Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T13:37:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 417835.pdf: 1944989 bytes, checksum: 6c093c4bafa0f7e15e8ae411956cca68 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-27 / Esta tese ? uma aplica??o ling??stico-computacional baseada em Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) com um algoritmo ilustrativo sobre o plural na Morfologia do Portugu?s Brasileiro (PB): PluralRNA. Este ? um software criado com o objetivo de fazer com que a m?quina depreenda regras de flex?o de n?mero a partir da inser??o de pares lexicais singular/plural. Essa depreens?o acontece na fase de treinamento depois de a base de dados da rede estar devidamente provida desses pares. A partir da?, digitam-se outras palavras no singular para que o programa aplique a desin?ncia depreendida pelo processamento. A seguir, analisa-se o potencial de aprendizagem do programa para constatar as suas capacidades e limita??es e sugerir perspectivas, pretendendo assim contribuir cientificamente para a Morfologia Computacional do PB. O resultado ? satisfat?rio na medida em que, por um lado, as generaliza??es das regras depreendidas s?o percebidas e cotejadas com o l?xico padr?o, tendo, na maioria dos casos, correspond?ncia com normatiza??o; por outro, alguns ciclos de treinamento refor?am a depreens?o das desin?ncias e alteram, em rar?ssimos casos, aquelas que j? eram dadas como certas pela correla??o gramatical. Portanto, os pares lexicais e a aplicabilidade do PluralRNA oferecem material suficiente para a continuidade dos estudos do processamento flexional de n?mero para a Morfologia Computacional do PB.

La thèse porte sur la façon dont le De unitate et pluralitate creaturarum d’Achard de Saint-Victor recourt aux doctrines médio et néoplatoniciennes pour résoudre la question d’une coexistence de l’unité et de la pluralité en Dieu et dans les créatures. L’enjeu est ainsi de mieux comprendre la place de la métaphysique platonicienne dans l’école de Saint-Victor, et ce malgré la rareté des sources au XIIe siècle, œuvres de Platon ou de ses disciples grecs. La première partie introduit d’abord à la philosophie d’Achard et aux problèmes paléographiques et philologiques que soulève le manuscrit unique du De unitate ; puis elle déconstruit cet ouvrage en ceux de ses éléments (questions, doctrines, notions) qu’il emprunte au médio et au néoplatonisme. Les deux autres parties examinent comment pour Achard une pluralité est possible : en Dieu (pluralité de personnes, de raisons dans le Verbe) et dans le monde (en tant qu’il est connu par Dieu par les formes-prototypes). Chaque partie examine comment les principaux penseurs tardo-antiques et alto-médiévaux (Apulée, Augustin, Calcidius, Boèce, Erigène) et les auteurs victorins, Hugues et Richard de Saint-Victor ont repris les éléments platoniciens étudiés dans la première partie. Ensuite est proposée une reconstruction de la réponse d’Achard. La thèse contribue à résoudre deux problèmes de l’histoire de la philosophie : quels éléments et sources platoniciens ont été reçus au XIIe siècle et quelle place la pensée victorine fait-elle à l’héritage platonicien. Les problèmes philosophiques soulevés sont la multiplication des objets intelligibles et sensibles, la définition de la chose et l’identité des êtres. / The main goal of this dissertation is to describe how Achard of Saint-Victor uses Medio and Neoplatonic doctrines in his treatise De unitate et pluralitate creaturarum in order to answer the question about unity and plurality of God and his creatures. This will lead to a better comprehension of the role of platonic metaphysics in the doctrine of the school of St. Victor despite the weak presence of Plato’s heritage in the XIIth century. In the first part of the thesis, I introduce Achard’s philosophy and the paleographical and philological problems posed by the only manuscript of the De unitate. Then I consider the elements of the treatise (questions, doctrines, notions) which were borrowed from Middle Platonism and Neoplatonism. The two other parts are dedicated to the examination of the possibility of a plurality in God (persons and reasons in the Word of God) and in the world (as it is conceived by God through form-prototypes). In each part, I examine the way that main thinkers of Late Antiquity and High Middle Ages (Apuleius, Augustin, Chalcidius, Boethius, Erigena) and the Victorins (Hugues and Richard) absorbed the platonic doctrines described in the first part of my dissertation. At the end of each part, I propose the reconstruction of Achard’s development of those doctrines.This dissertation contributes to two problems of the history of philosophy: what Platonic doctrines and sources were received in the XIIth century and what is the place of the Platonic heritage in Victorin thought. The philosophical problems of the multiplication of intelligible and sensible objects, of the definition of things and of the identity of beings are also addressed.

