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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
671

Aspectos epidemiológicos da malária por Plasmodium vivax no Brasil

Viana, Dione Viero 03 May 2013 (has links)
Submitted by Simone Souza (simonecgsouza@hotmail.com) on 2018-06-04T14:38:05Z No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2013_ Dione Viero Viana.pdf: 1878209 bytes, checksum: 5cdd9b9453f4b473ba5370390bb90b4b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Jordan (jordanbiblio@gmail.com) on 2018-06-15T15:09:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2013_ Dione Viero Viana.pdf: 1878209 bytes, checksum: 5cdd9b9453f4b473ba5370390bb90b4b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-15T15:09:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DISS_2013_ Dione Viero Viana.pdf: 1878209 bytes, checksum: 5cdd9b9453f4b473ba5370390bb90b4b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-05-03 / CNPq / No Brasil, 99% do total de ocorrências de malária concentram-se na região da Amazônia brasileira. Na região Extra-amazônica são escassos os estudos referenciando os casos de malária, visto que o maior número de episódios de malária ocorrerem na região Amazônica. A malária é um agravo infeccioso febril produzido por protozoários do gênero Plasmodium. Nas Américas e no Brasil, predominam duas espécies parasitárias: P. vivax e P. falciparum, com predomínio deste evento nas zonas tropicais e sub-tropicais e está associado a fatores climáticos e ambientais, sejam elas antrópicas ou não, a fatores sócio-culturais e econômicos, e fatores biológicos do hospedeiro intermediário (homem) e definitivo (vetor) e do agente etiológico. Objetivo: Analisar a situação epidemiológica e a distribuição espaçotemporal da malária por Plasmodium vivax no Brasil. Método: Estudo ecológico da distribuição geográfica dos casos confirmados de malária, internações, óbitos e letalidade por malária em indivíduos residentes na região da Amazônia brasileira e Extra-amazônica, a partir dos bancos de dados do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica – (SIVEP-Malária), Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – (SINAN), Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS) e Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM), compreendendo as ocorrências por Unidades da Federação da região Amazônica e Extra-amazônica e segundo a espécie parasitária infectante. Resultados: Na região Amazônica, no período de 2003 a 2011, foram notificados 3.736.894 casos, destes 2.955.618 por P. vivax e 734.483 por P. falciparum, correspondendo à razão P. vivax/P. falciparum (V/F) de 4,0 casos por malária vivax para cada ocorrência por malária falciparum. Na distribuição mensal dos casos de malária, observaram-se valores mais elevados nos meses de julho a outubro, picos principalmente nos meses de julho e agosto. Na região Extra-amazônica entre 2001 a 2011, das 11.874 lâminas positivas para malária, 48,3% foram por P. vivax, 20% por P. falciparum e 8,6% por infecções mistas (P. vivax + P. falciparum). As infecções por Plasmodium vivax foram mais frequentes entre os anos de 2001 e 2007 (c 2 = 1987,041; p = < 0,0001). Verificaram-se 15,2% casos autóctones 70,3% casos importados (c 2 = 4226,806; p = < 0,0001). As duas regiões em estudo totalizaram 41.465 internações por malária vivax e 32.182 por malária falciparum entre 2000 e 2011. Destaca-se o acréscimo anual das internações por malária vivax, espécie considerada como benigna. Dos 1.229 óbitos por malária, 1.044 (85%) ocorreram no âmbito hospitalar, no qual 924 (88,5%) óbitos ocorreram na região Amazônica e 120 (11,5%) na área Extraamazônica do país. Conclusões: No que se refere à sazonalidade, as proporções de ocorrência de malária foram maiores no período seco, quando comparado ao período intermediário e chuvoso, apresentando importante variação sazonal. Na região Extraamazônica, o monitoramento contínuo da epidemiologia da malária autóctone e importada, em especial a cada alteração do Plasmodium persistente constitui-se como uma importante ferramenta para o controle e elaboração das atividades de vigilância em saúde em áreas não endêmicas. A Amazônia brasileira apresentou percentual maior de internações e óbitos, verificou-se tendência da taxa de letalidade crescente em ambas as regiões, a partir de 2005, apesar da taxa de letalidade da região extraamazônica, durante todo o período ser superior (taxa média de 3,2%), enquanto que a da Amazônia foi de 0,9%. Os estados da região Amazônica apresentaram tendência decrescente das taxas de internação ao longo do período, com importante predominância das internações por malaria vivax. / In Brazil 99% of the total incidence of malaria are concentrated in the Brazilian Amazon region. Extra-Amazonian region is scarce studies referencing malaria cases, since the greater number of episodes of malaria occur in the Amazon region. Malaria is an infectious febrile injury caused by protozoa of the genus Plasmodium. In the Americas and Brazil, two parasitic species predominate: P. vivax and P. falciparum. Predominance of this event in the tropics and sub-tropics and is associated with environmental and climatic factors, whether or not antropúrgicas, the socio-cultural and economic factors and biological intermediate host (man) and final (vector) and etiologic agent. Objective: To analyze the epidemiological situation and the spatial-temporal distribution of Plasmodium vivax malaria in Brazil. Methods: An ecological study of the geographical distribution of confirmed cases of malaria, hospitalizations, deaths and mortality from malaria in individuals living in the Brazilian Amazon region and Extra-Amazonian. From the databases of the Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica – (SIVEP-Malária), Sistema de Informação de Agravos de Notificação – (SINAN), Sistema de Informações Hospitalares do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIH-SUS) and Sistema de Informação de Mortalidade (SIM). Understanding occurrences by Federative Units of the Amazon region and Extra-Amazonian and according to the parasite species infecting. Results: In the Amazon region in the period 2003-2011 were reported 3,736,894 cases positive, 2,955,618 of these cases by P. vivax and 734 483 P. falciparum corresponding to the ratio P. vivax/P. falciparum (V/F) of 4.0 vivax malaria positive cases for each occurrence falciparum malaria. Distribution of malaria cases per month, it was observed higher values in the months from July to October, peaks mainly in the months of July and August each year. Extra-Amazonian region between 2001 to 2011 of 11,874 slides positive for malaria, 48.3% were due to P. vivax, 20% for P. falciparum and 8.6% for mixed infections (P. vivax + P. falciparum). Plasmodium vivax were more frequent between the years 2001 and 2007 (c 2 = 1987.041, p = <0.0001), in subsequent years there was an increase in infections by P. falciparum and mixed infections. It was found 15.2% 70.3% native cases imported cases (c 2 = 4226.806, p = <0.0001). The two regions under study totaled 41,465 admissions for malaria vivax and falciparum malaria by 32,182 between 2000 and 2011. Noteworthy is the annual increase of admissions for malaria vivax, a species considered benign and self-limited. Of the 1,229 deaths from malaria, 1,044 (85%) occurred in the hospital, in which 924 (88.5%) deaths occurred in the Amazon region and 120 (11.5%) on the Extra-Amazonian country. Conclusions: With regard to the seasonality of malaria occurrence ratios were higher in the dry compared to the period intermediate and rainy, presenting substantial seasonal variation in prevalence of this event during the dry period. Extra- Amazonian region in the continuous monitoring of the epidemiology of imported and autochthonous malaria, especially every change of Plasmodium persistent constitutes an important tool for the control and development of health surveillance activities in non-endemic areas. The Brazilian Amazon presented a higher rate of hospitalizations and deaths, there was a trend of increasing mortality in both regions since 2005, despite the lethality of extra-Amazonian region throughout the period is higher (average rate of 3.2 %), whereas the Amazon was 0.9%. The states of the Amazon region showed a downward trend in rates of hospitalization over the period, with significant predominance of admissions for malaria vivax.
672

