Piaget, Inhelder et Szeminska (1948) ont analysé l’évolution avec l’âge de la copie d’un dessin géométrique angulaire composé de deux traits formant deux angles. Les résultats obtenus sont interprétés dans le modèle stadiste piagétien. En accord avec le modèle de choix de stratégies de Siegler (1996 ; 2007) et l’importance de la variabilité intra-individuelle (Lautrey, 2003), notre thèse reprend cette analyse en faisant l’hypothèse que chaque participant dispose de plusieurs procédures. Nous explorons le répertoire de procédures des enfants âgés de 6 à 12 ans et des adultes en proposant la copie dans plusieurs conditions expérimentales : copie spontanée, plusieurs copies successives en demandant au participant de copier autrement, copie avec l’utilisation d’un instrument spécifique. Nous tentons ensuite d’enrichir ce répertoire en montrant au participant une procédure qu’il n’a pas pu produite seul. Les résultats obtenus sont cohérents avec les modèles pluralistes du développement : dès 10 ans, les enfants disposent de plusieurs procédures pour copier le dessin. Cependant, la mise en évidence de la variabilité intra-individuelle dans cette tâche est contrainte par les conditions expérimentales et les connaissances instrumentales et conceptuelles du participant, notamment l’acquisition du concept d’angle. / Piaget, Inhelder and Szeminska (1948) analysed the age evolution of a geometric drawing two-lines composed and forming an angle. The results obtained are interpreted in the stadist piagetian model. In accordance with the strategy choice model (Siegler, 1996; 2007) and with the intra-individual variability importance (Lautrey, 2003), our thesis takes up this analysis with hypothesis that each participant have at his disposal several procedures. We explore the 6 to 12 aged children and adult procedural repertory by suggesting the copy in different experimental conditions: spontaneous copy, several copies in proceeding (in other way), copy with specific instrument use,. We also attempt to complete this repertory by showing the participant a procedure he could not have produced by himself. The obtained results are suitable with plural models of development: from the age of ten, the children have several strategies for copying the drawing. However, the intra-individual variability observed in this task is forced by experimental conditions and instrumental and conceptual knowledge of the participant, in particular the acquisition of angle concept .

No description available.

Kroniska sjukdomar ökar världen över, i både utvecklings- och industrialiserade länder. Mäniskor som lider av kroniska sjukdomar finner ofta den västerländska medicinen oförmögen att behandla deras sjukdommar, och vänder sig istället till traditionell, komplementär och alternativ medicin [TM/CAM]. TM/CAM har visat sig vara effektiv vid prevention och behandling av kroniska sjukdomar, varför det är av stort intresse att undersöka möjligheten för ökad integration av TM/CAM inom de nationella sjukvårdssystemen. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka de krafter som främjar respektive förhindrar kommunikation och samarbete mellan utövare av ayurveda, västerländsk och traditionell medicin, samt att se hur detta påverkar integrationen av de medicinska subsystemen på Sri Lanka. Fokus för studien är ett specifikt samarbetsprojekt, “The outcome oriented, evidence informed community health promotion program”, vars mål är att integrera ayurveda och västerländsk medicin inom primärvården. En kvalitativ studie genomfördes under tre månader på Sri Lanka med hjälp av semi-strukturerade intervjuer, deltagande observation samt analys av dokument. Paul Unschulds teori om strukturerad konkurrens, samarbete eller integration användes vid tolkningen av resultaten. Resultaten tyder på att den huvudsakliga formen för samexistens mellan ayurveda och västerländsk medicin på Sri Lanka är strukturerad konkurrens, medan samarbetsprojektet siktar mot att uppnå strukturerat samarbete. Det parallella politiska system som styr samexistenseen mellan ayurveda och västerländsk medicin tycks förhindra integration, medan en ökad professionalisering genom nationella regleringar skapar ökat samarbete och integration. Brist på kunskap om ayurveda bland medicinstudenter förhindrar samarbete. Samtidigt kan inflytandet från västerländsk medicin i den auyurvediska universitetsutbildningen till synes både främja och förhindra samarbete och integration. Genom att höja kompetensen omkring forskningsmetodik och hälsovårdsystem hos ayurvediska läkare kan samarbete främjas. Likaså är forskning utformad med hänsyn till ayurvediska grundprinciper samt närvaro av nyckelpersoner med kompetens inom både ayurveda och västerländsk medicin främjande faktorer för samarbete och integration. / Non-communicable diseases [NCDs] are increasing in both developing and developed countries. Western medicine is not able to offer satisfying solutions and treatments for people suffering from NCDs. TM/CAM have shown promise of effectiveness in the prevention and treatment of NCDs and many people now turn to TM/CAM. Hence it is of great interest to investigate the possibilities of increased integration of TM/CAM in national health care systems. This study was carried out in Sri Lanka, with the aim to investigate the main forces promoting and obstructing cooperation and communication between practitioners of Ayurvedic, Western and traditional medicine, in order to see how this affects integration of the medical subsystems. The focus of this qualitative study was the “Outcome oriented, evidence informed Ayurvedic Community Health Promotion Program”; a collaboration project aiming to integrate Ayurveda and Western medicine in primary health care. Semi-structured interviews, participatory observation and document analysis were carried out during three months in Sri Lanka and the results were analysed using Paul Unschuld’s theory on structured competition, cooperation or integration. The results indicate that the overall coexistence of Ayurveda and Western medicine in Sri Lanka is structured competition, while the collaboration project is aiming for structured cooperation. The results further show that the Sri Lankan parallel political approach to integration can be argued to obstruct integration, while the regulation of Ayurvedic practitioners increases cooperation through professionalization. Education is a main influencing factor for cooperation; lack of CAM-knowledge in medical students obstructs cooperation while westernization of Ayurvedic doctors both promotes and obstructs cooperation and integration. Capacity building, research based on Ayurvedic fundamentals and keypersons with knowledge of both sectors are of importance for increased cooperation and integration to come about.

