, the improvement in agricultural practices. But, the most developed strategy is that of migration which immediate consequence is the destruction of social fabric, a situation that may yield to inefficient strategies initiated by the populations in order to challenge the decrease of water. In spite of efforts made by the populations, NGOs and public authorities, a lot needs to be done. The perspectives are not much : on one hand, the building of dams in the Delta creates hope in view of the intensification of agricultural activities and hence in improving the productivity, on the other hand, the lost of inundable areas linked to the above project.

Purpose: The Internet has provided an unprecedented opportunity for psychotropic medication consumers, a traditionally silenced group in clinical trial research, to have voice by contributing to the construction of drug knowledge in an immediate, direct manner. Currently, there are no systematic appraisals of the potential of online consumer drug reviews to contribute to drug knowledge. The purpose of this research was to explore the content of drug information on various websites representing themselves as consumer- and expert-constructed, and as a practical consideration, to examine how each source may help and hinder treatment decision-making. Methodology: A mixed-methods research strategy utilizing a grounded theory approach was used to analyze drug information on 5 exemplar websites (3 consumer- and 2 expert-constructed) for 2 popularly prescribed psychotropic drugs (escitalopram and quetiapine). A stratified simple random sample was used to select 1,080 consumer reviews from the websites (N=7,114) through February 2009. Text was coded using QDA Miner 3.2 software by Provalis Research. A combination of frequency tables, descriptive excerpts from text, and chi-square tests for association were used throughout analyses. Findings: The most frequently mentioned effects by consumers taking either drug were related to psychological/behavioral symptoms and sleep. Consumers reported many of the same effects as found on expert health sites, but provided more descriptive language and situational examples. Expert labels of less serious on certain effects were not congruent with the sometimes tremendous burden described by consumers. Consumers mentioned more than double the themes mentioned in expert text, and demonstrated a diversity and range of discourses around those themes. Conclusions: Drug effects from each source were complete relative to the information provided in the other, but each also offered distinct advantages. Expert health sites provided concise summaries of medications’ effects, while consumer reviews had the added advantage of concrete descriptions and greater context. In short, consumer reviews better prepared potential consumers for what it’s like to take psychotropic drugs. Both sources of information benefit clinicians and consumers in making informed treatment-related decisions. Social work practitioners are encouraged to thoughtfully utilize online consumer drug reviews as a legitimate additional source for assisting clients in learning about treatment options.

The current context of offender health in England and Wales indicates that offenders re-enter their communities with limited pre-release preparation for the continuity of access to healthcare and an increased risk of release with a health condition and very little support to cope in the community. This study was aimed at mapping the ex-offender health pathway towards identifying ‘touch points’ in the community for the delivery of a nurse led intervention. The study was a qualitative case study underpinned by ‘The Silences Framework’ which enabled it to gain theoretically by situating power with offenders, thus, aiding their ‘Silences’ to be heard, explored and brought to light. Participants meeting the study inclusion criteria were quantitatively ranked on the basis of poor health with those scoring the lowest and confirming their ranking through a confirmation of a health condition selected as cases and interviewed over the course of six months. These interview narratives were confirmed by interviewing individuals in the professional networks of offenders. The study identified the site of post-release supervision as the ‘touch point’ where a nurse led intervention could be delivered. With regards to the delivery of the health intervention, the study indicated that the nurse led intervention be provided as an advisory and signposting service structured on a drop-in and appointment basis. Furthermore, the study indicated that pre-release, offenders were not prepared in prison for the continuity in access to healthcare in the community on release. On-release, offenders’ on-release preparation did not enquire as a matter of procedure on whether offenders were registered with a GP or had the agency to register self with a GP practice in the community. Post release, the study uncovered a disparity between services which address the physical health needs of offenders and those which address their mental and substance misuse health needs.

Bakgrund: Amyotrofisk lateral skleros (ALS) är en ovanlig sjukdom vars sjukdomsförlopp kan gå mycket fort. Det är vanligt att patienter med ALS får livsuppehållande behandlingar för att förlänga livet och för att förbättra livskvaliteten. Olika typer av behandling används för denna patientgrupp. De som beskrivs är ventilationsbehandling och nutritionsbehandling med gastrostomi. Självbestämmande, hälsa och livskvalitet är komponenter av värde för att förstå patienters perspektiv. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva hur det är att leva med livsförlängande behandling vid sjukdomen ALS. Metod: En litteraturöversikt utfördes med vetenskapliga artiklar inom kunskapsområdet för att belysa det aktuella kunskapsläget. Fribergs metodbeskrivning och analysmetod användes. Tolv vetenskapliga artiklar användes från flertal länder i resultatet. Resultat: Resultatet presenteras i huvudteman med tillhörande subteman. Tema ett: Att ta beslut till behandling innefattar Patientens roll i beslutsfattande och Sjukvårdens betydelse vid beslutsfattande. Tema två: Att acceptera behandling är en process. Tema tre: Att vara i nuet och leva vidare med behandling innefattar Att vara i nuet och Att leva vidare. Diskussion: Den teoretiska utgångspunkten som användes var Virginia Hendersons behovsteori i grundläggande sjukvård. Uppsatsen visar vad patienter uttrycker som betydelsefullt när de står inför beslut kring livsförlängande behandling. Att ha självbestämmande, att ha kontroll och att sjukvården ska vara förtroendeingivande är betydelsefullt. Acceptansprocessen, stöd och möjligheter till att leva vidare har betydelse för meningsfullheten hos patienter. / Background: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an unusual disease where the disease progress can be very fast. It is common for patients with ALS to receive life-sustaining treatments to prolong their lives and improve their quality of life. Different types of treatment are used for this group of patients, those described are ventilation and nutritional treatment with gastrostomy. Self-determination, health and quality of life are components of value to understand the patient's perspective. Aim: The aim was to describe how it is to live with life-prolonging treatment with the disease ALS. Method: A literature review was conducted with scientific articles to highlight the current state of knowledge in the field. Friberg's methodology and method of analysis were used. Twelve scientific articles were used from several countries in the result. Results: The results are presented in main themes with associated subthemes. Theme one: Decision making for treatment includes the role of the patient in decision making and the meaning of health care in decision making. Theme two: Accepting treatment is a process. Theme Three: Being in the present and continuing on with treatment includes being in the present and living on. Discussion: The theoretical basis used was Virginia Henderson and her theory of needs in the basic healthcare. This essay shows what patients express as important when they are faced with decisions about life-prolonged treatment. Having self-determination, having control and that the care must be trustworthy are important. The acceptance process, support and the opportunity to live on are important for the meaningfulness of patients.