Protéine kinase AMP cyclique dépendante et cycle de Plasmodium falciparum / CAMP-dependent protein kinase and plasmodium falciparum life cycle

Wurtz, Nathalie 12 July 2010 (has links)
L'aggravation actuelle du risque lié au paludisme résulte du développement du phénomène de résistance de souches de Plasmodium falciparum aux molécules antipaludiques. Une telle situation et l’absence de vaccin efficace nécessitent le développement de nouvelles stratégies antiparasitaires. Jusqu’à présent, les mécanismes moléculaires qui contrôlent le cycle parasitaire sont méconnus. Chez la plupart des eucaryotes, les protéine kinases sont impliquées dans des fonctions cellulaires essentielleset constituent une cible privilégiée pour la conception de nouveaux médicaments. Dans cecadre, nous nous sommes intéressés à la voie de transduction de l’AMP cyclique et en particulier à la sous-unité catalytique de la protéine kinase AMPc dépendante (PfPKAc)dont le rôle essentiel reste mal défini chez P. falciparum. Deux approches complémentaires ont été choisies pour étudier cette kinase :1) au niveau biochimique par le clonage, l’expression, la purification et la caractérisation enzymatique de la PfPKAc. L’objectif était d’obtenir une enzyme active in vitro de façon à pourvoir mesurer les constantes enzymatiques de la PfPKAc et conduire les premiers essais d’inhibitions.2) au niveau cellulaire en analysant les conséquences de l’inhibition par des ARN interférents spécifiques des transcrits de la PfPKAc. Le développement parasitaire mais également le transcriptome global ont été étudiés de manière à préciser les voies métaboliques liées à cette kinase plasmodiale.L’ensemble de ces études précise la compréhension de la voie de transduction de l’AMP cyclique et de la PfPKA qui pourrait conduire au développement de nouvelles voies thérapeutiques. / Nowadays, the increase of risks associated with malaria results from the development of resistance of Plasmodium falciparum strains to antimalarial drugs. This situation and the lack of an effective vaccine require the development of new antimalarial strategies. Untilnow, molecular mechanisms controlling the life cycle of malaria parasites, are still poorly understood. In most eukaryotes, protein kinases are implicated in essential cellular functions and represent attractive targets for the development of new drugs. In this context, we focused on the signaling pathway implicating cAMP and particularly the catalytic subunit of cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PfPKAc), whose function is still unclear in P. falciparum. Two complementary strategies were chosen to study this kinase:1) at the biochemical level by the cloning, expression, purification and enzymatic characterization of the PfPKAc. The objective was to obtain an in vitro active PfPKAc to evaluate the kinetic constants of PfPKAc and to conduct the first inhibition studies.2) at the cellular level by studying the consequences of PfPKAc transcripts inhibition byspecific interfering RNAs. The parasite growth but also the overall transcriptome werestudied to specify the metabolic pathways associated with this plasmodial protein kinase.All of these studies improve the understanding of cAMP transduction pathway and PfPKA,which could allow the development of new therapeutic approaches.
673

Plasmodium falciparum et résistance aux antipaludiques : aperçu et conséquences des facteurs impliqués dans la sélection et la diffusion des parasites résistants / Plasmodium falciparum and resistance to antimalarials

