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This Master of Applied Science thesis proposes a new design of low power, power factor corrected (PFC), power supplies. By lifting the hold up time restriction for devices that have a battery built in, the energy storage elements of the converter can be reduced, permitting a small and inexpensive power converter to be built. In addition, a new control technique for controlling cascaded converters is presented, named duty mode control (DMC). Its advantages are shown through simulations. The system was proven using a prototype developed in the laboratory designed for a universal ac input voltage (85 - 265VRMS at 50 - 60Hz) and a 40W output at 12V. It consisted of two interleaved phases sensed and digitally controlled on the isolated side of the converter. The prototype was able to achieve a power factor of greater than 0.98 for all operating conditions, and input harmonic current distortion well below any set of standards.

This Master of Applied Science thesis proposes a new design of low power, power factor corrected (PFC), power supplies. By lifting the hold up time restriction for devices that have a battery built in, the energy storage elements of the converter can be reduced, permitting a small and inexpensive power converter to be built. In addition, a new control technique for controlling cascaded converters is presented, named duty mode control (DMC). Its advantages are shown through simulations. The system was proven using a prototype developed in the laboratory designed for a universal ac input voltage (85 - 265VRMS at 50 - 60Hz) and a 40W output at 12V. It consisted of two interleaved phases sensed and digitally controlled on the isolated side of the converter. The prototype was able to achieve a power factor of greater than 0.98 for all operating conditions, and input harmonic current distortion well below any set of standards.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: Uma das principais dificuldades para a adoção dos veículos elétricos (VE) é o tempo de abastecimento (carregamento elétrico), considerado elevado quando comparado com o tempo requerido para abastecer um veículo com motor a combustão interna. O carregamento do VE típico de passageiros é geralmente realizado na residência do proprietário, ligando o carregador interno do VE em uma tomada convencional monofásica. Este método de carregamento é conhecido como de Corrente Alternada (CA), requer, tipicamente pelo menos 7 horas para fornecer uma carga completa. Por outro lado, o método de carregamento por Corrente Continua (CC) oferece tempos de carregamento entre 10 e 80 minutos. Contudo, para obter este nível de desempenho, são empregados carregadores externos de alta potência ligados de forma direta ao banco de baterias do VE. Devido ao custo e aos requerimentos de alimentação, estes carregadores rápidos são usados principalmente em aplicações públicas e comerciais. As pesquisas pelas melhores topologias a serem empregadas nos carregadores rápidos ainda são, neste ano de 2017 objeto de estudos em escala mundial. Neste contexto, este trabalho descreve a análise e implementação de um protótipo de carregador externo rápido para VE, o qual é composto por um retificador híbrido trifásico com correção ativa do fator de potência (Etapa CA-CC), seguido de um conversor tipo Buck entrelaçado (Etapa CC-CC). Na etapa CA-CC são impostas correntes de entrada senoidais, obtendo desta forma uma r... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

