När sjöbefälsstudenter befinner sig på den fartygsförlagda praktiken innebär det begränsade möjligheter till fysisk aktivitet. Faktorer som långa arbetstimmar, dåligt väder och sömbrist kan påverka sjöbefälsstudenterna till sjöss. Rekomendationer från Folkhälsomyndigheten menar att vuxna personer från 18 år behöver utöva en fysisk aktivitet minst 150 minuter per vecka vid måttlig intensitet för att inte bli för stillasittande. Enligt Maritime Labour Convention ska det finnas ett fritidsutrymme ombord på fartyg över 3000 GT vilket gör att det finns möjligheter för fysisk aktivitet ombord på dessa fartyg. Syftet med denna undersökning var att beskriva den fysiska aktiviteten hos sjöbefälsstudenter när de är ute på fartygsförlagd praktik och när de har campusförlagd utbildning. Syftet var även att jämföra hur respondenterna från sjökapten- och sjöingenjörsutbildningen förhåller sig till varandra vad gäller fysisk aktivitet. Undersökningen syftade även till att visa om de fysiskt aktiva sjöbefälsstudenterna använde sig av någon form av träningsrelaterade kosttillskott. Metoden utgjordes av en kvantitativ studie i form av enkätundersökning med fasta svarsalternativ och frågor med graderad inställning. Urvalet bestod av 90 respondenter från sjökaptens- och sjöingenjörsprogammen på en sjöbefälsskola. Rådata sammanställdes i frekvenstabeller för att sedan kunna avläsa hur fördelningen i variabeln såg ut. För att tydligare redovisa fördelningen av variabeln sammanställdes rådata slutligen i stolpdiagram. Resultatet visade att respondenterna var mer fysiskt aktiva när de befann sig på den fartygsförlagda praktiken än när de befann sig på campus. Ökningen i den fysiska aktiviteten hos sjöingenjörsrespondenterna syntes tydligare medan sjökaptenernas ökning var marginell. Respondenterna utförde fler träningspass i veckan men kortade ner längden på träningspassen. Majoriteten av respondenterna på sjöbefälsskolan var fysiskt aktiva trots att faktorer som väder, långa arbetstimmar och otillräcklig sömn påverkade dem. Undersökningen visade också att ungefär hälften av respondenterna som utförde fysisk aktivitet använde sig av träningsrelaterade kosttillskott i samband med träningen. Det vanligaste kosttillskottet i samband med träning som respondenterna använde sig av var proteinpulver. Respondenternas anledning till att använda kosttillskott berodde på att de fick ut mer av sin träning. / When students of the Nautical Science and the Marine Engineering Programmes are on the ship-based internship, this means limited opportunities for physical activity. Factors such as long hours of work, bad weather and a lack of sleep can affect the students while at sea. Recommendations from the Public Health Authority mean that adult persons from the age of 18 need to exercise a physical activity at least 150 minutes per week at moderate intensity so as not to become too sedentary. According to the Maritime Labor Convention, there will be a leisure space aboard ships over 3000 GT, which means that there are opportunities for physical activity on board these vessels. The purpose of this survey was to describe the physical activity of students when they are on a ship-based internship and when they have campus-based education. The purpose is also to compare the students of the Nautical Science Programme to the students of the Marine Engineering Programme when it comes to physical activity. The study also aimed to show whether the physically active students used some form of exercise-related dietary supplements. The method consisted of a quantitative study in the form of questionnaires with fixed response alternatives and questions with a graded approach. The sample consisted of 90 respondents from the Nautical Science Programme to the students of the Marine Engineering Programme at a Naval institute. Primary data was compiled in frequency tables to be able to read how the distribution in the variable looked. In order to clarify the distribution of the variable more clearly, the primary data was finally compiled in bar charts. The result showed that the respondents were more physically active when they were on the ship-based practice than when they were on campus. The increase in the physical activity of the Marine Engineering 'respondents appeared clearer while the Nautical Science respondents increase was marginal. Respondents performed more training sessions a week but shortened the length of the workout. The majority of respondents at the naval institute were physically active despite factors such as weather, long hours of work and insufficient sleep affecting them. The study also showed that about half of the respondents who performed physical activity used exercise-related dietary supplements in connection with the exercise. The most common dietary supplement in connection with training that the respondents used was protein powder. The respondents' reason for using dietary supplements was because they got more out of their training.