Tomando como ponto de partida os agrupamentos juvenis no cenário contemporâneo, este estudo discute a cena urbana atual e as políticas púbicas endereçadas aos jovens, através da dinâmica comunicacional marcada pelos membros da Aliança Negra Posse e Núcleo Cultural Força Ativa, ambos pertencentes ao distrito Cidade Tiradentes, zona leste da cidade de São Paulo. Este estudo tem como foco central à análise das formas estabelecidas pelos jovens periféricos em relação ao espaço de sociabilidade e às formas de representação. Ou seja, de que forma os membros expressam as saídas para os diversos conflitos presentes no cotidiano, e como cristalizam a idéia d renovação do espaço e das próprias relações sociais. / Having as a starting point juvenile groups in the contemporary setting, this study discusses the current urban scenario and the public politics aimed at the young, through the communicational dynamics registered by the members of the Aliança Negra Posse e Núcleo Cultural Força Ativa (Black Alliance Possession and Cultural Center Active Force), both part of the district Cidade Tiradentes, in the east zone of the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. This study has as its focus the analysis of forms established by the periphery young concerning the space of sociability and the forms of representation. That is, in which ways they express solutions to the various conflicts present in their everyday life and how they crystallize the idea of renewal of the space and the social relations themselves.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-08-20Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:09:20Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 salomao_mh_me_sjrp.pdf: 880828 bytes, checksum: 1acf7804cf3583279a73a79a2dcffae2 (MD5) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / A atuação de processos de redução e de supressão de segmentos consonantais em fenômenos redundantes, como a concordância nominal, tende a suprimir marcas de pluralidade, provocando a possibilidade de ambiguidade referencial. Um fenômeno fonológico que reflete o processo gramatical de concordância é o da supressão de /S/, que pode afetar a marcação de pluralidade em contexto nominal. Com base nisso, o objetivo deste trabalho é o de submeter a um tratamento variacionista, de base quantitativa, dados de marcação variável de plural no SN e no SA em contexto de predicativo, obtidos em córpus coletado na região de São José do Rio Preto. O trabalho procura examinar se a marcação de pluralidade nos predicativos pode ser explicada com base em motivações exclusivamente formais, ou exclusivamente funcionais, ou ainda, com base na interação entre ambas, que consistiriam, assim, em motivações em competição (DU BOIS, 1985). A análise dos resultados mostra, por um lado, que um princípio funcional, como o as Condições de Distintividade de Kiparsky (1972), atua positivamente na marcação variável de pluralidade, mas não tem força suficiente para governar isoladamente o processo. Mostra, por outro, que as motivações formais, gerenciadas pelo Princípio do Paralelismo Formal, também exercem influência significativa na marcação variável de plural no predicativo, mas não como força predominante, na medida em que se submete a uma influência significativa das variáveis extralinguísticas escolaridade e idade. Esse comportamento dos dados não permite dar a esse princípio o poder explanatório que Labov (1996) lhe atribui, isto é, como a atuação mecânica de forças inerentemente internas ao sistema linguístico. Por essa razão, a explicação mais plausível para a marcação variável de pluralidade nos predicativos, na variedade estudada... / Both the reduction and the suppression of consonantal segments when those occur in contexts of nominal agreement tends to drop plural markers, thus creating referential ambiguities. Amongst those phenomena reflecting a process of grammatical agreement is the suppresion of /S/ in spoken Portuguese, which characterizes a phonological phenomenon that may affect plurality marking in the NP. Considering that, the present work employs a variationist and quantitative method to analyse data containing instances of predicative variable plural marking both in the NP and AP taken from a corpus collected in the area of São José do Rio Preto. This research aims to attest to whether plurality marking in the predicative context can be explained in terms of exclusively formal or exclusively functional motivations, or else, in terms of the interaction between these two kinds of motivations, thus consisting in competing motivations (DU BOIS, 1985). On the one