<div>Compelled by converging research in the natural sciences suggesting the stratigraphic nature of time, I argue for a temporal approach to the venerable problem of synthesis in evolutionary theory. Geneticist and pioneer of the Modern Synthesis (MS), Theodosius Dobzhansky (1900-1975), constructed one of the most powerful synthesis arguments in the history of evolutionary biology in the classic “Nothing in Biology Makes Sense Except in the Light of Evolution” (1973). I argue that nothing in evolution makes sense except in the light of time, such that the problem of evolutionary time plays a powerful role in making sense of the conceptual architecture of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis (EES). The EES offers a strong alternative to the temporal and causal idealizations operating at the hardened core of the MS. I create the philosophical concept of stratigraphic time to strengthen connections between the four problem agendas or “causal catchalls” structuring the new synthesis: (1) developmental plasticity, (2) developmental bias, (3) inclusive inheritance, and (4) niche construction (Laland 2015 et al.). The dissertation is driven by two critical arguments (Chapters 1-3) concerning the subordination of time to process, and two constructive arguments (Chapters 4 and 5) concerning the nature of evolutionary time, which together attest to the conceptual strength of a temporal approach to the multiplicity of evolutionary problems pursued by the EES, and especially the connections between them. </div><div><br></div><div>Chapter 1, “Embracing the Problematic Structure of the Extended Evolutionary Synthesis,” explicates and evaluates the core assumptions of the EES in contrast with those of the MS, which has served as the dominant conceptual framework for evolutionary science and theory since the early twentieth century. Chapter 2, “Deep Time: The Forgotten Frontier,” critically argues that evolutionary time has been subordinated to evolutionary process, that the problem of evolutionary time must be revived after its eclipse at the origin of evolutionary theory, especially due to Darwin’s unnecessarily strict commitments to gradualism, adaptationism, and to the preeminence of natural selection. Chapter 3, “The Chronometric Subordination of Time to Movement in Philosophy, Science, and Society,” critically argues that the subordination of evolutionary time to process is primed by the chronometrically facilitated subordination of time to movement, what mathematician, physicist, and philosopher of science Henri Poincaré (1854-1912) called an unconscious opportunism in philosophical and scientific thought. The constructive arguments unfolded in Chapter 4, “The Continuous Variation of Evolutionary Contingency,” and Chapter 5, “Stratigraphic Time: The Synthesis of Deep and Developmental Rhythms,” attempt to respect causal thinking while conceptualizing evolutionary processes not according to causal laws but rather according to passive and active temporal syntheses (or modes of repetition), effectively delimiting causal thinking to a provisional conceptualization. Stratigraphic time enables conceptualization of the multiplicity of evolutionary process, driven by a new concept of evolutionary contingency. I argue that the roles of chance and causation in the EES are strengthened by concepts of difference and repetition, akin to the conceptual roles played by arrows and cycles of time in the formation of geological and evolutionary thought. These critical and constructive arguments are guided by Gilles Deleuze’s philosophy of time, which he conceptualizes under the rubric of repetition. The three passive and active temporal syntheses, or modes of repetition, Deleuze creates to think the nature of repetition provide conceptual tools for evolutionary synthesis through stratigraphic time. </div><div><br></div>

Abstract: This thesis explores the application of isoperimetric functions to gain weak functional inequalities involving Dirichlet forms. The connection between such weak functional inequalities and bounds on the convergence speed of the corresponding Markov semi-group is established. Three examples of discrete graphs and the corresponding Dirichlet forms are discussed.

