Este trabalho analisa as necessidades de informação em comunidades carentes. Conduziu-se a investigação junto a 11 comunidades que integram a região denominada de Grande Rosa Elze, situada no município de São Cristóvão, em Sergipe. Os dados analisados foram obtidos tomando-se a opinião de 75 informantes, destes 68 responderam questionários e sete foram entrevistados. A pesquisa teve como objeto de estudo a análise de como comunidades carentes, sem a presença de órgãos públicos de informação, obtém informações que respondam as suas necessidades. Nesse sentido, observou-se o atendimento das necessidades de informação, verificaram-se as práticas de obtenção, avaliaram-se as demandas criadas e as buscas realizadas e identificaram-se as necessidades de informação. Os resultados mostram que: as comunidades carentes do Grande Rosa Elze têm carências de informação; os residentes das comunidades não têm um órgão público a que possam recorrer quando necessitam de informação; a circulação da informação é frágil, pois depende, exclusivamente, de fontes midiáticas; a região é tecnologicamente atrasada, portanto distante da inclusão digital. Conclui-se que a região do Grande Rosa Elze é um lugar onde a informação não acontece, situação resultante da ausência de uma política pública de informação; e que é necessário à existência de um órgão público, para o atendimento da necessidade de informação da comunidade, integrando os processos tradicionais da informação impressa, e os modernos da informação virtual. / This work analyzes the need for information in poor communities.The investigation was conducted in the eleven communities that integrate Rosa Elze region, located at São Cristóvão municipality, in Sergipe state. The analyzed data was based on the opinion of seventy-five people, from which, 68 answered questionnaires and 7 were interviewed. The research aimed at showing how poor communities obtain information they need without having public facilities that provide information located near them. Having this in mind, not only was the fulfilment of the information´need observed but the way they were obtained was also verified.After that, the created demands were evaluated and the need for information was identified.The results of this research showed that: the poor communities at Grande Rosa Elze region are in need of information; the communities dwellers don´t have a public facility where they can require information when they need; The flow of information is poor as it only depends on social communication means and the region is technologically out-of-date, far from the digital era.In conlusion, we notice that Grande Rosa Elze region is a place where there is no flow of information due to the abscense of an information public policy.Therefore, it is imperative to set a public facility that provides not only some traditional printed information as well as some modern virtual one

Background: In high-income countries, parenting programmes have been shown to be effective in reducing the risk of child maltreatment. However, there is limited evidence of their effectiveness in low- and middle-income countries. This thesis focuses on the development and pilot randomised controlled trial (RCT) of a parenting programme to reduce the risk of child maltreatment in low-income families with young children in Cape Town, South Africa. Methods: This thesis is comprised of three studies submitted as papers for publication. The first study focused on the development of an evidence-informed, locally relevant parenting programme for families with children aged three to eight years in Cape Town, South Africa. Intervention development took place over three stages: (a) identification of core intervention components common in evidence-based parenting programmes; (b) formative evaluation using qualitative in-depth interviews and semi-structured focus groups with South African practitioners and low-income parents; and (c) integration of evidence-based approaches and local contextual issues to develop the intervention structure, protocols, and manual. The second study used a pilot RCT (N = 68 parent-child dyads) to examine the evaluation feasibility and initial effects of the parenting programme developed during the first study in Cape Town - the Sinovuyo Caring Families Programme. Parents of children aged three to eight years with clinical levels of parent-reported child behaviour problems were randomly allocated to either a 12-session, group-based parenting programme or a wait-list control group. Primary outcomes included parent-report and observational assessments of positive parenting, harsh parenting, and child behaviour problems; secondary outcomes included parent-report of parent depression, parenting stress, and social support. Assessments occurred at baseline and immediate post-test (i.e., 3-months after baseline). The third study was a mixed-methods process evaluation assessing the feasibility of the parenting programme based on three theoretical dimensions: participation, implementation, and acceptability. Quantitative data included attendance registers, fidelity checklists, satisfaction surveys, and parent-report of engagement in home practice activities. Qualitative data included post-programme focus groups with community facilitators (n = 8), individual interviews with a randomly selected group of parents (n = 15), transcripts from parenting sessions, and minutes from supervision sessions with facilitators. Results: In the first study, the formative evaluation suggested that many evidence-based