Menard, Sandie 28 March 2017 (has links)
Le paludisme reste l'une des plus redoutables maladies infectieuses avec plus de 200 millions d'infections et près de 430 000 décès chaque année, principalement des enfants de moins de 5 ans vivant en Afrique subsaharienne. L'espèce Plasmodium falciparum est responsable de la grande majorité de la mortalité. Le contrôle de l'endémie palustre reste encore aujourd'hui un problème majeur de santé publique, notamment à cause des résistances aux antipaludiques développées par les parasites. L'apparition de ces résistances s'opère par la pression de sélection médicamenteuse, et leur diffusion progressive se fait principalement via le déplacement des hôtes infectés. Cependant, la dynamique d'émergence, de diffusion et de persistance des parasites résistants résulte d'interactions complexes entre les antipaludiques, l'Homme, le parasite et le vecteur. Le travail présenté ici participe à la démarche de lutte contre le paludisme en proposant tout d'abord un état des lieux de la résistance de Plasmodium aux antipaludiques utilisés au Cameroun, avec des outils moléculaires, phénotypiques et cliniques. Une deuxième partie explore, in vitro, les possibles conséquences d'une utilisation prolongée des dérivés d'artémisinine sur le phénotype de P. falciparum, alors que la résistance à cette molécule est déjà installée. Le modèle in vitro utilisé a permis de mettre en évidence un nouveau profil de pluri-résistance suite à des pressions continues à l'artémisinine. Enfin, une dernière partie de ce travail analyse le rôle du moustique dans l'épidémiologie des résistances et montre que la sporogonie favoriserait la diffusion des allèles minoritaires, résistants ou non, présents chez l'Homme. L'ensemble de ces travaux confirme la multiplicité des facteurs agissants sur la dynamique de résistance et la complexité de leurs interactions rendant toute prévision très spéculative. Même si une meilleure connaissance des phénomènes sociétaux, épidémiologiques, biologiques et pharmacologiques impliqués dans les résistances reste une priorité, la surveillance phénotypique et génotypique régulière sur le terrain apparait à ce jour, le meilleur outil pour adapter au mieux les stratégies de contrôle du paludisme. / Malaria remains one of the most terrible infectious diseases with more than 200 million infections and 430,000 deaths each year, mostly children under five years old in sub-Saharan Africa. Plasmodium falciparum is responsible for the vast majority of malaria mortality cases. Control of malaria still remains a major public health problem, in particular because of resistances to antimalarials that parasites developed. The apparition of these resistances is due to the drug pressure, and their progressive diffusion is mainly via the travelling of infected hosts. However, the dynamics of emergence, diffusion and persistence of resistant parasites result from complex interactions between the antimalarials, the Human, the parasite and the vector. The work presented here participates in the malaria control process by first proposing an inventory of Plasmodium resistance to antimalarials used in Cameroon, thanks to molecular, phenotypic and clinical tools. A second part explores the possible consequences of prolonged use of artemisinin derivatives on the P. falciparum phenotype, in areas where resistance to this molecule is already established. The in vitro model used showed that continuous artemisinin pressures induced a new pluri-resistance profile. Finally, a last part analyses the role of the mosquito in the epidemiology of resistances and shows that the sporogony favours the diffusion of minority alleles, resistant or not, presented in humans. All this work confirms the multiplicity of forces acting on the dynamics of resistances and the complexity of their interactions making any prediction very speculative. Even if better knowledge of the societal, epidemiological, biological and pharmacological phenomena involved in resistances is a priority, regular phenotypic and genotypic surveillance in the field remains the best tool for adapting malaria control strategies.
674

Influence de l’antigène leucocytaire humain (HLA-G) sur la sensibilité au paludisme chez la femme enceinte et le nouveau-né / Human leukocyte antigen (HLA-G) influence on malaria susceptibility in pregnant women and infants

Sadissou, Ibrahim Abiodoun 19 December 2014 (has links)
L’objectif général de cette thèse était d’étudier le rôle de la protéine soluble HLA-G (sHLA- G) dans la variabilité des réponses à l’infection par P. falciparum chez la femme enceinte et son nouveau-né pendant ses deux premières années de vie. Précisément, nous avons étudié, chez les mères pendant la grossesse et leurs nourrissons de la naissance à 2 ans, les relations entre les niveaux de sHLA-G et l’infection palustre au niveau périphérique et placentaire. Nous avons également étudié les polymorphismes génétiques situés dans la région 3’UTR du gène HLA- G chez les mères et leurs nourrissons par la détermination des fréquences alléliques, génotypiques et haplotypiques afin évaluer l’impact de ces polymorphismes sur la cinétique d’expression de sHLA-G dans un contexte d’infection palustre. Nos résultats ont montré une association entre le niveau élevé de sHLA-G chez les nourrissons et l’augmentation du risque d’infection palustre au cours du trimestre suivant. Ces niveaux élevés de sHLA-G dans le sang de cordon ont été également associés au faible poids de naissance du nouveau-né. De même, nous avons trouvé une forte corrélation entre les niveaux de sHLA-G maternels dans le sang périphérique à l’accouchement et ceux de l’enfant dans le sang du cordon à la naissance. Nous avons aussi montré l’existence de trois profils d’expression de sHLA-G chez les individus inclus dans l'étude. Certains individus expriment la protéine à chaque prélèvement (HLA-G ++) alors que d’autres l’expriment par intermittence (HLA-G +-) ou ne l’expriment pas (HLA-G --). Le risque de développer un accès palustre chez les mères était respectivement trois fois plus élevé (p=0,001, OR=3,47;p=0,008, OR=3,14) chez celles appartenant au groupe HLA-G (++) et HLA-G (+-) que le groupe HLA-G (--). L’analyse génétique de la région 3’UTR du gène nous a permis de mettre en évidence huit sites polymorphes dans cette région et de construire six haplotypes correspondant (UTR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6). Nous avons aussi montré chez les mères une association entre l’allèle T en position +3001 (C/T) et une expression plus fréquente de sHLA-G tandis que l’allèle C en position +3003 (T/C) et l’haplotype UTR-4 ont été associés à une expression moins fréquente de la protéine. Ces associations n’ont pas été mises en évidence chez les enfants. L’ensemble de ces résultats suggère l'implication de sHLA-G dans la sensibilité à l'infection palustre. Cette sensibilité serait, en partie, corrélée à l’inhibition des réponses anticorps spécifiquement dirigées contre P. falciparum. sHLA-G pourrait donc à terme devenir un bio-marqueur de susceptibilité au paludisme chez la femme enceinte et chez le nouveau-né au cours des premières années de vie. / The general objective of this thesis was to study the role of soluble HLA-G protein (sHLA-G) in the variability of individual response to malaria during pregnancy and during the first 2 years of infant life. Actually, we assessed the relationships between sHLA-G and malaria infection in peripheral and placental blood. We also investigated the effect of polymorphisms in the 3’UTR region of HLA-G gene in 400 mothers and their infants on the kinetic of sHLA-G expression three times during pregnancy and at 6, 9, 12, 18, 24 months of life in a context of malaria infection. Our results showed that high levels of sHLA-G increased the risk of malaria at the subsequent trimester in infants and were associated with low birth weight. We also showed a strong correlation between the plasmatic sHLA-G level of the mothers at delivery and those of newborns in cord blood. We found that the risk of developing malaria in mothers was respectively three fold higher in the HLA-G (++) (OR=3.47; p=0.001) and HLA-G(+-)(OR=3.14, p=0.008) groups compared to HLA-G (--) group. Besides, we described eight polymorphic sites in the 3’UTR corresponding to six haplotypes (UTR 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) and showed in mothers, an association between the allele T at position +3001 (C/T) and a higher frequency of sHLA-G expression. However, the allele C at position +3003 (T/C) and UTR-4 were associated to a lower frequency of sHLA-G expression. In infants, no association was observed between alleles or haplotypes and expression of the soluble protein. Overall, these results suggest that sHLA-G is implicated in malaria susceptibility. This could be partly, related to the inhibition of P. falciparum-specific antibody responses. Therefore, sHLA-G might be useful as a bio- marker of malaria susceptibility during pregnancy and during the first years of infancy.
675