The main issues discussed in this paper are related to the refinement of the on-ground casualty risk computation for the specific case of INTErnational Gamma-Ray Astrophysics Laboratory (INTEGRAL). The current approach, unable to predict the spacecraft attitude motion, assumes random tumbling motion as initial condition to simulate the fragmentation process. The wide experience in break-up analysis, acquired after years of practice with simulation, identified attitude to be one of the major drivers of uncertainty. The Space Debris Office (SDO) demanded a specific research in the field of the long-term propagation applied to the attitude motion and INTEGRAL offered the perfect test bench to conduct a preliminary study in this direction. In particular, observing whether environmental torques were able to trigger stable attitude motion, maintainable till re-entry, was considered to be the major challenge. The propagation of coupled orbital􀀀attitude motion for a random attitude configuration represents only one side of the coin. Indeed, chaos theory analysis constituted the other. The use of the Poincaré map in a non-canonical way managed to bring evidence for constrained motion in the angular rate motion of INTEGRAL, under gravity perturbations. Such results allowed to conduct further investigation on the overall attitude motion and estimate that the attitude configuration at the re-entry appears as precession about the maximum axis of inertia, in the majority of the cases. / De aspekter som behandlas i detta examensarbete är relaterade till skaderisken när rymdskrot som passerar atmosfären och landar på marken. Detta illustreras för en specifik satellit: INTEGRAL. Den nuvarande strategin som används i rymdindustrin är oförmögen att tillräckligt noggrant prediktera satellitens at-titydförändring vid atmosfärsinträdet och antar därför en stokastisk tumlande rörelse som initialvillkor för en analys av sönderdelningen av farkosten när den passerar atmosfären. Den erfarenhet som finns i rymdindustrin kring sönderdelningssimuleringar har identifierat att attityden är den faktor som genererar störst osäkerhet i resultaten. För att bättre förstå attitydens betydelse användes INTEGRAL i den fallstudie som presenteras i denna rapport. Specifikt studerades hur externa kraftmoment från rymdmiljön kan skapa en stabil attitydrörelse, som behålls ända till farkostens inträde i atmosfären. Propageringen av den kopplade rörelsen bana-attityd för en stokastisk attitydkonfiguration representerar endast en del av denna analys, där kaosteori representerar den andra delen. Med hjälp av Poincaré-mappning har simuleringar som indikerar en begränsad vinkelhastighet för INTEGRAL-satelliten när den utsätts för gravitationsstörning. I majoriteten av de analyserade fallen representerades attityden av en precession kring den största huvudtröghetsaxeln.

The electrical activity of the heart is a well studied process. Mathematical modeling and computer simulations are used to study the cardiac electrical activity: several mathematical models exist, among them the microscopic model, which is based on the explicit representation of individual cells. The cardiac tissue is viewed as two separate domains: the intra-cellular and extra-cellular domains, Ωᵢ and Ωₑ, respectively, separated by cellular membranes Γ. The microscopic model consists of a set of Poisson equations, one for each sub-domain, Ωᵢ and Ωₑ, coupled on interfaces Γ with nonlinear transmission conditions involving a system of ODEs. The unusual transmission conditions on Γ make the model challenging to solve numerically. In this thesis, we first focus on the dimensional analysis of the microscopic model. We then reformulate the problem on the interface Γ using a Steklov-Poincaré operator. We discretize the model in space using finite element methods. We prove the existence of a semi-discrete solution using a reformulation of the model as an ODE system on the interface Γ. We derive stability and error estimates for the finite element method. Afterwards, we consider five numerical schemes including the Godunov splitting method, two implicit methods, (Backward Euler (BE) and second order Backward Differentiation Formula (BDF2)), and two semi-implicit methods (Forward Backward Euler (FBE), and second order Semi-implicit Backward Differentiation Formula (SBDF2)). A convergence analysis of the implicit and semi-implicit methods is performed and the results are compared with manufactured solutions that we have proposed. Numerical results are presented to compare the stability, accuracy and efficiency of the methods. CPU times needed to solve the problem over a single cell using FBE, SBDF2 and Godunov splitting methods are reported. The results show that FBE and Godunov splitting methods achieve better numerical accuracy and efficiency than implicit and SBDF2 schemes, for a given computational time. Finally, we solve the model using FBE and Domain Decomposition Method (DDM) for two cells connected to each other by a gap junction. We investigate the influence of the space discretization and we explore the differences between a conforming and nonconforming mesh on Γ. We compare the solutions obtained with both FBE and DDM methods. The results show that both methods give the same solution. Therefore, the DDM is capable of providing an accurate solution with a minimal number of sub-domain iterations.