parenting programme components and approaches were compatible with the local cultural context. These included managing child behaviour problems, learning effective discipline strategies, building positive parent-child relationships, and reducing parenting stress. Findings also suggested that programmes may benefit from including additional content on keeping children safe in violent communities, communicating about HIV/AIDS and poverty, involving fathers and alternative caregivers, and incorporating cultural values of social responsibility and respect. The pilot RCT in the second study showed high levels of study recruitment and retention, outcome measurement reliability and response rates, and a minimal effect of clustering due to delivering the intervention in groups of parents. Analyses showed moderate intervention effects for parent-report of increased positive parenting and observations of improved child-led play. However, observational assessments also found reduced frequency of positive child behaviour in the treatment group in comparison to controls. In the third study, quantitative results showed high levels of programme acceptability, implementation, and participation. Thematic analysis of qualitative data identified seven themes related to feasibility: (a) receptivity to strengthening existing parenting practices, (b) initial resistance to new parenting skills, (c) contextualising content within a cultural framework, (d) reinforcing implementation fidelity and improving quality of delivery, (e) challenges delivering content on nonviolent discipline, (f) supporting participant involvement, and (g) engagement in a collaborative learning approach. Conclusion: This thesis is the first in sub-Saharan Africa to use a systematic approach to develop and rigorously pilot a parenting programme to reduce the risk of maltreatment against young children in low-resource settings. Initial results indicate that a parenting programme derived from evidence-based approaches is feasible, culturally acceptable, and has the potential to reduce the risk of child maltreatment by improving positive parenting behaviour. Further intervention development and testing is necessary to strengthen core programme components and determine programme effectiveness.

O formoterol é um fármaco beta-agonista de ação prolongada com rápido início de ação e eficácia broncodilatadora que podem determinar melhora significativa e imediata da função pulmonar. Pacientes com DPOC apresentam pouca ou nenhuma resposta ao broncodilatador (BD) no volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1), podendo apresentar reversibilidade em outras variáveis se avaliados por pletismografia. O objetivo do estudo é avaliar por pletismografia a eficácia broncodilatadora do formoterol após 30 minutos de sua aplicação em portadores de DPOC. Foram estudados 40 pacientes portadores de DPOC com pobre resposta ao BD de curta ação. Encontravam-se no estágio II ou III da DPOC (SBPT/GOLD) e apresentavam VEF1 menor que 70% do valor previsto. Foram randomizados em dois grupos de 20 pacientes, com características clínicas semelhantes, recebendo cada um formoterol ou placebo, através de inalador de pó seco (aerolizer) com repetição das provas funcionais após 30 minutos. Foram observados aumentos significativos do VEF1 (12,4%) grupo formoterol (F) em relação ao grupo placebo (P) que foi de 0,1% (p=0,00065), da capacidade inspiratória (7,4% X 2,7%;p=0,05) e capacidade vital forçada (12,8% X 5,1%; p=0,017), redução importante da resistência das vias aéreas (-14% X 2,6% ; p=0,010). Foram ainda detectadas no grupo F modificações não expressivas do volume residual, da condutância das vias aéreas e da capacidade vital. Concluindo, em portadores de DPOC com pobre reversibilidade ao BD no teste espirométrico simples, o formoterol levou a uma melhora significativa da função pulmonar por pletismografia após 30 minutos de sua administração. / Formoterol is a long-acting ß2 agonist drug with rapid onset of action and the bronchodilator efficacy determine a prompt improvement in lung function. Patients with COPD may show minimal improvement after bronchodilator (BD) on volume in first second (FEV1), but they can show reversibility in other parameters if plethysmography was realized. The objective of this study was to evaluate, by plethysmography, the effectiveness of formoterol as a bronchodilator after 30 minutes of administration to patients with COPD. Forty COPD patients with poorly reversible obstruction confirmed by shortacting bronchodilator use at the spirometric test were prospectively evaluated. All patients were classified as having stage II or III SBPT/GOLD, presenting FEV1 lower than 70% of predict. The patients were randomized in two groups of 20, both with similar clinical characteristics, each group receiving either formoterol or placebo by dry powder device (aerolizer) and the lung function tests were repeated in 30 minutes after the drug administration. Significant increases in FEV1 (12,4%) in formoterol group (F) and 0,1% in placebo group (P) (P=0,00065), in inspiratory capacity (7,4% X 2,7% ; p=0,05) and in forced vital capacity (12,8% X 5,1%; p=0,017) and decrease in airway resistence (p=0,010) were observed in the F= -14% when compared with P= 2,6%. Residual volume decreased while specific airways condutance and vital capacity increased less important. In conclusion COPD patients with poor reversibility, formoterol promoted significant improvement in lung function by plethysmography after 30 minutes of its administration.