In 1852, the leadership of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints made the pivotal decision to publicize the doctrine and practice of plural marriage—something they had worked to keep out of the public eye for years. This decision came in response to federal and social pressures. They quickly moved to announce and defend plural marriage among Church members as well as broader society, including those in the federal government. Orson Pratt was chosen by Brigham Young to be the face and the voice of the Church concerning plural marriage, both in Salt Lake City among members and in Washington D.C., where he preached sermons and published a periodical on the subject. This thesis a) demonstrates why Orson Pratt was the ideal candidate for such an undertaking; b) assesses the motivation for and context of the public unveiling and defense of plural marriage; c) analyzes Pratt’s rhetoric of the first public treatise on the subject given to a Latter-day Saint congregation at a special conference on 29 August 1852; and d) compares the rhetoric and reasoning between Pratt’s sermon to the Saints and his persuasive periodical written to the nation from Washington D.C. titled The Seer. Pratt’s rhetoric is incisive and carefully tailored to his audience. Important nuances in argumentation arise as he publishes the Seer and strives to convince his fellow citizens that plural marriage is right before God, improves society, and that the Saints should be allowed to practice polygamy as an expression of religious freedom. Orson Pratt ultimately fails to make a difference in the national opinion of plural marriage, but is successful in establishing a foundation of principles and reason that would be employed by the Saints to defend the practice of plural marriage for decades.

Ce mémoire utilise une approche expérimentale pour étudier l’effet de la polarisation des candidats de gauche et de droite sur la force des barrières à l’entrée pour un candidat centriste dans le cas d’élections avec trois candidats. Ce dernier est introduit au cours de l’expérience ce qui permet d’observer l’effet de l’entrée du candidat centriste sur les comportements de vote des participants. L’analyse des données expérimentales indique que la polarisation des candidats affecte directement la force des barrières à l’entrée du candidat centriste et cela même si la base électorale du candidat centriste est maintenue fixe. Ceci est principalement dû aux perceptions des électeurs et aux gains reliés à l’élection du candidat centriste comparativement aux autres candidats, ces facteurs influant sur la coordination des votes.