La somme romanesque que représente À la recherche du temps perdu se constitue au prix d’une « recherche » qui est à prendre au pied de la lettre, et qui instaure le sujet connaissant en savant-chercheur face à son objet de savoir. Proust fait en effet du « savoir » la condition même du talent, et fait entreprendre à son héros une exploration qui se présente en priorité comme étant une quête de savoirs. Ce travail se situe dans le sillage de l’épistémocritique qui étudie l’inscription dans le texte littéraire des savoirs en général, tout en insistant sur les savoirs qui relèvent de la science. Notre but est de dégager la posture épistémique qui caractérise le narrateur de la Recherche face aux divers savoirs qu’il récolte au cours de ses observations. Le parcours cognitif du narrateur est examiné suivant les quatre grandes étapes de sa recherche, que nous redéfinissons en termes de paradigmes : le paradigme de l’Exploration, qui définit une « épistémologie de l’observateur » ; le paradigme de la Communication, qui définit une « épistémologie de l’homme social » et une « épistémologie de l’homme moderne » ; le paradigme de l’Introspection, qui prépare à l’élaboration d’une « épistémologie du personnage intérieur » ; et enfin, le paradigme de la Vocation, qui rassemble les réponses trouvées par le narrateur à la plupart des questionnements qui auront jalonné son parcours cognitif. Ce dernier paradigme se présente sous la forme d’une « épistémologie de la création », d’une « épistémologie du réel » et d’une « épistémologie du hasard ». Car en dépit d’une démarche qui apparaît soumise aux médiations culturelles, la recherche du héros proustien se présente comme une « pensée de l’imprévisible » : fortement déterminée par la recherche cognitive du protagoniste, elle demeure pourtant irréductible à cette seule recherche. Nous dégageons, pour terminer, le statut réservé à la science et aux savoirs positifs en regard de la découverte de la vocation, mais aussi par rapport à l’élaboration d’une théorie de la création littéraire : ces deux grands domaines du savoir sont-ils considérés par Proust comme inconciliables avec une priorité évidente de l’un sur l’autre ou, au contraire, participent-ils tous deux d’une manière égale à la connaissance et à la création artistique ? / The comprehensive novelistic survey presented by À la recherche du temps perdu is worth a research to be taken literally and establishes the knowledgeable subject as a scholar-researcher against his object of knowledge. Proust makes of “knowledge” the condition of talent and engages his hero in an exploration that presents itself as a priority for being a quest for knowledge. The present essay follows in the wake of Epistemocritique, a discipline that studies the inscription of knowledge in the literary text in general, with a specific focus on knowledge related to science. Our aim is to bring forward the epistemic position that characterizes the narrator of À la recherche du temps perdu as he acquires various forms of knowledge in the course of his observations. The narrator’s cognitive path is examined with regard to the four main pillars of his quest, which we redefine in terms of paradigms: the paradigm of exploration, which defines an “epistemology of the observer”; the paradigm of communication, which defines an “epistemology of the social being”; the paradigm of Introspection which prepares for the elaboration of an “epistemology of the internal character”; and finally, the paradigm of vocation, which combines the answers to most of the questions that have marked the narrator’s cognitive path. This last paradigm presents itself as an “epistemology of creation”, an “epistemology of reality”, and an “epistemology of chance”. For, in spite of an approach that appears to be subject to cultural interventions, the quest by Proust’s main character appears as a thought of the unpredictable. Although strongly determined by the cognitive quest of the protagonist, it nevertheless remains irreducible to this sole quest. In conclusion, we emphasize the status reserved to science and to positive knowledge from the perspective of the discovery of vocation, but also in view of the elaboration of a theory of literary creation: does Proust consider these two areas of knowledge as irreconcilable, with one having an evident priority over the other, or, to the contrary, does he considers them as equal factors in knowledge and artistic creation?