Ce travail de doctorat se propose d’évaluer les conséquences de l’intégration des nouvelles technologies de l’information et de la communication (NTIC) dans le monde du travail gabonais, tant sur le plan organisationnel que de celui de la santé des employés. Plus précisément, l’objectif de la présente thèse se décline en trois points. Le premier point s’intéresse aux facteurs susceptibles de faciliter l’usage des NTIC par les employés. Le second point évalue les modifications engendrées par l’usage des NTIC dans l’organisation du travail des employés. Enfin, le dernier point apprécie l’impact des NTIC sur la santé physique et psychologique des employés. Une enquête par questionnaire a été menée auprès d’un échantillon de 136 employés travaillant dans le secteur bancaire au Gabon. L’outil élaboré se structure en quatre parties : (A) une partie signalétique cernant les variables sociodémographiques (âge, sexe, situation matrimoniale) et socio organisationnelles (ancienneté, durée et fréquence journalière d’utilisation des NTIC) ; (B) l’échelle de Brangier et Hammes (2007) qui mesure la relation homme-travail-organisation à partir du modèle de la symbiose ; (C) un questionnaire de 30 items conçu pour les besoins de la recherche et s’appuyant sur l’analyse de contenu thématique catégorielle des discours recueillis auprès d’employés gabonais évoquant leur travail au quotidien. Il porte sur l’influence des NTIC sur l’organisation du travail (efficacité travail, pratiques communicationnelles, autonomie, surcharge informationnelle et isolement professionnel) ; (D) un questionnaire conçu de la même manière que le précédent explorent les liens perçus entre les NTIC et la santé au travail (troubles physiques, stress professionnel et bien-être psychologique au travail). Globalement, les résultats obtenus indiquent que les liens que les employés gabonais entretiennent avec les NTIC sont étroitement corrélés à l’usage qu’ils en font. Cependant, ils ne pointent aucun lien entre l’usage des NTIC dans les entreprises gabonaises et l’organisation du travail. Par ailleurs, ces résultats montrent que les NTIC sont perçues comme à l’origine de troubles de la santé physique (notamment les troubles-musculo-squelettiques) et psychologique (notamment stress professionnel) mais également d’un certain bien-être psychologique (notamment en lien avec l’ambiance au travail et l’implication au travail/accomplissement de soi). Enfin, notre travail fait émerger deux médiations : les technologies de partage (vs les technologies d’assistance) constituent un médiateur total de la relation entre la perception de symbiose homme-travail-organisation et la survenue perçue de TMS (vs dépression). Notre travail de recherche a ainsi une dimension appliquée à court terme mais laisse également entrevoir des pistes de recherches futures visant à améliorer à moyen terme l’intégration et le développement des NTIC au Gabon. / This doctoral thesis aims to assess the consequences of the integration of the new information technology and communication media (NITC) on the workforce in Gabon, concerning both the organisational field and the field of workforce health. More precisely, the objective of the current thesis focuses on three aspects. The first aspect concerns the factors which are bound to facilitate the use of NITC by the employees. The second aspect assesses the changes triggered by the use of NITC in the organisation of the employees’ work. Last but not least, the last aspect assesses the impact of NITC on the physical and psychological health of the employees. A questionnaire was applied on a sample of 136 employees who worked in the banking system in Gabon. The designed tool is structured in four parts: (A) an identification part comprising the socio-demographic variables (age, sex, marital status) and the socio-organisational ones (seniority, daily length of use and frequency of use of the NITC); (B) the Brangier and Hammes scale (2007), which measures the relation man-work-organisation starting from the model of symbiosis; (C) a 30-item questionnaire designed according to the research needs, based on the analysis of the categorial-thematic content of the discourses provided by employees in Gabon while describing their daily work routine. It focuses on the influence of NITC on the organisation of work (efficiency in work, communication practises, autonomy, information overload and professional isolation); (D) a questionnaire built in the same manner as the previous one, exploring the perceived connections between NITC and health at the workplace (physical issues, professional stress and professional well-being at work). Globally, the obtained results show that the connections that the employees in Gabon have with the NITC are strongly correlated with the way in which they use them. However, they do not indicate any connection between the use of NITC inside the organisations in Gabon and the organisation of work. Moreover, these results show that on the one hand the NITC are perceived as the source of physical health issues (particularly musculoskeletal issues) and psychological issues (particularly professional stress), but on the other hand they are also perceived as causing a certain psychological well-being (particularly when it comes to the working environment and the involvement in work/self-accomplishment). Finally, our work highlights two mediations: the sharing technologies (vs. assistive technologies) constitute a total mediator of the relation between the perception of the symbiosis between man-work-organisation and the perceived occurrence of the TMS (vs. depression). Our research also has an applicative dimension on short-term, but it opens the gate towards future research patterns aiming to improve the integration and development of NITC in Gabon on mid-term.