Submitted by CAMILO ALEXEY SUAREZ BUITRAGO null (camiloalexey@gmail.com) on 2017-05-05T23:51:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CAMILO ALEXEY SUAREZ BUITRAGO.pdf: 4865572 bytes, checksum: e8593c9e425def26a441b4b919b9d371 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-05-08T16:36:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 suarezbuitrago_ca_me_ilha.pdf: 4865572 bytes, checksum: e8593c9e425def26a441b4b919b9d371 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-08T16:36:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 suarezbuitrago_ca_me_ilha.pdf: 4865572 bytes, checksum: e8593c9e425def26a441b4b919b9d371 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-13 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Uma das principais dificuldades para a adoção dos veículos elétricos (VE) é o tempo de abastecimento (carregamento elétrico), considerado elevado quando comparado com o tempo requerido para abastecer um veículo com motor a combustão interna. O carregamento do VE típico de passageiros é geralmente realizado na residência do proprietário, ligando o carregador interno do VE em uma tomada convencional monofásica. Este método de carregamento é conhecido como de Corrente Alternada (CA), requer, tipicamente pelo menos 7 horas para fornecer uma carga completa. Por outro lado, o método de carregamento por Corrente Continua (CC) oferece tempos de carregamento entre 10 e 80 minutos. Contudo, para obter este nível de desempenho, são empregados carregadores externos de alta potência ligados de forma direta ao banco de baterias do VE. Devido ao custo e aos requerimentos de alimentação, estes carregadores rápidos são usados principalmente em aplicações públicas e comerciais. As pesquisas pelas melhores topologias a serem empregadas nos carregadores rápidos ainda são, neste ano de 2017 objeto de estudos em escala mundial. Neste contexto, este trabalho descreve a análise e implementação de um protótipo de carregador externo rápido para VE, o qual é composto por um retificador híbrido trifásico com correção ativa do fator de potência (Etapa CA-CC), seguido de um conversor tipo Buck entrelaçado (Etapa CC-CC). Na etapa CA-CC são impostas correntes de entrada senoidais, obtendo desta forma uma reduzida distorção harmônica total (DHT). Nesta etapa são empregados retificadores SEPIC comutados sob corrente nula (Zero Current Switching, ZCS) controlados por uma simples modulação por histerese, em paralelo com um retificador trifásico a diodos de seis pulsos. O estágio SEPIC processa apenas uma fração da potência total entregue pelo retificador híbrido, reduzindo deste modo os esforços de corrente dos semicondutores empregados, permitindo o uso desta topologia em elevados níveis de potência. Na etapa CC-CC o conversor Buck entrelaçado é controlado por modulação de largura de pulso (Pulse-Width Modulation, PWM), permitindo assim a implantação da técnica de carregamento por corrente constante e tensão constante (Constant Current-Constant Voltage, CC-CV), comumente empregada em baterias de íons de lítio e supercapacitores (SC). Como principal resultado foi obtido o carregamento de um banco de supercapacitores de 2,54 F, com corrente constante de 20 A, variando sua tensão de 180 V a 270 V com uma duração de 40 s, obtendo uma distorção harmônica total de 3,52% na corrente de entrada, ajustando-se ao padrão IEEE 2030.1.1-2015. / One of the main barriers against electric vehicle (EV) adoption is related to the battery recharging time, which is relatively high when compared to the time required to fill up a gasoline/diesel internal combustion engine vehicle. EV charging generally is done at home, using the on-board EV charger tied to conventional single phase power inlet, this charging method is known as Alternating Current (AC) and takes at least 7 hours to provide a full charge. On the other hand, the Direct Current (DC) method offers charging times from 1.2 hours to 10 minutes. However, to reach this performance, high power off-board chargers also known as fast-chargers (FC), directly charge the EV battery bank. Due to its cost and power supply requirements FC are used only in public or commercial applications. The researches for the best FC topologies are an active area of studies over the world. This work describes the analysis and implementation of an off-board electric vehicle (EV) Fast Charger prototype. It is composed by a three-phase hybrid rectifier with power factor correction (AC/DC stage), followed by an interleaved buck converter (DC/DC stage). At AC/DC stage, sinusoidal input phase currents are imposed, and consequently low Total Harmonic Distortion (THD) is obtained by the use of Zero Current Switching (ZCS) SEPIC rectifiers, applying a simple hysteresis control technique, in parallel with a conventional three-phase six pulses diode rectifier. The SEPIC converters manage only a fraction of the total power delivered by the hybrid rectifier, reducing the semiconductors current stresses, and allowing the use of this topology for high power levels. At DC/DC stage, the interleaved buck converter is controlled by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), allowing Constant Current–Constant Voltage (CC-CV) charging technique, typically used for Lithium-ion (Li) batteries and Supercapacitors (SC). As main result of this implementation was obtained a charging process using constant a constant current of 20A over a supercapacitor bank of 2,54 F, raising its voltage from 180V to 270V in less than 40s, having a input phase current THD of 3,52%, fulfilling the requirements of IEEE 2030.1.1-2015 standard.

With the increasing demand for fast, cheaper, and efficient power converters come the need for a single-stage power factor correction (PFC) converter. Various single-stage PFC converter proposed in the literature has the drawback of high DC bus voltage at the input side and together with the shift to wide bandgap switches like GaN drives the converter cost higher. However, an interleaved topology with high-frequency isolation was proposed in this research work due to the drastic reduction in the DC bus voltage and extremely low input current ripple thereby making the need for an EMI filter circuit optional.   Meanwhile, this research work focuses on adapting the proposed topology for a high voltage low current application (EV charger - 400V, 7KW) and low voltage high current application (telecom power supply - 58V,  58A) owing to cost benefits. However, all single-stage PFC are faced with the drawback of second-order (100Hz) output harmonic ripple. Therefore, the design and simulation presented a huge peak to peak ripple of about 50V/3A and 26V/26A for the EV charger and telecom power supply case, respectively. This created the need for the design of a ripple cancellation circuit as the research required a peak to peak ripple of 8V and 200mV for the EV - charger and telecom power supply, respectively.   A novel output passive ripple cancellation technique was developed for the EV charger case due to the ease it offers in terms of control, circuit complexity and extremely low THDi when compared with the active cancellation approach. The ripple circuit reduced the 50V ripple to 431mV with the use of a total of 2.2mF capacitance at the output stage.   Despite designing the passive technique, an active ripple cancellation circuit was designed using a buck converter circuit for the telecom power supply. The active approach was chosen because the passive has a slow response and incurs more loss at a high current level. Adding the active ripple cancellation circuit led to a quasi-single stage LLC PFC converter topology. A novel duty-ratio feedforward control was added to synchronize the PFC control of the input side with the buck topology ripple cancellation circuit. The addition of the ripple circuit with the feedforward control offered a peak to peak ripple of 6.7mV and a reduced resonant inductor current by half.   After analysis, an extremely low THDi of 0.47%, PF of 99.99% and a peak efficiency of 97.1% was obtained for the EV charger case. The telecom power supply offered a THDi of 2.3%, PF of 99.96% with a peak efficiency of 95%.