Vers une étude approfondie des protéomes : caractérisation des extrémités N-terminales des protéines / Towards an in-depth analysis of proteomes : characterization of protein n-termini

Ayoub, Daniel 25 September 2012 (has links)
Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons développé et optimisé une stratégie originale pour la caractérisation des extrémités N-terminales des protéines et des sites de clivages protéolytiques. Elle s’appuie sur la dérivation chimique spécifique des amines N-terminales et nous l’avons adapté à différents types d’échantillons biologiques. L’application de cette stratégie dans des études en biologie nous a permis d’apporter plusieurs éléments de réponse à différentes problématiques. Nous avons ainsi caractérisé les peptides de transit des protéines mitochondriales humaines et ainsi validé/corrigé expérimentalement leurs prédictions dans les banques de données. Nous avons aussi appliqué cette stratégie à l’étude du protéome du parasite P. falciparum. La mise au point de la dérivation N-terminale de protéines immobilisées dans un gel SDS PAGE nous a permis d’étudier le mécanisme d’export des protéines de ce parasite vers sa cellule hôte et de déterminer le rôle des acides aminés impliqués dans cet export. Un réactif de dérivation marqué aux isotopes stables permet d’effectuer des études différentielles des processus protéolytiques que subissent les protéines. Cette stratégie quantitative a été appliquée à l’étude du protéome hépatique du rat soumis au jeûne expérimental. D’autres applications de l’analyse protéomique en biologie sont aussi présentées dans ce manuscrit. / In this manuscript, we describe the development and the optimization of an original strategy for the characterization of protein N-termini and protease cleavage sites. The strategy is based on specific chemical derivation of alpha-amines. We applied this method to the characterization of mitochondrial proteins’ transit peptides which allowed us to experimentally validate/correct their prediction in protein databases. In another study, the strategy was applied to the analysis of the proteome of the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. The optimization of ingel N-terminal derivation and its application to the study of parasite exported proteins allowed us to determine the role of implicated amino acid residues in the signaling and export mechanism of these proteins to the host cell. To enable differential studies of proteolysis, we introduced an isotope labeled derivation reagent. This quantitative method was applied in the context of a study of the rat liver proteome after experimental long-term fasting. Other applications of proteomics in biology are also presented in this manuscript.
676

Docking de compostos da família das ariloxazinas em enzimas relacionadas com a malária / Docking of arilloxazines in enzymes related to malaria