hand, the analysis of the results evinces that a functional principle such as Kiparsky‟s Distinctiveness Conditions (1972) acts in a positive way in the variable plural marking; yet it alone does not suffice to govern the entire process. On the other hand, this work demonstrates that formal motivations governed by the Principle of Formal Parallelism have a significant influence on predicative plural marking, but not in a predominant fashion, inasmuch as the latter is subject to significant influence of extralinguistic variables such as „education‟ and „age‟. The situation of the data do not authorize that such a principle be bestowed the explanatory power that Labov (1996) ascribes to it, i.e., that idea of a mechanical acting of inherent forces whithin the inner linguistic system. For that reason, the most plausible explanation is that the predicative plural marking in the variety under scrutiny constitutes a process influenced... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Orientador: Paschoal Quaglio / Banca: Cristiano Amaral Garboggini Di Giorgi / Banca: José Augusto Chaves Guimarães / Banca: José Geraldo Alberto Bertoncini Poker / Banca: Marília Faria de Miranda / Resumo: Esta tese é uma tentativa de contribuir com a organização das escolas públicas no enfrentamento de uma demanda crescentemente mais “necessitada” e uma oferta progressivamente ‘minguada’ pelas imposições dos organismos internacionais. A pretensão desse trabalho é denunciar e dimensionar o problema sem, no entanto, infelizmente, oferecer nesse momento, algum conforto aos aflitos dessa turbulência desumana. A empreitada é analisar o nível de comprometimento da proposição e da ação dos três poderes republicanos, da sociedade política brasileira, na universalização da educação como direito público e subjetivo, nesse contexto globalizado e, anunciar que um outro mundo é possível através da adoção de concepções plurais de justiça que permitam, que as desigualdades sociais e econômicas sejam dispostas de tal forma que beneficiem mais aos menos aquinhoados. Por fim acreditar com mais convicção na orientação da sociologia interacionista para a qual, a sociedade é como uma cena, o indivíduo é como um ator social em comunicação significativa com outros atores e suas significações próprias e, a vida social é a composição dialética dessas ações na construção da personalidade individual e da ordem social. A teoria do currículo, a teoria do conhecimento, a governança democrática, a reflexão crítica e pesquisadora, proporcionam o arcabouço científico para a construção de uma escola sintonizada com a indigência da sociedade civil. / Abstract: This thesis is a temptive of contributing with the reorganization of the public schools in the fight by a more and more urgent necessity and a rare progressive offer by the power of the international institutions. The intention of this work is denounce the existing problem and show how serious it is without giving them in this moment any kind of comfort. The purpose is to analyse the level of dedication of the proposition and of the action of the three Republic powers, of the Brazilian Politics Society making the educational system global as a public and a subjective right in this globalized context, and showing that another world is possible through the adoption of plural conceptions of justice that permit that the economic and social differences among people are reorganized in a good way in order to help more and more the poors. Believing with more convinction in the orientation of the interactionist sociology that says the society is like a scene, the human being is like an actor in an important communication with other actors and their own meanings and, their social life is the dialetic composition of those actions.In the building of the individual personality and of the social order. The theory of the curriculum, the theory of the knowledge, the democractic behaviour, the crictical reflection and the investigating action give us a scientific fortress to the building of a school that are plugged to the civil society. / Doutor