Human health is multidimensional: apart from physical, mental, and social aspects, it also incorporates subjective perceptions of health, and functional status (FS). Given that elderly persons have very distinctive health and social needs, multidimensional assessment (MA) of health proves particularly useful in this age group.¶ Aboriginal populations suffer poor health, and there are relatively few studies addressing the health problems of older Aboriginal Australians, mainly because of their distinctive demographic structure, and the low proportion of their elderly. Also, there is no prior information available on MA of health in this Australian population group.¶ This thesis offers a MA of health in older Aboriginal persons from two, urban and rural/isolated, locations in the NT, Katherine and Lajamanu (the NT survey).¶ This thesis specifically addresses the following questions: - what is the physical health, FS, subjective perception of health, and social functioning amongst the NT survey participants? - what are the possible similarities and differences in various dimensions of health between the two major survey locations, what age and gender patterns are observed, and what are the reasons for these patterns, similarities and differences? - how do various dimensions of health relate to each other, and why? - how do current findings relate to broader Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal populations, and why? - what can MA add to a better understanding of various aspects of morbidity and health care use? - what are its possible implications for health planning?¶ Findings from this work indicate poor physical health amongst participants in almost all investigated aspects, comparable to information available from other Aboriginal populations. These are accompanied by low levels of ability for physical functioning. Despite this, subjective perception of health is rather optimistic amongst participants, and levels of social functioning high. Use of health services is mainly related to available health infrastructure. Important health differences exist between Katherine and Lajamanu, and they became particularly visible when all dimensions of health are considered together.¶ The Main conclusions from the current work are that 1) poor physical health is not necessarily accompanied by similar level of deterioration in other dimensions of health: even though participants from the isolated community of Lajamanu experience most chronic diseases, their ability for physical functioning is better, self-perceived health (SPH) more optimistic and levels of social functioning highest 2) institutionalised participants from Katherine suffer by far the worst health of all sample segments in this study; at least some of the poor health outcomes are potentially avoidable, and could be improved by more appropriate residential choices for Aboriginal elderly 3) better health infrastructure does not necessarily bring better health in all its dimensions, suggesting that other factors (primarily socio-economic and cultural) should be addressed in conjunction with this in solving complex health problems of Aboriginal Australians, and 4) it provides strong support that MA can become a useful tool in comprehensive health assessment of older Aboriginals.