Hlavním cílem mé diplomové práce je analyzovat současný stav cestovního ruchu v Keni, jeho význam v národním hospodářství a zjistit, zda má země dostatek předpokladů být destinací cestovního ruchu. Stanovila jsem si dva dílčí cíle: 1. Navrhnout, jakou novou strategii by měla Keňa uplatňovat v rozvoji cestovního ruchu, aby z části dokázala zmírnit chudobu svých obyvatel, tzn. jak by cestovní ruch mohl pozitivně ovlivnit životní úroveň keňských obyvatel. Budu se věnovat především alternativním formám cestovního ruchu. 2. Zjistit, jak si Keňa stojí v rámci cestovního ruchu mezi ostatními africkými zeměmi. V diplomové práci pracuji s následujícími hypotézami, které se pokusím potvrdit či případně vyvrátit. Hypotéza 1: Keňa má dostatek předpokladů být destinací cestovního ruchu. Hypotéza 2: Rozvoji cestovního ruchu nejvíce brání nedostatečná suprastruktura a nevzdělané obyvatelstvo. Hypotéza 3: Keňa disponuje dobrými podmínkami pro rozvoj alternativních forem cestovního ruchu. Hypotéza 4: Keňa má před sebou velkou budoucnost v oblasti cestovního ruchu v rámci afrických zemí. Hypotéza 5: Keňa se začíná orientovat na nové formy cestovního ruchu. Záměrům a cíli diplomové práce odpovídá struktura členění.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / Neste estudo aborda-se a qualificaÃÃo profissional de jovens considerando-a como um espaÃo produtor de significados. Buscou-se nessa perspectiva, analisar o significado do trabalho para jovens entre 18 e 28 anos que participaram do PRONATEC/BSM â Programa Nacional do Acesso ao Ensino TÃcnico e Emprego/Brasil sem misÃria no municÃpio de Sobral â CE. O programa tem como objetivo atender pessoas em situaÃÃo de baixa renda e vulnerabilidade social, desarte optou-se por pela perspectiva da pobreza como fenÃmeno multidimensional. O procedimento de coleta dos dados foi realizado por meio de 25 entrevistas semiestruturadas individuais para identificar a centralidade, os atributos valorativos, os atributos descritivos e a hierarquia dos atributos do trabalho. As entrevistas foram gravadas e submetidas ao software IRAMUTEQ, com utilizaÃÃo da nuvem de palavras e anÃlise de similitude. Os achados indicaram que os jovens participam de qualquer curso seguindo uma Ãtica generalista, acreditando que assim serÃo inseridos no mercado de trabalho. A inserÃÃo està atrelada a ter condiÃÃes financeiras para custear o ensino superior e isso depende de conseguir um emprego em uma empresa de calÃados especÃfica que possui convÃnios com faculdades particulares. Nos resultados sobre o significado do trabalho identificou-se que trata-se de algo central na vida dos jovens pesquisados e deve oferecer um bom ambiente, boas condiÃÃes materiais, espaÃo para a realizaÃÃo pessoal e uma forma de sobrevivÃncia. Os jovens pobres percebem o trabalho como algo estressante, que causa sofrimento devido aos conflitos com os veteranos, possui ritmo acelerado e à repetitivo. Para os jovens pobres o trabalho nÃo à apenas uma forma de sobrevivÃncia, como identificado na literatura, indicando que os valores em relaÃÃo ao trabalho estÃo se modificando. No que tange ao PRONATEC, o programa necessita de um estudo mais aprofundado sobre o seu impacto e as possibilidades de empregabilidade para a populaÃÃo jovem. Por meio dos resultados, novas estratÃgias devem ser consideradas para melhorar as polÃticas pÃblicas de inserÃÃo laboral visando, assim, adequar a inserÃÃo no mercado de trabalho de jovens por meio da orientaÃÃo profissional. / This study addresses the professional qualification of young people considering it as a meaning-producing space. The aim of this study was to analyze the meaning of the work for young people between 18 and 28 years of age who participated in PRONATEC/BSM - National Program of Access to Technical Education and Employment/Brazil without poverty in the municipality of Sobral - CE. The program aims to assist people in situations of low income and social vulnerability, disciple was chosen for the perspective of poverty as a multidimensional phenomenon. The data collection procedure was performed through 25 individual semi-structured interviews to identify the centrality, the evaluative attributes, the descriptive attributes and the hierarchy of the attributes of the work. The interviews were recorded and submitted to IRAMUTEQ software, using word cloud and similarity analysis. The findings indicated that young people participate in any course following a generalist view, believing that this will be inserted in the labor market. The insertion is linked to having the financial conditions to pay for higher education and this depends on getting a job in a specific footwear company that has agreements with private colleges. In the results about the meaning of the work, it was identified that this is a central thing in the life of the young people surveyed and should offer a good environment, good material conditions, space for personal fulfillment and a way of survival. Poor young people perceive work as stressful, causing distress due to conflicts with veterans, fast paced and repetitive. For poor young people, work is not just a form of survival, as identified in the literature, indicating that values in relation to work are changing. With regard to PRONATEC, the program needs a more in-depth study on its impact and employability possibilities for the young population. Through the results, new strategies must be considered in order to improve the public policies of labor insertion, aiming at adjusting the insertion in the labor market of young people through professional orientation.