O derrame pleural pós-revascularização do miocárdio é uma situação freqüente, porém, ainda de etiologia desconhecida, apesar da tendência atual de responsabilizar a agressão direta da pleura como principal fator desencadeante. O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar a participação e comportamento das citocinas TNF-alfa, IL-1E, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF e TGF-beta nos derrames pleurais imediatamente após o ato cirúrgico, em três intervalos distintos (2, 24 e 48horas). Foram analisados 43 indivíduos submetidos a revascularização miocárdica e 16 com derrames pleurais transudativos. Na comparação com os transudatos, os resultados obtidos mostraram que TNFbeta e IL-2 não são mobilizados neste tipo de derrame, nas primeiras 48 horas. A IL- 1E se eleva a partir das primeiras 24 horas. As IL-6 e IL-8 se mantêm elevadas, assim como VEGF, enquanto que o TGF-beta se inicia em níveis altos, que decaem a partir das 24 horas e atingem o valor dos transudatos em 48 horas. Quando confrontados com variáveis que poderiam interferir na análise global dos pacientes (sexo, faixa etária, complicações pós-operatórias, CEC e tempo de cirurgia), foram observados níveis elevados de IL-6 e TGF-beta que se relacionaram nas primeiras 2 horas no sexo feminino. O VEGF apresentou-se reduzido, nas primeiras duas horas, em paciente submetidos à circulação extra-corpórea. Concluímos, que o derrame pleural pós-revascularização do miocárdio é um exsudato associado à mobilização das citocinas IL-1E, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF e TGF-beta nas primeiras 48 horas, não parecendo haver relação com circulação extracorpórea nem com faixa etária, tempo de cirurgia e complicações pós-operatórias / Pleural effusion after coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) is a very common finding. Its origin remains unknown, despites the tendency to consider pleural injury as the responsible cause. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the participation and behavior of cytokines TNF-alfa, IL-1E, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and TNF-beta in pleural fluid immediately after 2, 24 and 48 hours after the surgical procedure. Were evaluated 43 surgical patients and 16 transudates (control group). The obtained results showed that TNF-beta and IL-2 are not mobilized and that IL-1E increases after 2 hours from the procedure. Interleukyn-6 and IL-8 presented in expressive levels during 48 hours as well as VEGF. Nevertheless, TGF-beta values increase in the first time (2 hours) and decrease significantly in subsequent times until the transudates levels after 48 hours. The cytokines were confronted with some variables (sex, age, complications, extra-corporal circulation and time of surgical intervention). Interleukin-6 and TGF-beta values increased on the first time (2 hours) in females. In a similar way, only VEGF presented high levels in the firs time (2 hours) in patients not submitted to extracorporeal procedure. We concluded that pleural effusions after CABG are associated with the presence of some cytokines (IL-1E, IL-6, IL-8, VEGF and TGF-beta) on the first 48 hours that do not correlate with age, extra-corporeal circulation, post-surgical complications and time of surgical intervention

Heavy Ion Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis (HIERDA) is a versatile Ion Beam Analysis technique well suited to multi-elemental depth profiling of thin layered structures and near-surface regions of materials. An existing limitation is the inability to accurately account for the pronounced broadening and tailing effects of multiple scattering typically seen in HIERDA spectra. This thesis investigates the role of multiple large angle scattering in heavy ion applications such as HIERDA, and seeks to quantify its contribution to experimental output. This is achieved primarily by the development of a computer simulation capable of predicting these contributions and using it to classify and quantify the interactions that cause them. Monte Carlo ion transport simulation is used to generate simulated HIERDA spectra and the results are compared to experimental data acquired using the Time of Flight HIERDA facility at the Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisat ion. A Monte Carlo simulation code was adapted to the simulation of HIERDA spectra with considerable attention on improving the modelling efficiency to reduce processing time. Efficiency enhancements have achieved simulation time reductions of two to three orders of magnitude. The simulation is shown to satisfactorily reproduce the complex shape of HIERDA spectra. Some limitations are identified in the ability to accurately predict peak widths and the absolute magnitude of low energy tailing in some cases. The code is used to identify the plural scattering contribution to the spectral features under investigation, and the complexity of plurally scattered ion and recoil paths is demonstrated. The program is also shown to be useful in the interpretation of overlapped energy spectra of elements of similar mass whose signals cannot be reliably separated