Intimate relationships function not in isolation, but within a broader social network and social environment, in which the opinions and actions of close network members can play a role in how a relationship develops. The current study investigated how perceiving support for one’s relationship (including same-sex and mixed-sex relationships) from friends and family is associated with not only relationship well-being, but also the mental and physical health of the individuals within the relationship. After establishing that social support specifically for a relationship was indeed a separate and unique construct as compared to more general social support for an individual, the study tested a hypothesized model using structural equation modeling, finding evidence for a model in which the association between support for a relationship and the health outcomes for an individual is fully mediated by relationship well-being. Relationship type (i.e., same-sex versus mixed-sex) was not a significant moderator, indicating that regardless of relationship type, individuals who perceive more support for their relationship are also more likely to report greater relationship satisfaction and better mental and physical health. Furthermore, participants provided data up to three times over a period of three years, allowing for an examination of how social support for a relationship functions as a predictor of relationship well-being and health outcomes over time. Perceived social support for a relationship at Time 1 was found to be a significant predictor of the rate of relationship dissolution over the course of the study as well as relational and health outcomes at later points in time. With respect to the source of support for the relationship, evidence was found that support from parents and friends both have associations with relationship outcomes, but these findings were inconsistent across analyses with support from parents having stronger associations in some analyses and support from friends having stronger associations in others. Reasons for these discrepancies are discussed, as well as theoretical implications concerning the role that perceived social support for relationships plays in the prediction of relationship well-being and mental and physical health. / Thesis (Ph.D, Psychology) -- Queen's University, 2012-05-29 21:04:59.381

Child maltreatment is not a new issue. It has existed in various forms in every society since the early days in history. However, it is only in the past four decades that abuse and neglect of children has attracted widespread interest among health professionals and the general public. There is now a large body of evidence that identifies four main maltreatment forms: physical, sexual, emotional maltreatment and neglect. Child maltreatment is a substantial public health problem, as it is associated with immediate and long-term health problems. Most research into child maltreatment has been conducted in English-speaking, developed countries. Although there has been a small but steady increase in the number of studies from less developed countries over the past decade, there remains a relative dearth of research in these populations, especially in Asia. Over the years, most research projects around the world tend to be focused on only one type of child maltreatment (usually either child sexual abuse or child physical maltreatment), and many studies do not examine risk factors in depth, or address the possible outcomes of various forms of maltreatment. Children have always held a very important place in the culture and traditions in Vietnam. In 1989, Vietnam was the first Asian country and the second country in the world to sign and ratify the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. Since then Vietnam has adopted various measures to promote children's rights and particularly children's rights to be protected from abuse and exploitation. Despite strong political support for the rights of children, there is little formal research into child maltreatment. From the small amount of available evidence and media reports, it appears that children in Vietnam are vulnerable to maltreatment, just as they are all over the world. It is clear that information about the extent and health consequences of different forms of child maltreatment from scientifically sound studies is still far from sufficient. Thus, more research is essential to ensure effective and culturally appropriate responses to protect children from maltreatment. The primary aim of this research was to examine the nature and co-occurrence of four forms of child maltreatment including sexual, physical, emotional maltreatment and neglect among Vietnamese secondary and high school adolescents in both urban and rural settings, and determine the extent to which such adverse experiences impact on self-reported health risk behaviours and physical and mental health. A mixed methods design including qualitative interviews and focus group discussions, and a cross-sectional survey was employed in this study. Incorporation of qualitative inquiry added a cultural dimension on child maltreatment and informed to develop appropriate quantitative measures. Following 8 focus group discussions and 16 in-depth interviews as well as a pilot study of 299 adolescents in Vietnamese schools, a cross-sectional survey of 2,591 adolescents randomly selected from eight secondary and high schools in one urban district and one rural district was undertaken between 2004 and 2005. Data were collected by self-administered questionnaires in class rooms. Key information included demographics, family characteristics and environment, and four scales measuring sexual abuse, emotional and physical maltreatment and neglect as well as standard brief assessments of health related risk behaviours, mental and general physical health. The study clearly revealed that experiences of different forms and co-occurrence of child maltreatment among school adolescents were prevalent in Vietnam. The prevalence estimates of at least one type of physical and emotional maltreatment, neglect and sexual abuse were 47.5%, 39.5%, 29.3% and 19.7% respectively. A significant proportion