nÃo hà / ApÃs a implantaÃÃo do plano Real, o Brasil tem procurado definir polÃticas visando reduzir efetivamente os Ãndices de pobreza e desigualdade. Neste trabalho sÃo traÃadas as chamadas Curvas de IncidÃncia de Crescimento, definidas por Ravallion e Chen (2003), para todos os estados da regiÃo Nordeste. O objetivo à verificar se o direcionamento do crescimento econÃmico ocorrido na regiÃo, pÃs-Plano Real, tem sido para os percentis monetariamente menos favorecidos dessa populaÃÃo. Para tanto, utilizam-se dados sobre renda familiar per capita da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostras de DomicÃlios â PNAD considerando os anos de 1995 a 2005. A partir da anÃlise do comportamento das curvas, verificou-se que, de um modo geral, os estados do Nordeste apresentaram uma tendÃncia comum de desempenho, caracterizado por um crescimento econÃmico efetivamente direcionado aos mais pobres. / After the implantation of the Real plan, Brazil has looked for to define politics being aimed at to effectively reduce the indices of poverty and inequality. In this work are traced the Growth Incidence Curves, defined for Ravallion and Chen (2003), for all the states of the Northeast region. The objective is to verify if the aiming of the economic growth occurrence in the region, after Real plan, has been for the percentiles monetarily less favored of this population. For in such a way, they are used given on per capita familiar income of the National Research for Samples of Domiciles - PNAD considering itself the years of 1995 the 2005. From the analysis of the behavior of the curves, it was verified that, in a general way, the states of Northeast had presented a common trend of performance, characterized for a economic growth effectively directed to poor.

Nesta dissertação, analiso as diferentes percepções de jovens negros moradores da região periférica de Mboi Mirim acerca de sua condição racial e os modos como a articulavam com outros marcadores sociais tais como, local de moradia e condição social . A partir da revisão dos estudos sobre juventude busco situar os jovens negros na literatura sobre a juventude brasileira. Toma-se o debate acerca da vulnerabilidade social e da heterogeneidade das situações de pobreza nas periferias para caracterizar as condições sociais da região em que os jovens entrevistados estão inseridos. Verificou-se que as percepções e construções acerca da cor ganham contornos diversos ao longo das trajetórias de vida dos jovens bem como de seus trajetos urbanos que os colocam em diferentes contextos de interação. / In this dissertation I analyze different perceptions of young black inhabitants from M\'Boi Mirim\'s poor neighborhoods about their racial condition, and the way they associate those perceptions with other social markers, such as their living and social conditions. Based on a review of studies about youth, I frame the young blacks in the literature about the brazilian youth. I took the debate about social vulnerability and heterogeneity in the context of poverty to characterize the social conditions where the young blacks are inserted. I verify that perceptions and \"constructions\" about color acquire not only diverse frameworks throughout the youth\'s life paths, but also their urban trajectories interacts with different contexts.