experimentally. The effect of large angle scattering on the transmission of heavy ions through a nano-scale aperture mask, used to collimate an ion beam to a very small beam spot, is modelled using a version of the program adapted to handle the more complex geometry of the aperture mask. The effectiveness of nano-aperture collimation was studied for a variety of ion-energy combinations. Intensity, energy, and angular distributions of transmitted ions were calculated to quantify the degree to which scattering within the mask limits the spatial resolution achievable. The simulation successfully predicted the effect of misaligning the aperture and the beam, and the result has subsequently been observed experimentally. Transmitted ion distributions showed that the higher energy heavier ions studied are more effectively collimated than are lower energy lighter ions. However, there is still a significant probability of transmission of heavy ions with substantial residual energy beyond the perimeter of the aperture. For the intended application, ion beam lithography, these ions are likely to be problematic. The results indicate that medium energy He ions are the more attractive option, as the residual energy of scattered transmitted ions can be more readily managed by customising the etching process. Continuing research by experimentalists working in this area is proceeding in this direction as a result of the conclusions from this work.

L’objectif de ce mémoire est de rendre compte d’une figure particulièrement dynamique dans l’écriture de Leïla Sebbar, celle de l’adolescent fugueur. Mohamed dans Le Chinois vert d’Afrique (1982) et Shérazade dans Shérazade, 17 ans, brune, frisée, les yeux verts (1984), personnifient une réalité autre que celle accolée aux jeunes descendants de l’immigration maghrébine (surtout algérienne), partagés entre les codes culturels du pays d’origine et ceux du pays de naissance. L’hybridité des personnages et leur mobilité aléatoire permettent de réévaluer les discours sociaux dominants émis en France, pays tiraillé entre les aspirations d’unité nationale et l’histoire coloniale. Le premier chapitre fera état du contact des fugueurs avec la représentation picturale et sa place dans la constitution de leur identité. À la lumière de ces observations, la seconde partie du travail se penchera sur la prise de conscience du regard de l’Autre et le questionnement de l’image préconçue de l’adolescent de banlieue inculte en mal d’insertion sociale. La déconstruction de ce cliché permettra dans le troisième chapitre d’aborder la réappropriation de l’objet culturel par les fugueurs, procédant à une véritable démocratisation de la culture élitiste. Le quatrième chapitre sera enfin consacré au mouvement des fugueurs dans l’espace et dans le temps. Nous y verrons comment les fugueurs, intermédiaires entre la ville et sa banlieue mais aussi entre le paradis perdu du pays d’origine et le désarroi des parents immigrés, provoquent la relecture de l’histoire des générations passées tout en gardant un œil critique sur l’avenir. / The purpose of this master’s thesis is to study the dynamic figure of the runaway in the writing of Leïla Sebbar. Mohamed in “Le Chinois Vert d’Afrique” (1982) and Shérazade in “Shérazade, 17 ans, brune, frisée, les yeux verts” (1984), personifie a reality that the young descendants of the North African immigration must encounter, torn between the cultural codes of the country of origin and the country of birth. The blend of the characters’ culture and their constant mobility reassess the dominant social discourse during a time when France was torn between the aspirations of a national unity and colonial history. The first chapter examines the cultural blend of the runaways with the pictorial representation and its place in the formation of the young protagonists’ identity. In light of these observations, the second part of the thesis will focus on the characters’ awareness of the Other’s perception. The stereotypical suburban teenager lacking culture resulting in the character feeling out of place is being questioned. The breakdown of the “cliché” in the third chapter will address the importance of culture by characters, allowing for a democratization of an upper class culture. The fourth chapter is devoted to the movement of the runaways in space and time. Between the city and its suburbs, the lost paradise that Algeria represents, and the distress of the parents that have left their beloved country, the last part of this study will focus on the characters’ contribution to the rewriting of the history of past and future generations.