Ayant comme activité l'épargne et/ou le crédit, les initiatives auxquelles notre étude s'intéresse forment le domaine des finances solidaires, ce dernier constituant un sous-ensemble de l'économie solidaire. L' objectif central a été de délimiter ce champ en France et au Brésil, en interrogeant le rôle joué par ces initiatives dans le développement de l’économie solidaire sur un territoire. Dans une approche socioéconomique, la question du rôle des finances solidaires au-delà de leur dimension financière suppose une compréhension élargie de l’économie basée sur la pensée de Karl Polanyi. À partir d'une démarche ethnographique, nous constatons que l'activité de financement solidaire, considérée de manière isolée, produit un impact relativement peu significatif, en termes de financement et de développement de l'économie solidaire. Pour comprendre les finances solidaires, il est nécessaire de rendre compte des dimensions économique, sociale et politique de leur action. / The initiatives to which this study focuses are in the field of solidarity economy. Having as activity savings and / or credit, they form the field of social finance . The main question of this research is the role of social finance in the development of initiatives of the solidarity economy. In a socio-economic approach, this question implies a broader understanding of the economy which is based on K . Polanyi conceptual framework. Using an ethnographic approach in two different countries – France and Brazil -, we are looking for understand the social and political dimensions of solidarity finance. / Tendo como atividade principal a poupança e/ou o crédito, as iniciativas que interessam ao nosso estudo formam o campo das finanças solidárias, o qual se inscreve no campo da economia solidária. O objetivo central do traballho foi delimitar as finanças solidárias no Brasil e na França, questionando o papel dessas iniciativas no desenvolvimento da economia solidária em um dado território. Numa perspectiva socioeconômica, a questão do papel das finanças solidárias para além da dimension financeira supõe uma compreensão ampliada da economia, a qual se baseia no pensamento de Karl Polanyi. A partir de um trabalho de campo etnográfico, constatamos que quando analisamos a atividade de financiamento solidário de maneira isolada, seu impacto, em termos de financiamento e de desenvolvimento da economia solidária, parece relativamente pouco importante. Para compreender seu papel, é preciso considerar as dimensões econômica,social e política dessas iniciativas.

Ce mémoire présente une étude de la morphologie de ce qui est généralement appelé le pluriel nominal du persan (parler de Téhéran) dans le cadre d’une théorie de la morphologie basée sur le mot : Whole Word Morphology, développée par Ford et Singh (1991). Ce modèle lexicaliste adopte une position plus forte que les modèles proposés par Aronoff (1976) et Anderson (1992) en n’admettant aucune opération morphologique sur des unités plus petites que le mot. Selon cette théorie, une description morphologique consiste en l’énumération des Stratégies de Formation de Mots (SFM), licencées chacunes par au moins deux paires de mots ayant la même covariation formelle et sémantique. Tous les SFM suit le même schéma. Nous avons répertorié 49 SFM regroupant les pluriels et les collectifs. Nous constatons qu’il est difficile de saisir le pluriel nominal du persan en tant que catégorie syntaxique et que les différentes « marques du pluriel » présentées dans la littérature ne constituent pas un ensemble homogène : elles partagent toutes un sens de pluralité qui cependant varie d’une interprétation référentielle à une interprétation collective non-référentielle. Cette étude vise la déscription de la compétence morphologique, ce qui ne dépend d’aucune considération extralinguistique. Nous argumentons notamment contre la dichotomie arabe/persan généralement admise dans la littérature. Nous avons également fourni des explications quant à la production des pluriels doubles et avons discuté de la variation supposée du fait d’un choix multiple de « marques du pluriel ». / This thesis presents a word-based study of what is generally called the nominal plural morphology of Persian (Tehrani dialect) within the framework of the Whole Word Morphology developed by Ford & Singh (1991). This lexicaliste model takes up a stronger position than that proposed by Aronoff (1976) and Anderson (1992), by not allowing any morphological operation on units smaller than the word. According to this theory a morphological description consist of the listing of the Word Formation Strategies (WFS), each licensed by at least two pairs of words having the same formal and semantic covariation. All WFS’s follow the same schema. We have listed 49 WFS’s of plurals and collectives. We note that it is difficult to understand the import of the plural nominal as a syntactic category in Persian and that different “marks of plural” presented in the literature do not make a homogeneous unity: they all share a plurality meaning but it varies from referential interpretation to collective and non-referential interpretation. This study’s aim is to describe the morphological competence, which does not depend on any extra-linguistic criteria. In particular, we argue against the generally admitted Arabic/Persian dichotomy. We also provide explanation with regards to the utterance of double plurals and to the variation assumed since more than one choice of “plural marks” are available.

(in English): In many studies there was demonstrated that word's imageability - the ability of a word to produce a mental image of it's referent - affects the processing of its inflection (e.g. Prado - Ullman, 2009), its acquisition (e.g. McDonough et al., 2011) and the acquisition of grammatical morphemes (Smolík, in press). This thesis builds on the Smolík's paper, and its goal is to test whether the imageability of a word's stem influences the acquisition of its inflections in Czech children. Word imageability ratings and ratings of other variables that were assumed to affect the process of the acquisition of word inflections, were collected, then questionnaires were distributed to parents to examine how the forms of chosen words are acquired by children. The focus was on the acquisition of nominative plural of nouns, present tense in second person and past tense of verbs. The results show that the imageability significantly predicts the age of acquisition of the nominative in singular and all observed forms of verbs. The absence of the imegability effect on the acquisition of nominative in plural may be due to the overall high imageability and thus reduced variability of ratings in nouns in our dataset. Two possible explanations of the imageability effect on the acqusition of morphological...