of respondents (41.6%) was exposed to more than one form of child maltreatment, of which 14.5% and 6.3% experienced three or four maltreatment forms. Results from multivariate logistic regression analyses showed that the prevalence of child physical and emotional maltreatment and neglect among adolescents was not statistically different between urban and rural districts. However, children from rural schools were more likely to report unwanted sexual experiences than their counterparts in urban schools. There was no significant gender difference in reports of adverse sexual experiences. In contrast, girls were more likely to report emotional maltreatment and neglect whereas boys were more likely to experience physical maltreatment. Furthermore, family environment assessed by parental quarrelling, fighting, perceived quality of parental relationship and emotional support appeared to be the most consistent factors significantly predicting each form of child maltreatment. After controlling for a wide range of potential confounding factors, many significant correlates between each type of maltreatment, each level of maltreatment co-occurrence and each health risk behaviour were found. In general, the pattern of correlations between child maltreatment and health risk behaviours was similar for females and males. Emotional maltreatment significantly correlated with most behaviours examined. Physical maltreatment seems more likely to be associated with involvement in physical fights and being threatened. Sexual abuse was significantly related to smoking, drinking, being drunk, and involvement in fighting. Statistically significant associations between neglect and self-harm such as involvement in fighting, feeling sad and hopeless, suicidal thoughts and attempts were found. Clearly, co-occurrence of child maltreatment was significantly associated with almost all examined health risk behaviours and a dose-response relationship was observed in most of the dependent variables. Regarding continuous measures of mental and physical health, multivariate regression analyses revealed that presence of four types of child maltreatment explained a small but significant proportion of variance (from 5% to 9%), controlling for a wide range of background variables. Additionally, while each form of child maltreatment had independent effects on depression, anxiety problems, low self-esteem and poor physical health emotional maltreatment appeared to be the strongest influence on mental and physical health of both female and male adolescents. Analysis of variance also clearly suggested that exposure to increasing numbers of maltreatment forms significantly increased the risk of mental and physical health problems in a dose-response fashion. The present study extends a small body of previous research examining poly-victimization in developed nations to an Asian country. The data contribute new knowledge on cross-cultural child maltreatment problems. Considerable commonalities as well as some differences in the findings in Vietnam compared with earlier research were found. One important conclusion concerns the significant independent associations between various types of child maltreatment, as well as the cumulative effects of poly-victimization on a wide range of health risk behaviours, depression, anxiety, self-esteem, and general physical health. This pioneering research in Vietnam provides timely and substantial evidence that can be used to raise public awareness of the nature of child maltreatment and the harmful effects of not only sexual and physical abuse but also other forms of emotional maltreatment and neglect which have not received attention before. These results from a community-based sample have demonstrated the urgent need for prevention programs. The current study provides an impetus for more comprehensive research in this sensitive area in the near future so that culturally and politically relevant evidence-based responses to child maltreatment can be developed in Vietnam.

Background: Prostitution has been documented in most societies, although the context in which it occurs may vary greatly. In Queensland, Australia, sex workers can operate from legal brothels or privately but all other sectors of the sex industry are prohibited. It is assumed that regulation of the sex industry through legalization leads to better health and social outcomes for sex workers and their clients. However, this assumption has rarely been subjected to empirical scrutiny. Aims: This research examined the occupational health and safety of female sex workers in Queensland and explored the relationship between legislative change, workplace violence, mental health and job satisfaction. Sex workers interviewed in 2003 (after legalisation) were compared to a prior study of this population conducted in 1991 (before official regulation of the sex industry). Further, in-depth analysis of the 2003 cohort compared sex workers employed in legal and illegal sectors, to assess violence, health status and job satisfaction. Methods: Cross-sectional, convenience sampling was used to collect data from female sex workers in 2003. This data was compared with data collected earlier (in 1991) and explored differences in the two samples using bivariate analysis. Similar recruitment strategies on both occasions were used to recruit women from all known sectors of the Queensland sex industry. The 1991 comparison sample (Boyle et al. 1997) included 200 women (aged between 16 and 46 years), and in 2003, 247 women (aged 18 to 57) participated. The 2003 sample included workers from legal brothels (n=102), private sole-operators (n=103) and illegal street-based sex workers (n=42). Using data collected in 2003, this study assessed the relationship between physical and mental health and job satisfaction and two main independent variables, i.e., current work sector and recent workplace violence. Bivariate analysis of physical health and independent variables showed no significant relationships and therefore further analysis was not undertaken. However, analysis of mental health and job satisfaction showed complex interactions between multiple variables and therefore