Corrêa, Denis da Silva 06 August 2010 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T18:39:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3220.pdf: 7184046 bytes, checksum: d31437c1aa1937336c7b8cb91918b19b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-08-06 / Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais / Malaria disease, caused mainly by Plasmodium falciparum parasite, afflicts about 500 million people and causes nearly one million deaths every year. For the development of new drugs against this disease, one possible approach is to identify an enzyme that plays a key role in P. falciparum development and presents significantly different properties from the corresponding human one. These differences can be exploited in the design of specific inhibitors of the parasite s protein, thus, three different enzymes were selected as possible targets. As there are evidences suggesting that increasing oxidative stress can effectively inhibit the growth of the malarial parasite the enzyme Glutathione Reductase of P. falciparum (PfGR), responsible for the parasite s antioxidant defense, has become a potential target for the design and development of inhibitors. The second target was the P. falciparum Dihydrofolate Reductase-Thymidylate Synthase (PfDHFR-TS), and in this case blocking its action stops the dTMP production and DNA synthesis in the parasite. The third chosen target was the P. falciparum Lactate Dehydrogenase (PfLDH), whose inhibition interrupts the ATP formation and thus causing the death of the parasite. So that a family of arilloxazines compounds, together with chloroquine and methylene blue, were studied by means of docking simulations in the binding sites of these enzymes and also in the corresponding human enzymes for comparison. The three-dimensional structures of the enzymes and of chloroquine and methylene blue were obtained from the Protein Data Bank (PDB). The structures of the arilloxazines compounds, in turn, were obtained by molecular modeling with HyperChem 6.01 and MOPAC2009 programs, using as starting models similar crystallographic structures deposited in the Cambridge Structural Database. Docking simulations were performed using GOLD 4.0.1. The docking results showed that the enzymes PfGR and PfDHFR-TS are not the preferential targets of chloroquine. For the methylene blue it was possible to elucidate its binding mode in hGR and PfGR. Regarding the arilloxazines it was possible to show that they present their higher affinity for hGR, followed by PfGR, hDHFR, PfDHFR-TS, PfLDH and hLDH. In the case of GRs, the interface site was the preferred binding site. The results suggest that if arilloxazines compounds with higher affinity for PfGR are desirable then a pentafluorophenyl should be attached at the N10 position, as in the 2e compound. When searching for arilloxazines with higher affinity for PfLDH, it seems to be desirable a carboxymethyl group at the N3 position (as in 5b) and a pentafluorophenyl group at N10 (as in 2e). Finally, the results suggest that in general the studied arilloxazines probably will present a higher affinity for hDHFR than PfDHFR-TS. All these results are an important starting point for the design of new arilloxazines ligands so that they can be used as lead compounds in the search for new drugs against malaria. / A malária, causada principalmente pelo Plasmodium falciparum, atinge cerca de 500 milhões de pessoas e causa aproximadamente um milhão de mortes todos os anos. Para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos contra esta doença, uma das abordagens possível é identificar uma enzima que desempenhe papel vital no desenvolvimento do P. falciparum e apresente propriedades significantemente diferentes das enzimas humanas correspondentes, de modo que tais diferenças possam ser exploradas no design de inibidores específicos à proteína do parasita. Existem evidências sugerindo que aumentar o estresse oxidativo pode inibir eficientemente o crescimento do parasita causador da malária e, portanto, a enzima Glutationa Redutase do P. falciparum (GRPf), responsável por sua defesa antioxidante, tornou-se um alvo em potencial para o desenvolvimento de inibidores. Também, o bloqueio da ação da Diidrofolato Redutase-Timidilato Sintase do P. falciparum (DHFR-TSPf) interrompe a produção de dTMP e a síntese de DNA no parasita. Ainda, espera-se que a inibição da Lactato Desidrogenase do P. falciparum (LDHPf) interrompa a produção de ATP no parasita e, consequentemente, cause sua morte. Portanto, estudou-se o comportamento de compostos da família das ariloxazinas, da cloroquina e do azul de metileno nos sítios de ligação destas enzimas, além das enzimas humanas correspondentes para fins de comparação, por meio de cálculos de docking. As estruturas tridimensionais das enzimas foram obtidas no Protein Data Bank (PDB). As estruturas dos inibidores da família das ariloxazinas, por sua vez, foram obtidas por meio de modelagem molecular, utilizando os programas HyperChem 6.01 e MOPAC2009, a partir de estruturas cristalográficas semelhantes obtidas no Cambridge Structural Database; já as estruturas da cloroquina e do azul de metileno foram obtidas também no PDB. Os cálculos de docking destes compostos nos sítios de ligação das enzimas estudadas foram realizados utilizando o programa GOLD 4.0.1. Com base nos resultados de docking, sugere-se que as enzimas GRPf e DHFR-TSPf não são alvos preferenciais da cloroquina. Também, pôde-se elucidar o possível modo de ligação do azul de metileno nas enzimas GRh e GRPf. No geral, foi possível sugerir ainda que as ariloxazinas devam apresentar maior afinidade pela GRh, seguida por GRPf, DHFRh, DHFR-TSPf, LDHPf e LDHh, nesta ordem. Nas GRs, o sítio da interface foi o sítio preferencial de ligação. Para se buscar inibidores da família das ariloxazinas com maior afinidade pela GRPf, sugere-se considerar um pentafluorfenil como substituinte na posição N10, como no composto 2e. Ainda, na busca por ariloxazinas com maior afinidade pela LDHPf, sugere-se considerar um carboximetil na posição N3 (como o de 5b) e um pentafluorfenil na posição N10 (como em 2e). Por fim, foi obtido que as ariloxazinas estudadas possivelmente apresentarão, em geral, uma maior afinidade pela DHFRh do que pela DHFR-TSPf. Estes dados podem ser tomados como ponto de partida para o design de novos compostos da família das ariloxazinas, a fim de que possam atuar como compostos líderes na busca por novos fármacos contra a malária.
677

Efeitos da sinalização purinérgica durante a infecção aguda e crônica pelo Plasmodium chabaudi AS. / Effects of purinergic signaling during acute and chronic infections by Plasmodium chabaudi AS.

Érika Machado de Salles 14 October 2016 (has links)
A malária permanece um sério problema de saúde em países subdesenvolvidos. O estágio sanguíneo da infecção é responsável por todos os sintomas associados com a malária. Recentemente, tem sido mostrado que receptores imunes inatos são capazes de detectar sinais de dano, tais como a adenosina trifosfato ATP. O receptor P2X7 detecta altas concentrações de ATP extracelular. Ao avaliarmos a parasitemia e os parâmetros clínicos da doença em camundongos C57BL/6 e P2X7-/-, observamos uma semelhança em ambos os grupos até o dia 7 p.i., mas após este período os camundongos P2X7-/- tiveram dificuldade de controlar a parasitemia e restaurar os parâmetros clínicos. O ineficiente controle da parasitemia durante o período agudo e crônico em camundongos P2X7-/- foi associado com a baixa produção de IFN&#947;. Além disso, o receptor P2X7 aumenta a expressão de T-bet em células Th1 e controla o número de células Tfh. Este estudo mostra que o equilíbrio mediado pelo receptor P2X7 entre os fatores de transcrição Bcl-6 e T-bet ajusta a imunidade celular e humoral na malária. / Malaria remains a serious healthcare problem in developing countries. The blood stage of infection is responsible for all symptoms associated with malaria. Recently, it has been shown that innate immune receptors are able to detect signals as adenosine triphosphate (ATP). P2X7 receptor detects high levels of extracellular ATP. Evaluating the parasitemia and clinical parameters in C57BL/6 (B6) and P2X7-/- mice, we observed a similarity in both groups to day 7 p.i., but after this period the P2X7-/- mice had difficulty in controlling the parasitemia and restoring the clinical parameters. The inefficient parasite control in acutely and chronically infected P2X7-/- mice was associated with low production of IFN&#947;. Furthermore, P2X7 receptor increases the expression of T-bet in Th1 cells and controls the Tfh cell number. This study provides a new insight into immunology by showing that the balance between T-bet and Bcl-6 transcriptional factors tunes the cellular and humoral immunity in malaria.
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Efeito do tratamento da malaria cerebral com celulas da medula ossea em camundongos infectados pelo Plasmodium berghei ANKA / Effect of tratment of cerebral with bone marrow cells in mice infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA

Pinto, Helen Cupertino Silva 14 August 2018 (has links)
Orientador: Ana Maria Aparecida Guaraldo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T15:15:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_HelenCupertinoSilva_M.pdf: 1411655 bytes, checksum: 74209c9aaeedc867a4d0f783be898b27 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A malária cerebral humana é a manifestação mais grave do Plasmodium falciparum que ocorre em 1% das infecções, sendo responsável por mais de dois milhões de mortes anuais entre crianças abaixo de cinco anos. O modelo experimental mais aceito da malária cerebral é o camundongo C57BL/6 infectado pelo Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). A administração da fração mononuclear da medula óssea, contendo principalmente células tronco mesenquimais e hematopoiéticas, constitui uma estratégia promissora no tratamento de danos neurais causados por acidente vascular cerebral. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o efeito de células da medula óssea de camundongos transgênicos C57BL/6 GFP HET transplantadas em C57BL/6JUnib infectados com 106 hemácias parasitadas pelo PbA. Resumidamente, células perfundidas da medula do fêmur e tíbia de C57BL/6 GFP HET foram purificadas por gradiente de Ficoll (Histopaque) a 1000 x g por 15 minutos. Após duas lavagens em meio RPMI, as células foram ressuspensas em NaCl 0,15 M. No segundo dia após a infecção (dai) pelo PbA, foram injetadas 3,0 x 106 a 4,6 x 107 células de medula óssea (CMO) no plexo oftálmico dos camundongos devidamente anestesiados com ketamina/xylasina (protocolo 1078-1 CEEA/Unicamp). Alguns camundongos receberam apenas a injeção de células totais da medula óssea (CTMO), sem a purificação pelo gradiente de Ficoll. Foi avaliada a integridade da barreira hemato-encefálica, mediante a injeção de azul de Evans 1% no plexo oftálmico em camundongos transplantados e não transplantados com células mononucleares da medula óssea (CMoMO) no 2º dai. Após 3 e 4 dias do transplante, não houve proteção da barreira hemato-encefálica. Para constatação da presença das células de medula óssea no cérebro, outro grupo de camundongos infectados pelo PbA recebeu no 2º dai, 4,6 x 107 CMoMO provenientes de camundongos GFP. Após a manifestação de sinais clínicos da MC os camundongos foram sacrificados para remoção do cérebro e preparo de cortes em criostato. Foi possível observar, sob microscópio de fluorescência, a presença de células da medula no bulbo olfatório de camundongos com MC+. Também foram avaliadas a sobrevivência, a parasitemia e a ação coadjuvante do tratamento com cloroquina (0,8 mg/dia/animal). Todos os 38 animais do grupo controle morreram até o 7º dia de infecção pelo PbA (13,16% no 5º dia, 68,42% no 6º dia e 18,42 % no 7º dai). A injeção de células da medula óssea não interferiu na parasitemia dos animais. Apesar dos animais que superaram a fase aguda da malária cerebral morrerem em decorrência de hiperparasitismo e anemia, o tratamento com células da medula óssea (fração mononuclear ou células totais) mostrou-se capaz de ampliar a sobrevivência em 10 a 21 dias, resultados considerados promissores. As células da medula óssea promoveram a melhora clínica do quadro neurológico da malária cerebral. / Abstract: The cerebral malaria (CM) is the most serious complication of Plasmodium falciparum occurring in 1% of infections, and is responsible for more than two million of annual deaths among children under five years old. The experimental model for brain malaria currently used is the C57BL/6 mice infected by Plasmodium berghei ANKA (PbA). Administration of mononuclear population from bone marrow containing mainly mesenchymal stem cells and haematopoietic stem cells, is a promising strategy to treat neural damages caused by stroke. In this study was evaluated the effect of bone marrow mononuclear cells of transgenic mice C57BL/6 GFP HET transplanted into C57BL/6JUnib, infected by 106 parasitized erythrocyte PbA. Briefly, bone marrow mononuclear cells flushed from femur and tibia of C57BL/6 GFP HET were purified through Ficoll (Histopaque) gradient at 1000xg during 15 minutes. After two washes with RPMI medium, the cells were resuspended in NaCl 0,15M. On the second day after infection (DAI) by PbA, were injected into mice orbital plexus 3x10 6 to 4.6x107 cells of after anaesthesia with Ketamine/Xylazine (protocol nº 1078-1 CEEA/UNICAMP). Some mice received only injection of total bone marrow cells without purification on Ficoll gradient. The injection of bone marrow mononuclear cells on the second day of infection by PbA was unable in recovering the brain blood barrier after three or four days. In order to confirm the presence of bone marrow cells in the brain, another group of infected C57BL/6JUnib received on the second day after infection 4.6 x 107 bone marrow mononuclear cells from GFP mice. They were sacrificed between 6th and 8th day after onset of clinical signs of the CM. After removal and preparation of the brain for criostate cuts, was possible to observe, under fluorescence microscope, the presence of GFP bone marrow cells in the olfactory bulb on CM+ mice. It was evaluated survival, parasitemia and action of the adjuvant treatment of chloroquine (0.8 mg/day/animal) as well. All the 38 animals from control group died until 7th DAI. (13.16% at 5th DAI,68.42% at 6th DAI and 18.42% at 7th DAI). The transplantation of bone marrow cells did not affect the parasitemia. The bone marrow cells therapy infected mice by PbA was able to revert the clinical signs of cerebral malaria, increasing the survival up to 21 days. / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia
679