La thèse analyse les mobilités internationales étudiantes marocaines en France au regard de la configuration de leurs réseaux sociaux et de leur inscription territoriale. Le questionnement porte sur l’espace en mouvement ou plutôt les formes spatiales engendrées par des réseaux aux formes variées s’appuyant sur des lieux connectés. La thèse apporte un éclairage sur un type particulier de migration qualifiante, parce qu’éphémère, et insiste sur une appropriation des lieux basée sur le relationnel et la présence plurielle entre l’ici et le là-bas. La démarche combine méthodes quantitatives (analyse de données statistiques) et qualitatives (corpus d’entretien, observations) auquel s’ajoutent des techniques innovantes d’analyse des réseaux du web social (notamment par la mobilisation de graphes de réseaux Facebook). L’analyse des trajectoires de mobilité, des réseaux relationnels et des sociabilités, mais aussi des pratiques du quotidien des acteurs migrants, mettent à jour une territorialisation mobile et réticulaire qui permet de définir un territoire relationnel construit par les relations à partir des réseaux. Le territoire révèle ainsi des propriétés relationnelles, éphémères et dynamiques. Le web social est intégré comme un élément fondamental de cette territorialisation mobilitaire et réticulaire par la mise en relation des lieux et l’opérationnalité de la présence plurielle. En parallèle, les pratiques du web social dessinent un territoire des possibles permettant de réinterroger l’imaginaire migratoire. / This thesis analyzes the social networks and spatial mobility of Moroccan students in France. The main focus is on the socio-spatial practices and patterns generated by the students’ networks, and on the various spatialities and connected places they produce. The thesis provides insights into a particular type of short-term migration, and outlines how this form of migration leads to the appropriation of places and a relational, multi-nodal presence that situates students in a continuum between here (France) and there (Morocco). The research approach combines quantitative methods (statistical analysis) and qualitative methods (interviews, participant-observation) and introduces innovative techniques for analyzing online social networks (including the use of graphs to visualize Facebook networks). Analysis of mobility trajectories, relational networks and sociability, along with the daily practices of migrant actors, reveals a flexible spatial usage whichallows for the delineation of relational spaces, and leads to an understanding of the interconnections formed through online social networks. Moroccan students’ spatial patterns thus have relational, temporary and dynamic properties. The social web is an integral element of students’ mobility and multi-nodal spatial usage, and by linking a diversity of places and practices leads to a form of ‘plural presence’. At the same time, the online social networking practices of Moroccan students in France allows for a re-examination of the possible spatial imaginations (or, imaginaries) of migration.

By taking the recognition of persons as rights-holders in the framework of international human rights into account, this study directs its attention to women in protracted refugee situations, restricted to stay in camps also when their human rights are at risk due to various forms of violence. The question in focus is the following: To what extent may there be a risk that women in a refugee camp context, distinguished by a protracted refugee situation, do not become visible as rights-holders and entrusted to act with regard to international human rights and the problem of violence against women, especially domestic violence? The research process has taken the form of a continuous dialogue with the material for the study, a dialogue directing attention to material from an established international human rights system on one hand and material dealing with a local refugee camp context on the other. The study finds its entry-point primarily in the context of the international human rights treaty the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW), including the work of the CEDAW Committee as a treaty body, and also the international mandate of the Special Rapporteur on Violence against Women, its causes and consequences. Due to the presence of a variety of justice mechanisms in the camps, certain aspects of a local customary law tradition are also addressed. The existence of an unlocked legal door for women to take actions in family law matters, or in cases of gender-based violence is something not to take for granted. The hindrances could lie deep in the legal system practiced. It could be an issue of not being entrusted by the structure of the system to act in person, as woman, with a legal capacity and by own right before the law. The study underlines the importance of sharpened awareness and analysis of the presence of a complex legal context and a variety of customary law traditions in the camps. It appears from the study that for women in a refugee camp to be able to act as rights-holders and claim human rights as laid down in human rights conventions, the issue of visibility is not only a matter of training in presenting facts on the ground in front of local authorities. To be visible in addressing the problem of gender-based violence and gaps in protection of human rights in a refugee camp context is first and foremost an issue for women to be recognized the right to act in legal matters. It is an issue of having the freedom of expression and to be recognized the social and legal status to act in their own capacity in front of the local legal structures, including the local customary law context, and to address international human rights monitoring mechanisms, such as the CEDAW Committee or the Special Rapporteur.