While signatures of attention can be observed in widespread areas within and outside of cortex, the control of attention is thought to be regulated by higher cognitive brain areas, such as the prefrontal cortex. In their recent study on mice Kim et al. could show that successful allocation of attention is characterized by increased spiking of a specific type of inhibitory interneurons, the parvalbumin neurons, and higher oscillatory activity in the gamma band in the local prefrontal network. It was recently demonstrated that encoding of working memory in prefrontal areas is linked to bursts of gamma oscillations, a discontinuous network process characterized by short periods of intense power in the gamma band. The relationship between attention and working memory is unclear, and it is possible that these two cognitive processes share encoding principles. To address this gap, the electrophysiological data collected in the Carlén Lab have been analyzed with advanced spatio-temporal approaches. In particular, we have analyzed bursting gamma activity in medial prefrontal cortex during attentional processing and investigated the similarities to gamma bursting observed during working memory. Gamma-band bursts during attention were reliably detected with several methods. We have characterized several features of the bursts, including the occurrence, duration and amplitude. The neuronal firing rates during and outside of bursts have also been computed. We investigated the correlation between different criteria characterizing the gamma burst and successful vs failed allocation of attention. Control data were generated to discuss the obtained results. The aim of the study was to explore the hypothesis that the medial prefrontal cortex encodes attention trough gamma bursts, which could reveal some similarities and differences in coding of central cognitive processes. No clear difference was found in the characterization between successful and failed allocation of attention. In addition, results were very similar in control set and original data. No underlying mechanism could be identified from this analysis. Therefore, as the bursts occurring in the gamma band in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) were not discriminative with respect to the different tested conditions, they do not seem to encode information related to attention. / Även fast flera olika hjärnområdens aktivitet kan korreleras med uppmärksamhet, anses kontrollen av uppmärksamhet regleras av högre kognitiva hjärnområden, såsom främre hjärnbarken. I en nyligen publicerad artikel studerade Kim et al. hjärnaktiviteten hos möss och kunde visa att en framgångsrik uppmärksamhet kännetecknas av en ökad aktivitet av en specifik typ av inhiberande nervceller, parvalbumin celler, och högre oscillerande aktivitet i gammafrekvens i främre hjärnbarkens lokala nätverk. Det har nyligen visats att kodning av arbetsminne i främre hjärnbarken är kopplat till utbrott av gamma-oscillationer, en diskontinuerlig nätverksprocess som kännetecknas av korta perioder av intensiva oscillationer av det lokala nätverket i gammafrekvens . Relationen mellan uppmärksamhet och arbetsminne är oklar, och det är möjligt att dessa två kognitiva processer delar kodningsprinciper. För att minska detta gap av kunskap har den elektrofysiologiska datan som samlats in i Carlén Lab analyserats med avancerade spatio-temporala tillvägagångssätt. I synnerhet har vi analyserat utbrott i gammaaktivitet i främre hjärnbarken under uppmärksamhet och undersökt likheterna med gamma- utbrott observerade under arbetsminne. Gamma-bandutbrott under uppmärksamhet påvisades på ett tillförlitligt sätt med flera metoder. Vi har karaktäriserat flera funktioner hos utbrotten, inklusive förekomsten, varaktigheten och amplituden. De enskilda cellernas aktivitet undersöktes även under och utanför utprotten av gamma-oscillationer. Vi undersökte sambandet mellan de olika kriterier som karakteriserar gamma-utbrott under framgångsrik mot misslyckad allokering av uppmärksamhet. Kontrolldata genererades för att diskutera de erhållna resultaten. Syftet med studien var att utforska hypotesen att den främre hjärnbarken kodar uppmärksamhet genom gamma-utbrott, vilket kan avslöja vissa likheter och skillnader i kodning av centrala kognitiva processer. Ingen klar skillnad hittades i karaktäriseringen mellan framgångsrik och misslyckad allokering av uppmärksamhet. Dessutom var resultaten mycket likartade i kontrolluppsättningen och den ursprungliga datan. Ingen underliggande mekanism kunde identifieras ur denna analys. Eftersom de utbrott som uppstod i gamma-bandet i främre hjärnbarken inte var unika med hänsyn till de olika testade förhållandena, tycks de därför inte koda information relaterad till uppmärksamhet.