Esta pesquisa tem como objeto Os Entes Silenciosos da Sociedade Israelita segundo o Deuteronômio. E com quê esse objeto tem a ver? A pesquisa será desenvolvida a partir do livro de Deuteronômio e mirará àqueles que estão em silêncio dentro do livro. São eles: o pobre, a viúva, o órfão, o estrangeiro, o levita, o escravo e a escrava. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa, notou-se que todos eles poderiam ser colocados sob a nomenclatura de pobre. E, de fato, todos eles são pobres. Mas o redator emprega as palavras para pobre para designar um homem que, mesmo que estando em situação econômica degradada, ele ainda é livre, e, em determinado momento de sua vida, pode até optar por se tornar um escravo de um irmão. Também, percebeu-se que há quatro personagens que, quase sempre, aparecem juntos. Esses são aqueles que são chamados pelas palavras: viúva, órfão, estrangeiro e levita. Diante disso, a pesquisa foi desenvolvida da seguinte forma: o capítulo inicial, onde se faz o levantamento das palavras que ocorrem dentro do Deuteronômio, e no qual se faz algumas observações iniciais. O segundo capítulo buscará entender as palavras para pobre que ocorrem dentro do Deuteronômio. Notar-se-á aqui que elas apontam para um irmão israelita e que legislação será feita para que o tu/vós, a quem se dirige o redator do livro, aja em obediência a fala de seu Deus e seja benigno com o seu irmão empobrecido. O capítulo termina com um tratamento de Moisés como um personagem que foi identificado com os Entes Silenciosos do Israel antigo. O terceiro capítulo será desenvolvido com os Entes Silenciosos que aparecem, comumente, juntos. Eles são considerados estrangeiros por sua condição de desarraigamento. Eles não possuem propriedade. Mas existem dentro da propriedade do tu/vós. A pesquisa também desenvolverá um entendimento do dízimo do terceiro ano. O quarto capítulo trata dos escravos e escravas. A legislação deuteronômica fará uma distinção entre os escravos e escravas que são de Israel e os que não o são. O ano da libertação dos empobrecidos e dos escravizados será tratado, em sua segunda parte, pois, a primeira fora tratada no capítulo 2. / This research has the object \"The Silent Beings of Israeli society according to Deuteronomy.\" And what this object has to do? The research will be developed from the book of Deuteronomy and will target those who are silent inside the book. They are: the poor, the widow, the orphan, the stranger, the Levite, the male and female slaves. In developing the survey, it was noted that all of them could be placed under the nomenclature of \"poor.\" And indeed, they are all poor. But the writer uses the words to \"poor\" to mean a \"man\" that even being in degraded economic situation, he is still free, and at one point in your life, he can even chooses to become a slave of a brother. Also, it was noted that there are four personages that almost always appear together. These are those who are called by the words: widow, orphan, the stranger, and Levite. Therefore, the research was carried out as follows: the first chapter, where it is the lifting of words that occur within the Deuteronomy, and which makes some opening remarks. The second chapter will seek to understand the words to poor occurring within the Deuteronomy. It will be noted here that they point to an Israeli brother and that legislation will be made so that the \"thou / you\", to whom is the book\'s editor, act in obedience to the speech of their God and be charitable with your impoverished brother. The chapter concludes with a treatment of Moses as a man who was identified with the Silent Beings of ancient Israel. The third chapter will be developed with the Silent Beings that appear commonly together. They are considered \"foreign\" by their uprooting condition. They have no property. But they are within the grounds of \"thou / you.\" The research also develop an understanding of the tithe of the third year. The fourth chapter deals with the male and female slaves. The Deuteronomic legislation will make a distinction between male and female slaves who are of Israel and those who are not. The year of the liberation of impoverished and enslaved will be treated in its second part, because the first had been treated in Chapter 2.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T16:17:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 1Dissertacao Izaque.pdf: 1106614 bytes, checksum: 5750ad3c5ffc73e55fc06b6efb663cb2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-24 / This paper presents the results of violence analysis elements and the criminalization of poor, as well as some of its developments in the field of social and educational policies in the context of capitalism - the latter included as part of the first. Therefore, we review the main changes in the capitalist mode of production and how these changes affected the relationship between the State, ways of production and society. We demonstrate that as far as the dictates of Big Capital and the State shall proceed to incorporate such ideologies, concepts of democracy and equality become relativized. Also, the role of the state - which should be to mediate relations with a view to ensure equal treatment to all - is not the case of practicing. Thus, overestimating the precepts of the mode of production and ignoring the individual needs is to have an environment in which there is a decrease in the welfare state and, in order to contain the emergence of conflicts, the growth of a criminal state, violent, repressive, and especially suited for the layers seen as subordinated. From these conflicts, generated by the process of capital accumulation and bitter absence from the state - that is remiss not to interfere with this process, is beginning a new meaning with a regard to violence and crime: it creates the