Les gyroscopes laser à gaz constituent une solution technique de haute performances dans les problématiques de navigation inertielle. Néanmoins, pour de très faibles vitesses de rotation, les petites imperfections des miroirs de la cavité optique font que les deux faisceaux contra-propageant sont verrouillés en phase. En conséquence, les mesures en quadrature de leur différence de phase ne permettent plus de remonter directement aux vitesses de rotation à l'intérieur d'une zone autour de zéro, dite zone aveugle statique, ou, si l'on utilise une procédure d'activation mécanique, dite zone aveugle dynamique. Ce travail montre qu'il est néanmoins possible, en utilisant des méthodes issues du filtrage et de l'estimation, de remonter aux vitesses de rotation mêmes si ces dernières sont en zone aveugle. Pour cela, on part d'une modélisation physique de la dynamique que l'on simplifie par des techniques de perturbations singulières pour en déduire une généralisation des équations de Lamb. Il s'agit de quatre équations différentielles non-linéaires qui décrivent la dynamique des intensités et des phases des deux faisceaux contra-propageant. Une étude qualitative par perturbations régulières, stabilité exponentielle des points d'équilibre et applications de Poincaré permet de caractériser les zones aveugles statiques et dynamiques en fonction des imperfections dues aux miroirs. Il est alors possible d'estimer en ligne avec un observateur asymptotique fondé sur les moindre carrés récursifs ces imperfections en rajoutant aux deux mesures en quadrature celles des deux intensités. La connaissance précise de ces imperfections permet alors de les compenser dans la dynamique de la phase relative, et ainsi d'estimer les rotations en zone aveugle. Des simulations numériques détaillées illustrent l'intérêt de ces observateurs pour augmenter la précision des gyroscopes à gaz. / Gaz ring laser gyroscopes provide a high performance technical solution for inertial navigation. However, for very low rotational speeds, the mirrors imperfections of the optical cavity induce a locking phenomena between the phases of the two counter-propagating Laser beams. Hence, the measurements of the phase difference can no longer be used when the speed is within an area around zero, called lock-in zone, or,if a procedure of mechanical dithering is implemented, dithering lock-in zone. Nevertheless, this work shows that it is possible using filtering and estimation methods to measure the speed even within the lock-in zones. To achieve this result, we exploit a physical modeling of the dynamics that we simplify, using singular perturbation techniques, to obtain a generalization of Lamb's equations. There are four non-linear differential equations describing the dynamics of the intensities and phases of the two counter-propagating beams. A qualitative study by regular perturbation theory, exponential stability of the equilibrium points and Poincaré maps allows a characterisation of the lock-in zones according to the mirrors imperfections. It is then possible to estimate online, with an asymptotic observer based on recursive least squares, these imperfections by considering the additional measurements of the beam intensities. Accurate knowledge of these imperfections enables us to compensate them in the dynamic of the relative phase, and thus to estimate rotational speeds within the lock-in zones. Detailed numerical simulations illustrate the interest of those observers to increase the accuracy of gas ring laser gyroscopes.

L'anneau $\Diff(n)$ des opérateurs différentiels $\h$-déformés apparaît dans la théorie des algèbres de réduction.Dans cette thèse, nous construisons les anneaux des opérateurs différentiels généralisés sur les espaces vectoriels $\h$-déformés de type $\gl$. Contrairement aux espaces vectoriels $q$-déformés pour lequel l'anneau des opérateurs différentiels est unique \`a isomorphisme pr\`es, l'anneau généralisé des opérateurs différentiels $\h$-déformés $\Diffs(n)$ est indexée par une fonction rationnelle $\sigma$ en $n$ variables, solution d'un syst\`eme d\'eg\'en\'er\'e d'\'equations aux diff\'erences finies. Nous obtenons la solution g\'en\'erale de ce syst\`eme. Nous montrons que le centre de $\Diffs(n)$ est un anneau des polynômes en $n$ variables. Nous construisons un isomorphisme entre des localisations de l'anneau $\Diffs(n)$ et de l’algèbre de Weyl $\text{W}_n$ l’étendue par $n$ indéterminés. Nous présentons des conditions irréductibilité des modules de dimension fini de $\Diffs(n)$. Finalement, nous discutons des difficultés a trouver les constructions analogues pour l'anneau $\Diff(n,N)$ correspondant \`a $N$ copies de $\Diff(n)$. / The ring $\Diff(n)$ of $\h$-deformed differential operators appears in the theory of reduction algebras. In this thesis, we construct the rings of generalized differential operators on the $\h$-deformed vector spaces of $\gl$-type. In contrast to the $q$-deformed vector spaces for which the ring of differential operators is unique up to an isomorphism, the general ring of $\h$-deformed differential operators $\Diffs(n)$ is labeled by a rational function $\sigma$ in $n$ variables, satisfying an over-determined system of finite-difference equations. We obtain the general solution of the system. We show that the center of $\Diffs(n)$ is a ring of polynomials in $n$ variables. We construct an isomorphism between certain localizations of $\Diffs(n)$ and the Weyl algebra $\W_n$ extended by $n$ indeterminates. We present some conditions for the irreducibility of the finite dimensional $\Diffs(n)$-modules. Finally, we discuss difficulties for finding analogous constructions for the ring $\Diff(n, N)$ formed by several copies of $\Diff(n)$.