Ces travaux de thèse consistent en la conception et la réalisation d’une chaîne de tractionintégrée pour véhicule hybride plug-in. L’étude s’oriente vers une solution de convertisseur mutualisé,dans l’objectif de partager la traction et les modes chargeurs de batteries, la structure en NPC à 3niveaux est retenue. Le chargeur monophasé se base une topologie de redresseur à MLI monophaséavec trois bras entrelacés, avec l’utilisation des enroulements du moteur pour le filtrage. En chargeurtriphasé nous adaptons la topologie pour réaliser un montage en double boost triphasé. Pour chaqueconfiguration, les passifs sont dimensionnés pour répondre aux contraintes en courant BF et HF. Lecontrôle adopté se base sur les correcteurs résonants. Enfin, un prototype de 5 kW a été réalisé pourvalider les différents modes de l’application.Dans une seconde partie, nous proposons une solution de chargeur isolé sans étage continu auprimaire à double ponts actifs (DAB). La topologie est modélisée au premier harmonique et unecommande assurant l’absorption sinusoïdale est étudiée. Une configuration isolée triphasée permetl’accès aux puissances plus élevées ainsi que la réduction des ondulations de courant BF en sortie. / This thesis consists on the design and realization of a plug-in hybrid vehicle integrated tractiondrive supply. The work turns to a solution of a mutualized converter, in the objective to imagine asolution which shared drive and battery chargers modes, the three-level NPC topology has beenretained. The single phase charger is based on an interleaved PWM rectifier, and motor windings areused as smoothing inductors. A double-boost PFC configuration is introduced to ensure the threephasecharger. Passives are sized in each configuration in order to take in account the whole currentconstraints (LF and HF). The PFC behavior is based on the resonant controllers. Then, a 5 kWprototype has been realized to validate the different application modes.In a second part, a single-stage isolated charger based on a Dual-Active-Bridge (DAB) isproposed. The topology is modeled to the fundamental and the PFC control law is studied. A threephaseconfiguration is simulated in order to achieve higher charging powers and to reduce batterycurrent low-frequency ripple.

This master thesis has been carried out in collaboration with Saab, Avionics Systems in Jönköping, Sweden, during the spring of 2017. The thesis investigates unidirectional rectifier topologies in aircraft and the focus has been on evaluating the power quality requirements according to the aircraft standards, in the course of the More Electric Aircraft concept. Both passive and active power factor correction topologies are considered, discussed and compared. Simulation models are designed in MATLAB/Simulink and the procedures are presented. A modular concept regarding components is discussed where different power supplies and loads are considered. The simulations present both a passive 12-pulse auto-transformer rectifier unit and an active Delta-switch rectifier fulfilling requirements for aircraft such as the total harmonic distortion of the supply current. In addition, the input power factor is close to unity and an efficiency greater than 97% is obtained. Lastly, future aspects of each topology are discussed and necessary improvements to obtain realistic simulation models are presented.

Thermonuclear fusion may become an attractive future power source. The most promising of all fusion machine concepts is the tokamak. Despite decades of active research, still huge tasks remain before a fusion power plant can go online. One of these important tasks deals with the interaction between the fusion plasma and the reactor wall. This work focuses on how eroded wall materials of different origin and mass are transported in a tokamak device. Element transport can be examined by injection of certain species of unique and predetermined origin, so called tracers. Tracer experiments were conducted at the TEXTOR tokamak before its final shutdown. This offered an unique opportunity for studies of the wall and other internal components: For the first time it was possible to completely dismantle such a machine and analyse every single part of reactor wall, obtaining a detailed pattern of material migration. Main focus of this work is on the high-Z metals tungsten and molybdenum, which were introduced by WF6 and MoF6 injection into the TEXTOR tokamak in several material migration experiments. It is shown that Mo and W migrate in a similar way around the tokamak and that Mo can be used as tracer for W transport. It is further shown how other materials - medium-Z (Ni), low-Z (N-15 and F), fuel species (D) - migrate and get deposited. Finally, the outcome of dust sampling studies is discussed. It is shown that dust appearance and composition depends on origin, formation conditions and that it can originate even from remote systems like the NBI system. Furthermore, metal splashes and droplets have been found, some of them clearly indicating boiling processes. / <p>QC 20151203</p>