linear modeling was performed to adjust for confounding. Results: Analysis of the 1991 and 2003 samples showed little apparent change over time in self-reported sexually transmitted infections (STIs). There were substantial changes over time in the types of sexual services being provided to clients, with the 2003 sample more likely to provide 'exotic' services. Violence experienced ever in their lifetime differed; in 1991, 29% reported having ever been raped compared with 42% in 2003 (p= &lt0.01). In 2003, 50% of illegal sex workers reported having ever been raped by a client compared with 12% of private sex workers and 3% of brothel-based sex workers (p=&lt0.01). Overall, the sex workers reported roughly equivalent job satisfaction to Australian women. A desire to leave the sex industry was most strongly correlated with reduced job satisfaction (p=&lt0.01). Satisfaction was also relatively low among those whose family was not aware of their sex work (p=&lt0.01). Similarly, the mental and physical health of this sample was comparable to age-matched women from the general population. Wanting to leave the sex industry was most strongly associated with poor mental health (p=&lt0.01), as was recent sexual or physical assault by a client (p=0.06) and the woman's main work sector (p=0.05). Illegal sex workers reported substantially lower mental health scores than their counterparts in legal sex work. Conclusions: Self-reported STI diagnosis was high in these samples but the prevalence appears not to have changed over time. Comparing 2003 to 1991, there were trends towards safer and more diverse sexual practices. It is likely the sex industry has 'professionalized' and now includes more sex workers providing specialist, 'exotic' services. This sample of female sex workers reported high rates of violence, with those working illegally at greatest risk. Analysis suggests a complex interaction between variables contributing to mental health and job satisfaction. In general, it appears that the majority of sex workers enjoyed at least as much job satisfaction as women working in other occupations. It also appears that this sample had equivalent mental health to women from the general population, although the sub-group of illegal workers generally had poorer health. Job satisfaction and the extent of workplace hazards (especially risk of violence) were also strongly associated with different sectors of the sex industry. It is probable that legalisation has benefited some (perhaps most) but there are health and safety concerns for those outside the legal framework. Legislative reform should focus on violence prevention, promoting reporting of violent events to police, and further exploration of the impact of legislation on the health of workers in the sex industry.

Bakgrund: Befolkningens hälsoutveckling följs ofta genom enkätundersökningar. Dessa har ofta med en generell fråga om självskattad hälsa, vilket har visat sig ha samband med såväl fysiska som psykiska faktorer. För enkätundersökningar riktade till ungdomar används ofta en fråga om självskattat mående. Det är dock inte empiriskt klarlagt vad självskattat mående hos ungdomar egentligen mäter. Syfte: Studien syftar till att undersöka i vilken utsträckning självskattat mående hos ungdomar mäter hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, där både positiva och negativa aspekter av hälsa ingår, positiv hälsa i form av positiv psykisk hälsa, psykisk ohälsa i form av symptom på depression/ångest, fysisk ohälsa gällande symptom på smärta/värk samt medicinska tillstånd i form av astma, födoämnesallergi, allergi, migrän och öronsus/tinnitus. Metod: En kvantitativ metod med tvärsnittsdesign användes med data från enkätundersökningen Liv och Hälsa Ung 2014, där 4047 elever från årskurs nio på högstadiet och årskurs två på gymnasiet i Västmanland inkluderades. Korrelationsanalyser genomfördes. Resultat: Självskattat mående mäter hälsorelaterad livskvalitet, positiv psykisk hälsa och psykisk ohälsa i måttlig utsträckning, smärta/värk i liten utsträckning och medicinska tillstånd i mycket liten utsträckning.  Slutsats: Självskattat mående mäter psykiska faktorer mer än fysiska faktorer. Självskattat mående mäter även hälsorelaterad livskvalitet i måttlig utsträckning, vilket motsvarar ett helhetsperspektiv på hälsa. Självskattat mående bland ungdomar är inte en adekvat indikator för fysisk ohälsa vilket bör tas i beaktande när denna fråga tolkas i befolkningsundersökningar. / Background: The health development of the population is often followed by questionnaires. These often include a general question of self rated health, which has been shown to be associated with both physical and mental factors. For questionnaires aimed at adolescents, a genereal question of self rated well-being is often used. However, it is not empirically clear what that question really measure. Aim: This study aims at investigating to which extent self rated well-being among adolescents measures health related quality of life, including both positive and negative aspects of health, positive health in terms of positive mental health, mental health in terms of symptoms of depression/anxiety, physical health complaints and medical conditions. Method: A quantitative method with a cross-sectional design was used with data from ”Survey of Adolescent Life in Vestmanland” (SALVe), 2014, which included 4047 students in grade 9 in elementary school and grade 2 in high school in Västmanland. Correlation analysis were used. Results: Self rated well-being is measuring health related quality of life, positive mental health and mental health to a moderate extent, physical complaints to a small extent and medical conditions to a very small extent. Conclusion: Self rated well-being measures mental factors more than physical factors. Self rated well-being also measures health-related quality of life to a moderate extent, which corresponds with a holistic perspective of health. Self rated well-being among adolescents is not an adequate indicator of physical complaints and medical conditions, which should be taken into consideration when the result of the question is interpreted in population surveys.