自Greenberg (1972) 以來，陸續有學者探討世界語言中的複數標記和分類詞之間的關係，並指出兩者的相似之處(Greenberg, 1972; Sanches and Slobin, 1973; Borer, 2005; Her, 2012)。本文稱這些研究為CL-PM Convergence View。這些研究指出分類詞 (numeral classifier; CL) 與複數標記 (plural marker; PM)呈現互補分布的關係。學者們 (Borer, 2005; Her, 2012) 更進一步認為，分類詞與複數標記在同一名詞組裡呈現互補分布，表示兩者在句法結構上佔據相同的位置，應視為相同的成分。然而本文發現，台灣華語「Num+CL+N們」結構有一定的能產性。若將「們」視為複數標記，則台灣華語對於上述學者的理論就形成了反例。有鑑於此，本文目的在於以句法接受度實驗及語料庫兩項方法，重新檢視台灣華語「們」的各種用法，以期解決文獻上對於「們」的諸多爭議。接著，在建立語言事實後，本文探討「們」對於CL-PM Convergence View的意義，並對於台灣華語「們」與分類詞在歷時和共時上的互動作出新的解釋。 具體來說，本文釐清了下列六項事實，為文獻上的爭議提供新的證據: (一)「們」可用於非指人的名詞；(二)「N們」為定指；(三)「Proper N們」僅表示 ‘多位Proper N’；(四)「¬1群N們」合法；(五)「Num+CL+N們」合法；(六) 在有接受英語教育的前提下，母語者的英語程度越低，對於「Num+CL+N們」的接受度越高，也越容易受到英語句法結構的促發(priming)，表示「Num+CL+N們」的產生與和英語的接觸有密切關係。考慮這些事實及其他台灣華語沒有爭議的特性，本文認為台灣華語「們」應視為一個集合標記(collective plural marker)，而非文獻所說的伴同標記(associative plural, Iljic, 2001,2005; 陳俊光，2009)或是普通複數標記(additive plural, Li, 1999; Hunag et al, 2009)。最後，本文提出兩個論點: 第一，我們根據Her et al (to appear)的洞見，區分「語意複數」(semantic plural)及「語法複數」(grammatical plural)；第二，我們提出新的事實，論證「們」在句法上，台灣華語「們」是一個附綴(clitic)而非詞綴(suffix)。這兩項論點證明台灣華語「們」並不違反CL-PM Convergence View的預測，亦可以解釋「們」與分類詞在歷時(李豔惠、石毓智，2000)和共時上的互動。 / Since Greenberg (1972), there have been many studies addressing the issue of the relationship between numeral classifiers (CL) and plural markers (PM) (Greenberg, 1972; Sanches and Slobin, 1973; Borer, 2005; Her, 2012). These scholars (henceforth CL-PM Convergence View) discovered that CL and PM tend not to co-occur in the same language, and even if they do co-occur, they are complementarily distributed within NP. Some linguists (Borer, 2005; Her, 2012) take this generalization further to propose that CL and PM in fact belong to the same category. However, when we look at Taiwan Mandarin (TM) data, a potential counterevidence can be found: [Num+CL+N-men], in which CL and –men, generally taken to be a plural suffix, co-occur within the same NP. In light of this, this study aims to take a realist look at TM –men, collecting relevant data from grammaticality judgment task and corpora so as to capture the behavior of –men. We then test CL-PM Convergence View against empirical data obtained in the study, showing that [Num+CL+N-men] does not constitute a counterexample to CL-PM Convergence View. The apparent interaction between CL and –men in TM can also be accounted for under our analysis of –men. Specifically, this study establishes the following facts for TM –men: (1) the use of –men is not restricted to human Ns; (2) N-men must be definite; (3) Proper N denotes ‘more than one Proper N’; (4) [¬1 qun N-men] is grammatical; (5) [Num+CL+N-men] is grammatical; (6) native speakers’ acceptability of [Num+CL+N-men] is in negative correlation with their English proficiency, and priming effects of English structure [Num+N-s] are observed on speakers with low English proficiency. Taking these findings into account, this study proposes that TM –men should be best analyzed as a collective plural marker, contra Iljic, (2001,2005) and 陳俊光’s (2009) “associative” analysis on the one hand, and Li (1999) and Hunag et al’s (2009) “additive” analysis on the other. Accordingly, we argue that –men as a collective does not constitute a counterexample to CL-PM Convergence View, citing two further pieces of evidence: Her et al’s (to appear) insight that “semantic plural” and “grammatical plural” should be distinguished and the proposal made there to revise CL-PM Convergence View, and the “clitic” analysis of TM –men proposed in this study. Finally, we show that the distinction between “semantic plural” and “grammatical plural” also nicely explains the synchronic and diachronic interaction between CL and –men in TM.