Esse estudo apresenta a proposta de uma reconstrução metodológica da obra de Florian W. Znaniecki, intelectual polonês, com a finalidade de evitar a ocorrência de ecletismo metodológico em estudos de sociologia comparada. Nesse sentido, argumentamos em favor da forte presença dos fundamentos metodológicos propostos por Henri Poincaré na obra de Znaniecki, devendo ser um fato não negligenciável em análises de sua obra. / This study presents a proposal for methodological reconstruction of the work of Florian W. Znaniecki, Polish scholar, with the purpose of preventing the occurrence of methodological eclecticism in comparative sociological studies. In this sense, we argued in favor of the strong presence of methodological foundations proposed by Henri Poincaré in the work of Znaniecki, which shouldnt be a negligible fact in future analyses of his work.

Submitted by Angela Maria de Oliveira (amolivei@uepg.br) on 2018-02-08T13:10:32Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Ronaldo Mendes Evaristo.pdf: 2297085 bytes, checksum: 293f7e08aca7690caa0d317480f9e18e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-08T13:10:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 811 bytes, checksum: e39d27027a6cc9cb039ad269a5db8e34 (MD5) Ronaldo Mendes Evaristo.pdf: 2297085 bytes, checksum: 293f7e08aca7690caa0d317480f9e18e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-12-08 / Nos ultimos anos, o aumento da incidência de doenças cardiovasculares na população mundial vem motivando a comunidade científica a buscar novas técnicas ou inovações tecnológicas para complementar os métodos existentes para avaliação do desempenho do coração. Dentre elas, destaca-se a análise da Variabilidade da Frequência Cardíarca (VFC) via eletrocardiograma (ECG), método não invasivo importante na detecção de patologias leves e moderadas cada vez mais frequentes nos seres humanos como doenças coronarianas, arritmias, bradicardias e taquicardias, além de distúrbios na relação entre os sistemas nervosos simpático e parassimpático. Neste trabalho é introduzida uma inovação em um modelo matemático baseado em modulações de exponenciais gaussianas utilizado para reproduzir a morfologia do ECG de seres humanos. Trata-se da introdução de tacogramas gerados por um processo estocástico autorregressivo (AR), previamente à integração das equações diferenciais do modelo, capaz de reproduzir com maior fidelidade a VFC quando comparados com dados experimentais de adultos saudaveis e de adultos com doença arterial coronariana (DAC). Para validar o modelo, os resultados simulados são comparados com dados experimentais via espectro de potencia da transformada wavelet discreta (TWD), gráficos de Poincare e pela analise de flutuação sem tendência. Verificamos que a DAC não altera a morfologia do ECG em situação de repouso, mas influencia significativamente na VFC, sendo que o modelo matemático proposto absorve e reproduz esse comportamento. / In recent years, the increase in the incidence of cardiovascular diseases in the world population has motivated the scientific community to seek new techniques or technological innovations to complement existing methods for assessing heart performance. Among them, stands out the analysis of the Heart Rate Variability (HRV) by electrocardiogram (ECG), an important non-invasive method for the detection of mild and moderate pathologies that are increasingly frequent in humans such as coronary diseases, arrhythmias, bradycardia and tachycardias, besides disturbances in the relationship between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems. This work introduces an innovation in a mathematical model based on Gaussian exponential modulations used to reproduce the ECG morphology of humans. This is the introduction of tachograms generated by an autoregressive stochastic process (AR), prior to the integration of the diferential equations of the model, capable of reproducing with better delity the HRV when compared with experimental data of healthy adults and adults with coronary artery disease (CAD). In order to validate the model, the simulated results are compared with experimental data using the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) power spectrum, Poincare plots and the detrended uctuation analysis (DFA). We verified that CAD does not change the morphology of ECG in resting state, but it has a significant in uence on HRV, and the proposed mathematical model absorbs and reproduces this behavior.

Esse estudo apresenta a proposta de uma reconstrução metodológica da obra de Florian W. Znaniecki, intelectual polonês, com a finalidade de evitar a ocorrência de ecletismo metodológico em estudos de sociologia comparada. Nesse sentido, argumentamos em favor da forte presença dos fundamentos metodológicos propostos por Henri Poincaré na obra de Znaniecki, devendo ser um fato não negligenciável em análises de sua obra. / This study presents a proposal for methodological reconstruction of the work of Florian W. Znaniecki, Polish scholar, with the purpose of preventing the occurrence of methodological eclecticism in comparative sociological studies. In this sense, we argued in favor of the strong presence of methodological foundations proposed by Henri Poincaré in the work of Znaniecki, which shouldnt be a negligible fact in future analyses of his work.