Bakgrund: I dagens samhälle så skrivs det mycket om sex timmars arbetsdag i media. Att arbeta sex timmar men få betalt för åtta timmarsarbetsdag är något som väckt mångas intresse. År 1973 reglerades arbetstiden till 40 timmar per arbetsvecka, sedan dess har ingen ytterligare lagstadgad förändring skett. Det känns därför relevant att studera hur sex timmars arbetsdag påverkar individens psykiska och fysiska hälsa för att personalen och arbetsgivare ska få förståelse för vilka positiva samt negativa aspekter som det eventuellt kan medföra. Syfte: Syfte med denna undersökning är att kartlägga hur personalens självupplevda hälsa påverkas genom införandet av sex timmars arbetsdag, ur ett personalperspektiv. Metod: För denna uppsats har triangulering använts som metod. Där kvantitativa data har samlats in genom en attitydundersökning som utförts genom en enkätundersökning. Kvalitativa data har samlats in som komplement till denna enkätundersökning genom 13 stycken telefonintervjuer. Material har därutöver insamlats genom litteratur och vetenskapliga artiklar. Slutsats: Studien påvisar att sex timmars arbetsdag tenderar att ge personal många positiva vinster i form av förbättrad livskvalitet genom att respondenternas egendefinierande hälsa blivit bättre efter sex timmars arbetsdag infördes. För denna studie dras slutsatsen att majoriteten av respondenterna i denna undersökningen har en positiv upplevelse gentemot sex timmars arbetsdag. / Background: In today's society, media is writing a lot about reduction of hours of work. Working for six hours but getting paid for eight hours workday is something that aroused many people's interest. In 1973, working hours were regulated to 40 hours per working week, since then no further statutory change has taken place. It therefore feels relevant to investigate how reduction of hours of work affects the mental and physical health of the individual in order for the staff and employers to understand the positive and negative aspects that it may lead to. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to survey the staff's impact of a reduction of hours of work, six hours working day, from workers perspective. Method: For this essay triangulation has been used as a method. Where quantitative data has been collected through an attitudes survey conducted through a survey. Qualitative data has been collected in addition to this survey through 13 telephone interviews. Other material has been collected through literature and scientific articles. Conclusion: The study shows that six hours workday tends to give the staff many positive gains in terms of improved quality of life by improving the respondents' health after six hours of working day. For this study, it is concluded that most respondents in this survey have a positive experience over six hours of working day.