need for identify the "enemies" who must be controlled; speeches are now turning to quick fixes and not structural. In the field of social policies, measures are being fueled immediacy of nature and merely welfare, the policies in the field of criminal / penal has been getting hard, this hardening, which follows a request from society and goes to live in a climate of insecurity and fear, policies toward education in this context become redemptive treated - as if they had conditions per se equate social ills and avoid directing the individual to crime. And as we were delving in our analysis we noticed that all the proposed capital movements legitimized by the state in order to guarantee "social peace and order" would indeed keep the hegemonic character of capitalism and the legitimacy of a bourgeois society. / Nesta dissertação apresentamos os resultados da análise de elementos da violência e da criminalização dos pobres, bem como alguns de seus desdobramentos no campo das políticas sociais e educacionais estas últimas compreendidas como parte integrante das primeiras. Para tanto, buscamos verificar as principais mudanças ocorridas no modo de produção capitalista e de que forma tais mudanças repercutiram na relação entre o Estado, modo de produção e sociedade. Demonstramos que na medida em que os ditames do Capital avançam e o Estado passa a incorporar tais ideologias, os conceitos de democracia e igualdade passam a ser relativizados. Também neste sentido o papel do Estado, que do ponto de vista da equidade, deveria ser o de mediar as relações com vistas a garantir um tratamento igualitário a todos, não se verifica na prática. Dessa forma, supervalorizando os preceitos do modo de produção e desconsiderando as necessidades dos indivíduos, passa-se a ter um ambiente no qual se verifica uma diminuição do Estado Social e, com vistas a conter o surgimento de conflitos, o crescimento de um Estado Penal violento, repressivo, direcionado especialmente para as camadas tidas como subalternas. A partir desses conflitos gerados pelo próprio processo de acumulação do capital e acirrados a partir da ausência do Estado - que se faz omisso para não interferir nesse processo- tem inicio uma ressignificação no que diz respeito à violência e criminalidade: cria-se a necessidade de se identificar os inimigos a quem se deve combater; os discursos passam a se voltar para soluções paliativas e não estruturais. No campo das políticas sociais, passam a ser fomentadas medidas de cunho imediatistas e meramente assistencialistas; no campo das políticas criminais/penais, o endurecimento das formas de enfrentamento, endurecimento este que vem ao encontro de um pedido da própria sociedade que passa a viver em um clima de insegurança e medo; as políticas voltadas para a educação neste contexto passam a ser tratadas de forma redentora - como se tivessem condições de per si equacionar as mazelas sociais e evitar o direcionamento do indivíduo para o crime. E na medida em que vamos nos aprofundando em nossas análises percebemos que toda movimentação proposta pelo capital e legitimada pelo Estado com vistas a garantir a ordem e paz social acaba, de fato, por manter o caráter hegemônico do capitalismo e a legitimidade da sociedade burguesa.

One of the central tenets of much current development thinking in southern Africa is that market-oriented strategies and private sector involvement must be the basis for future economic growth. This has underpinned structural adjustment and economic policy reform policies in the region over the last decade or more. It also underlies the argument for encouraging external foreign direct investment (FDI) as a motor for growth. However growing evidence suggests that such a strategy has not paid off. Economic growth rates have been disappointing, private, and particularly foreign, investment has been limited, and employment in the formal sector has fallen dramatically.1 Structural adjustment and market liberalisation have clearly not delivered the developmental benefits claimed of them, and people's livelihood opportunities have, ft seems, declined over the same period and their levels of vulnerability have increased. The increasing recognition that the standard neo-liberal prescriptions were not having the expected benefits, especially for poor people, has resulted in some rethinking about how best to redirect the benefits of globalisation and economic reform towards the poor, and how to offset some of the losses. Thus ‘pro-poor growth strategies’, ‘making markets work for the poor’ and ‘growth for redistribution' have become well-worn slogans. However, the practical and policy measures required, whereby the benefits of an engagement with a globalised economy, investment by the private sector and liberalisation privatisation measures can result in poverty reduction, remain vague.A number of issues arise. For the sceptics, questions are raised about the degree to which the turn to a 'pro-poor' markets approach is simply rhetorical gloss, added to the discredited neo-liberal paradigm, or actually a genuinely new policy perspective in its own right. It is important to differentiate between broad economic policy reform objectives (which, with some nuances, remain largely in the standard neo-liberal form) and sectoral policies which contain explicitly pro-poor elements. While retaining the argument that market liberalisation and external investment are key, such policies may include some strategic elements of state- directed intervention which boost the access of the poor to new markets and investment opportunities. It is this stance, where the state intervenes to improve access and for particular groups of people, redressing to some extent the imbalances caused by the lack of level playing fields of existing markets, which potentially sets a pro-poor perspective apart.