Desenvolvimento de modelos de QSAR e planejamento de novos inibidores da enzima dUTPase de Plasmodium falciparum / Development of QSAR models and design of new plasmodium falciporum dUTase inihibitors

Nascimento, Marília Nunes do 03 March 2015 (has links)
Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-14T08:51:05Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maríilia Nunes do Nascimento - 2015.pdf: 2988580 bytes, checksum: 941d336cea1a51aeb45d97702067875a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2016-01-15T08:54:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maríilia Nunes do Nascimento - 2015.pdf: 2988580 bytes, checksum: 941d336cea1a51aeb45d97702067875a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-15T08:54:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Maríilia Nunes do Nascimento - 2015.pdf: 2988580 bytes, checksum: 941d336cea1a51aeb45d97702067875a (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-03-03 / Malaria is a serious endemic disease caused by parasites of the genus Plasmodium, which affects much of the population, especially in tropical and subtropical areas. Currently, drug therapy makes use of artemisinin or its derivatives associated with a second anti-malarial drug. The shortage of new treatments as well as the spread of parasite resistance to drugs currently available, makes urgent the search and discovery of new targets and new antimalarial drugs. The enzyme deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dUTPase) of Plasmodium falciparum plays an important role in maintaining balance between 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-triphosphate (dUTP) and 2'- deoxitimina 5'-triphosphate (dTTP) in order to avoid the erroneous incorporation uracil on the DNA tape. Thus, the enzyme dUTPase is a potential target for the development of new drugs, and has been validated for the organisms Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Mycobacterium smegmatis. This study aimed to carry out quantitative studies of the relationship between structure and activity (QSAR) to a series of β-branched nucleoside inhibitors PfdUTPase, in order to generate robust and predictive models to predict compounds activity untested and that may help to elucidate the important structural requirements for the affinity of this class of compounds. For this, there was the hologram QSAR analysis (HQSAR), comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA). For studies of CoMFA and CoMSIA were tested two methods of calculation of partial charges, the empirical method Gasteiger-Huckel and the semi-empirical method AM1-BCC. Were also tested three structural alignment strategies based on the binder: maximum common substructure, based on the overlap of molecular volumes, and on the basis of morphological similarities; and a strategy based on the 3D coordinates of the enzymeinhibitor complex (molecular docking). The QSAR models generated showed good robustness and external predictability, showing good power correlation and prediction of affinity. The HQSAR contribution maps and contour maps of the CoMFA and CoMSIA indicated the importance of certain groups for affinity, such as the importance of the presence of at least two of trityl rings that contribute both sterically as hydrophobically to interact with the hydrophobic site of the parasite enzyme, non-existent in the human enzyme. The drug design based on information obtained from 2D and 3D QSAR, generated 121 molecules grouped into 18 clusters. Two hits with approximate power to one of the most active compounds of the series stood out by presenting appropriate physicochemical properties. / A malária é uma doença endêmica grave, causada por parasitos do gênero Plasmodium, que afeta grande parte da população, em especial nas áreas tropicais e subtropicais. Atualmente, o tratamento farmacológico faz uso de artemisinina ou de seus derivados associado a um segundo fármaco antimalárico. A escassez de novos tratamentos assim como a disseminação da resistência do parasito aos fármacos atualmente disponíveis, torna urgente a busca e descoberta de novos alvos e novos fármacos antimaláricos. A enzima deoxiuridina trifosfatase (dUTPase) de Plasmodium falciparum desempenha um papel importante na manutenção do equilíbrio entre 2’-desoxiuridina 5’-trifosfato (dUTP) e 2’-deoxitimina 5’-trifosfato (dTTP), a fim de evitar a incorporação errônea de uracila na fita do DNA. Dessa forma, a enzima dUTPase é um alvo potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos, e já foi validada para os organismos Escherichia coli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae e Mycobacterium smegmatis. Este trabalho teve como objetivo a realização de estudos quantitativos de relação entre estrutura e atividade (QSAR) para uma série de nucleosídeos β-ramificados inibidores da PfdUTPase, com a finalidade de se gerar modelos robustos e preditivos para predizer a atividade de compostos não testados e que possam auxiliar na elucidação dos requisitos estruturais importantes para a afinidade desta classe de compostos. Para isso, realizou-se a análise de holograma QSAR (HQSAR), análise comparativa de campos moleculares (CoMFA) e a análise comparativa dos índices de similaridade molecular (CoMSIA). Para os estudos de CoMFA e CoMSIA, foram testados dois métodos de cálculo de cargas parciais, o método empírico Gasteiger-Huckel e o método semi-empírico AM1-BCC. Foram também testadas três estratégias de alinhamento estrutural baseadas no ligante: máxima subestrutura comum, baseada na sobreposição de volumes moleculares, e em função da similaridade morfológica; e uma estratégia baseada nas coordenadas 3D do complexo enzima-inibidor (docking molecular). Os modelos de QSAR gerados apresentaram boa robustez e preditividade externa, demostrando bom poder de correlação e predição da afinidade. Os mapas de contribuição de HQSAR e os mapas de contorno do CoMFA e CoMSIA indicaram a importância de determinados grupos para a afinidade, como por exemplo, a importância da presença de ao menos dois anéis tritila que contribuem tanto estericamente como hidrofobicamente para interação com o sítio hidrofóbico da enzima do parasito, inexistente na enzima de humanos. O planejamento de fármacos baseado nas informações obtidas do QSAR 2D e 3D, gerou 121 moléculas agrupadas em 18 clusters. Dois hits com potência aproximada a um dos compostos mais ativos da série se destacaram por apresentar propriedades físico-químicas apropriadas.
680

Avaliação da atividade antimalárica e antimicrobiana de geissosperum argenteum Woodson e Minguartia guianensis Aubl coletadas em Roraima