Sammanfattning Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka kunskaper om hälsa som elever upplever att de lär sig i ämnet idrott och hälsa undervisningen, samt på vilket sätt hälsa framträder som ämnesinnehåll. Studien avser att besvara följande frågeställningar: 1. Vad upplever elever att de lär sig om hälsa i ämnet Idrott och hälsa? 2. Vilka synsätt på hälsa framkommer? 3. Vad tycker eleverna borde ingå i en hälsoundervisning?   Metod: Metoden som använts för att besvara studiens forskningsfrågor är intervjuer av kvalitativ karaktär. Åtta individuella intervjuer med gymnasieelever som läser kursen Idrott och hälsa 1 genomfördes i två olika skolor i Stockholmsområdet. Intervjuerna analyserades sedan med hjälp av Aron Antonovskys teori om hälsa, för att synliggöra salutogent och patogent perspektiv på hälsa.   Resultat: Resultatet visade att eleverna lär sig mycket om hur fysisk träning leder till att de uppnår hälsa, och att det i samband med fysisk träning även är viktigt att framförallt tänka på sin kost. Det framkommer även att eleverna har en likartad syn på hälsa som de möter i undervisningen. Denna undervisning har mycket fokus på fysiska aspekter av hälsa. Det finns dock elever som lyfter fram vikten av att även tänka på psykiska aspekter av hälsa. Det eleverna skulle vilja förändra i hälsoundervisningen är att de vill veta mer om hur de kan hantera stress samt mer om hur droger påverkar kroppen.   Slutsats: Studiens slutsats är att eleverna upplever att de får tillräckliga kunskaper om hälsa i hälsoundervisningen, och att fysisk träning är den hälsoaspekt som har mest fokus i undervisningen. Elevernas synsätt på hälsa skiljer sig till viss del från undervisningens innehåll då de i större utsträckning även lyfter psykiska aspekter av hälsa, vilket även är någonting som de vill veta mer om. Eleverna har ett intresse av att veta mer om hur de kan hantera stress i vardagen, samt att de vill veta mer om påverkan av droger och doping. / Abstract Aim: The purpose of this study is to find out what knowledge of health students experience that they learn in physical education and health, and how health is evident in the subject. The study intends to answer the following questions: 1. What do the students experience that they learn about health in the subject of physical education and health? 2. What views of health appears? 3. What do the students think should be included in a health education?   Method: The method used to answer the study's research questions is qualitative interviews. Eight individual interviews with high school students who study the course Sport and Health 1 were conducted in two different schools in the Stockholm area. The interviews were then analyzed using Aron Antonovsky's theory on health, to visualize salutogenic and pathohenic perspectives on health.   Results: The results showed that students learn a lot about how physical exercise leads to their health and that in relation to physical exercise it is also important to think about their diet. It also appears that the students have a similar view of health, with a focus on physical aspects of health. However, there are students who emphasize the importance of thinking about mental aspects of health. What the students would like to change in the health education is that they want to know more about how they can handle stress and more about how drugs affect the body.   Conclusion: The conclusion of the study show that the students experience that they have sufficient knowledge of health in the health education, and that physical exercise is the health aspect that has the most focus during class. The students' approach to health differs to a certain extent from the content of the teaching, as they also raise mental aspects of health slightly more, which is also something they want to know more about Students have an interest in knowing more about how they can handle stress in their daily lives and want to know more about the effects of drugs and doping.

The present thesis concerns people with Usher syndrome (USH) and their health. People with USH have a congenital hearing loss of various degrees and an eye disease with a progressive course; for some, the balance is also affected. Three clinical groups have been identified 1, 2 and 3, and 13 genes have currently been identified. USH is the most common cause of deafblindness. Clinical knowledge and the limited research that exists have shown that people with deafblindness can experience difficulties in everyday life. Depression, anxiety and social withdrawal have been described. The general aim of the present thesis was to describe the health of people with USH. The empirical material employed was based on an extensive survey in which people with USH answered two questionnaires concerning health, anxiety, depression, social trust, work, health-care, financial situation, and alcohol and drug use. The focus of the present thesis is on general health, physical health and psychological health, social trust and finance. Three studies in the present theses focus on USH1, 2 and 3, respectively; finally, the fourth study provides an in-group comparison of people with USH. The results of studies I and III are compared with a crosssection of the Swedish population. The results revealed poor physical and psychological health, a lack of social trust and a strained financial situation regardless of clinical diagnosis. The discussion stresses the importance of taking a biopsychosocial approach when describing the health of people with USH, in which previous research is lacking. Additional research should focus on the mechanisms at different levels that affect people with USH and their health from a life- course perspective. Furthermore, research should include a salutogenic perspective to explore the resources and strengths of people with USH.