本論文的主要目的在對於分類詞、性別詞以及複數標記在語言當中的地域分佈提出解釋．在前人的研究當中，這三項元素被認為是名詞句中平衡資訊的重要工具(Greenberg, 1990; Aikhenvald, 2000)：分類詞語言主要位於東南亞和南美洲部分地區，而具有性別詞或複數標記的語言大多出現在歐洲、非洲和美洲部分地區．我們提出的論證如下：即便這三樣元素外表上具有歧異，它們會呈現當今所見的地域分佈原因在於它們共有的兩項標記功能：可數性質及語意分類．分類詞同時滿足兩者而性別詞及複數標記分別滿足其一；依照此邏輯，我們預測有分類詞的語言不會同時具有性別詞及複數標記而反之亦然．本文中我們透過句法形式和語意功能的比較提出論證並透過類型學、地理及歷史的角度分析來自世界上最大的二十個語系（印歐，漢藏，亞非，尼日爾-剛果，南島，達羅毗荼，阿爾泰，南亞，壯侗，尼羅－撒哈拉，烏拉，高加索，等語系）的155個語言．架構上，第一章簡單對研究題目進行介紹，第二章呈現前人研究的匯整，第三章包含我們的理論論證以及我們對於分類詞、性別詞及複數標記分與合的解釋．隨後的第四章中，我們提出類型學和地理資訊系統(GIS)的證據；最後在第五張和第六章我們分別點出本研究的限制以及結論． / This thesis aims at providing an explanation for the typological and areal distribution between numeral classifiers, genders (noun classes) and grammatical plural markers. Within previous studies, these three components are considered as different devices to balance information in noun phrases (Greenberg, 1990; Aikhenvald, 2000). Numeral classifier languages are mainly present in South-East Asia and parts of South-America, while languages with genders and grammatical plural markers are generally attested in Europe, Africa and parts of the Americas. We propose that despite their apparent divergence, the three elements display this particular geographical distribution due to their convergent features of count/mass distinction and semantic classification: Numeral classifiers carry both functions, while genders and plural markers separately fulfill one of them. Following this logic, we expect that a language with numeral classifier do not have simultaneously the systems of genders plus plural markers and vice-versa. Theoretical evidence via formal syntactic form and semantic function comparison is proposed and further supported by typological, geographical and historical analysis of 155 languages that are mainly part of the 20 biggest language groups in the world, e.g. Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Afro-Asiatic, Niger-Congo, Austronesian, Dravidian, Japonic, Altaic, Austro-Asiatic, Tai-Kadai, Creole, Nilo-Saharan, Uralic, Quechuan, Hmong-Mien, Mayan, North Caucasian, Language isolates among others. Chapter 1 presents a brief introduction of the subject while chapter 2 displays the literature review. Chapter 3 includes our theoretical discussion proposing explaining the convergence and divergence among numeral classifiers, genders and plural markers, followed by typological and geographical evidence via GIS (Geographic Information System) in Chapter 4. Finally Chapter 5 and 6 contain the limitations of our study and its conclusion.