Marlene Rodrigues Marcelino Camargo 26 October 2011 (has links)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Dentre as espécies florestais nativas da Amazônia utilizadas por populações tradicionais na terapêutica de diversos problemas de saúde estão a Geissospermum argenteum Woodson, uma Apocynaceae, e a Minquartia guianensis Aubl., da família Olacaceae. Entre os problemas de saúde está a malária, que no Brasil e no mundo ainda é um grave problema de saúde pública. Outro agravo à saúde de importância são infecções microbianas, pois os micro-organismos têm desenvolvido resistência aos agentes antimicrobianos. Neste trabalho, foram coletadas amostras de cascas, folhas e galhos de G. argenteum e M. guianensis, em área de floresta, na Vila Apiaú, município de Mucajaí RR. As amostras foram submetidas à extração metanólica a quente e extração aquosa, Amostra de extrato metanólico de cascas de G. argenteum foi submetida a particionamento líquido-líquido, resultando nas frações hexânica, clorofórmica, acetato de etila e metanol/água. A fração clorofórmica foi selecionada para cromatografia em coluna com sistema gradiente de solventes, obtendo-se 38 frações, as quais foram analisadas através de CCD e destas a fração Cr10 foi selecionada para cromatografia preparativa, a partir da qual foi obtida a fração F6, que analisada em CCD mostrou-se positiva para alcalóides. Os extratos metanólicos e aquosos de ambas as espécies, e frações primárias provenientes de extratos G. argenteum foram testados em ensaios in vitro para atividade antimalárica frente à cepa cloroquino-resistente, K1, de Plasmodium falciparum, nas concentrações de 50 e 5 &#956;g/mL. Posteriormente, amostras ativas foram avaliadas em 7 diluições para estabelecer a relação dose-resposta e valores de concentração inibitória mediana (CI50). Amostras provenientes das duas espécies também foram testadas contra as cepas bacterianas, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans e Escherichia coli, e contra a levedura Candida albicans. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada através de difusão em ágar e a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) por microdiluição em placas. Para as frações acetato de etila, clorofórmica, hexânica e hidroalcoólica obtida de cascas de G. argenteum e a fração Cr10 foi realizada a bioautografia para S. aureus. Na atividade antimalárica o extrato metanólico de casca foi ativo, com CI50 de 4,6 &#956;g/mL e a fração clorofórmica obtida de casca de G. argenteum também foi ativa com CI50 de 2,0 &#956;g/mL. Os extratos de M. guianensis foram considerados inativos para a atividade antimalárica. Na atividade antimicrobiana, através de difusão em ágar, extratos de G. argenteum foram parcialmente ativos contra S. aureus, S. mutans e inativos contra E. coli e C. albicans. A CIM para S. aureus foi de 0,63 mg/mL para a fração metanol/água, para S. mutans, CIM de 0,63 mg/mL e C. albicans com CIM de 0,63 mg/mL. Para cepa de E. coli os extratos foram inativos. Extratos de M. guianensis mostraram-se ativos frente à S. aureus e C. albicans através de difusão em ágar e apresentaram a CIM superior a 1mg/ml para S. aureus, S. mutans e C. albicans. Os extratos de M. guianensis foram inativos contra E. coli. Na autobiografia para S. aureus as frações testadas apresentaram atividade. / Among the natives species from the Amazon Forest used by traditional populations in the treatment of various health problems, including, malaria, wich in Brazil and in the world remains a serious public health problem, are Geissospermum argenteum Woodson, an Apocynaceae, and Minquartia guianensis Aubl, Olacaceae family. Another important health problem is the microbial infections, because the microorganisms have developed resistence to antimicrobial agents. In this work, samples were collected from bark, leaves and twigs of G.argenteum and M. guianensis in a forestall area in Apiaú village, city of Mucajaí RR. The samples were extracted by hot methanol and water extraction, resulting in methanol and aqueous extracts. Sample of methanol extract of bark of G.argenteum was submitted to liquid-liquid partitioning, resulting in fractions hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate and methanol/water. The chloroform fraction was selected for fractionation using chromatography colunn and solvent gradient system, resulting in 38 fractions, which were analyzed by TLC and the fraction Cr10 was selected for preparative chromatography, from which the fraction F6 was obtained, analyzed in CCD was positive for alkaloids. The methanol and aqueous extracts of both species and fractions of extracts from primary G.argenteum were tested in vitro assays for antimalarial activity against the chlroquine-resistant K1 Plasmodium falciparum at concentrations of 50 and 5 mg/mL. Subsequently, active samples were evaluated in 7 diluitions to establish the dose-response and median inhibitory concentration values (IC50). Samples from two species were also tested against bacterial strains, Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus mutans and Escherichia coli, and against the yeast Candida albicans. Antimicrobial activity was evaluated by agar diffusion and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) by microdilution plates. For fractions of ethyl acetate, chloroform, hexane and water-alcohol obtained from barks of G.argenteum, fraction Cr10 and bioautography was performed fo S. aureus. Antimalarial activity in the methanol extract of bark was active, with IC50 of 4,6 mg/mL and chloroform fraction obtained from bark of G.argenteum was also active with IC50 of 2,0 mg/mL. The extracts of M. guianensis were considered inactive for antimalarial activity. In antimicrobial activity by agar diffusion, extracts of G.argenteum were partially active against S. aureus, S. mutans and inactive against E. coli and C. albicans. The MIC for S. aureus was 0,63 mg/mL per fraction methanol/water, S. mutans, MIC of 0,63 mg/mL and C. albicans with an MIC of 0,63 mg/mL. For the strain of E.coli there was no activity. Extracts of M. guianensis were active against the S. aureus and C. albicans by agar diffusion and presented more than 1 mg/mL MIC for S aureus, S.mutans and C. albicans. The extracts of M. guianensis were inactive against E. coli.

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