Modular construction, a method where building components are prefabricated off-site and then transported as completed modules, is generally employed to save time and cost in the building industry. Despite its default as a repetitive component, it holds potential to address both individuality and community engagement within multi-story housing. This thesis investigates modular design as a possibilty to develop better quality affordable housing in densely populated urban areas. The modular components are positioned with respect to privacy, individuality , and an encouragement of community interaction. By using precast components and CLT modules in this arrangement, this thesis aims to create private spaces that cater to residents' individual preferences and requirements while simultaneously establishing communal areas that facilitate social interaction and a sense of community. / Master of Architecture / Modular construction, a method where building components are prefabricated off-site and then transported as completed modules, is generally employed to save time and cost in the building industry. Despite its default as a repetitive component, it holds potential to address both individuality and community engagement within multi-story housing. This thesis investigates modular design as a possibilty to develop better quality affordable housing in densely populated urban areas. The modular components are positioned with respect to privacy, individuality , and an encouragement of community interaction. By using precast components and CLT modules in this arrangement, this thesis aims to create private spaces that cater to residents' individual preferences and requirements while simultaneously establishing communal areas that facilitate social interaction and a sense of community.

As our climate continues to shift, it is fundamental to understanding these unprecedented changes through field research done in biomes most critically impacted. Due to the remoteness and extreme climatic nature of these research stations, they are typically either hastily built flat pack constructions or sterile pill boxes with little consideration of the immediate surrounding. This investigation looks at structuring the restrictions of environment to give the architecture a sense of place, rather than looking at these extremes as limitations. This proposal is sited in the Alaskan Arctic circle, where research is being conducted to understand the intertwined issues of climate change and permafrost melt. It is the intent of this project to present a prototype of a responsible and responsive architecture for Toolik Station, Alaska,a renowned destination for arctic climate research. This thesis synthesizes unpredictable site and environmental factors, elements which will become increasingly commonplace as our planet's climate shifts. The proposal for the Northern Reach interrogates and responds: How are we best equipped to live and work in a rapidly changing measure of extremes? What imbues an architecture with a sense of place when that place is inherently mercurial? / Master of Architecture / To best understand the unprecedented effects of climate change on critical, research is often conducted in remote and often extreme areas of the planet, where the living conditions are less than ideal which affects the longevity and effectiveness of said research. This project investigates the extremes of living and working as a field scientist in Toolik Station, Alaska, and proposes housing and accommodations which are more sensitive and appropriate for its site than what is currently being used. The proposed project can be used as a prototype to replace other buildings at the chosen site.

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Byggprocessen utvecklas mot en effektivare process och ökad kvalité. Inför ett projekt utförs undersökningar, analyser och kalkyler för att komma fram till den bästa stomlösningen, materialvalet och metoden för bygget. En jämförelse mellan betong, stål och trä som material och en jämförelse mellan platsgjutet eller prefabricerat som metod ur ett tidsperspektiv, kostnadsperspektiv och miljöperspektiv.Med hjälp av studier och intervjuer har ovanstående aspekter analyserats för att avgöra vilket som är lämpligaste valet gällande metod och material.Det konstateras att byggen med prefabricerade stommar är att föredra gentemot byggen med platsgjutna stommar. Den optimala stomlösningen för det projektet vi undersöker är en kombination av betong och stål med pelare och balkar i stål och bjälklag i betong. / The construction process is evolving towards a more efficient process and increased quality. Prefabricated and spot cast are two different main groups that are includedin production methods. Before starting a project, it is investigated, analyzed and calculated to find the best frame solution, material choice and method of construction. A comparison between concrete, steel and wood as a material and a comparison betweencast-in-place or prefabricated as a method from a time perspective, cost perspective and an environmental perspective.With the help of studies and interviews, these factors have been analyzed to determine which factors have the greatest and least impact and are most appropriate in the choice of method and material. The report answers the question for the plastic cast and for the prefabricated.After analysis of discussion and results, it can be stated that the construction with prefabricated frames is preferred to the construction with cast-in-place frames. Between concrete and steel, a good solution for the combination of materials is to have pillars and beams in steel and floors in concrete.

This study describes and compares the three different types of building methods which are hybrid, prefabrication, and on-site manufacturing on a project in Lund called Tingvallen. The comparison is made based on five parameters which are cost, time, environment, quality, and flexibility. This study does also describe the advantages and disadvantages that are associated with the hybrid building system and what it eventually can learn from other methods such as prefabrication and on-site manufacturing. The result in this study builds on previous studies and self-studies in terms of calculations, interviews with actors in the project and workplace visits. The self-studies have been essential for this work since there is not many studies that have been made about the hybrid building system in facade renovation projects.This study indicates that the hybrid building system is a more time, cost, and environmentally effective building system. The results also show that it does not lack quality and flexibility in comparison to the other methods.The decrease in cost, time and CO₂-emissions are expressed in percentage and shows that there are significant differences between the hybrid building system and the prefabrication and on-site manufacturing. / I denna rapport granskas och analyseras tre olika arbetsmetoder som kan appliceras på projektet “Tingvallen”: den hybrida arbetsmetoden, den platsbyggda arbetsmetoden och den prefabricerade arbetsmetoden. Genom en utförlig diskussion presenteras både fördelar och nackdelar med var och en av dessa metoder. Dessutom belyses konkreta kalkylmässiga exempel som tar upp hur de olika arbetsmetoderna kan påverka tidsåtgång, kostnader och utsläpp vid en renovering av fasad.Resultaten som rapporten frambringar baseras på en egen studie som kombinerar tidigare forskning med egna kalkyler för varje arbetsmetod. För att komplettera denna data har flertalet intervjuer genomförts för att erhålla en djupare förståelse för parametrar som svårligen kan kvantifieras, såsom flexibilitet och kvalitet. Enligt tidigare forskning framstår prefabricering som den mest fördelaktiga metoden för att minska kostnader, tidsåtgång och spill på arbetsplatsen, i jämförelse med platsbyggt. Egna kalkyler för Tingvallen-projektet visade att den hybrida arbetsmetoden var 9,4% billigare, 29,4% snabbare och genererade 20,6% mindre utsläpp än prefabricering. Dessutom var den 43,1% billigare, 55,5% snabbare och resulterade i 30,4% mindre utsläpp än platsbygge. Skillnaderna i procent kan härledas till flera faktorer såsom antal undersökta hus, projektets omfattning och metoders applicerbarhet.I rapporten framhålls att den hybrida arbetsmetoden har en positiv utvecklingspotential, särskilt med tanke på den pågående globala situationen inom byggsektorn i Sverige, som kommer öka behovet av renoveringar av befintliga bostäder. Trots detta förväntas de andra produktionsmetoderna inte avskrivas, särskilt med tanke på osäkerheten kring appliceringen av den hybrida metoden på större projekt involverande flera våningar, jämfört med exempelvis Tingvallen där husen är trevåningshus.Slutligen konstateras det att den platsbyggda arbetsmetoden ger jämförbar kvalitet, medan den hybrida metoden erbjuder överlägsen flexibilitet. Jämfört med den prefabricerade metoden bedöms den hybrida metoden vara överlägsen både i fråga om kvalitet och flexibilitet. / <p>    </p>

Problem - Decision makers shape the structure of the sales function, but it is unclear how they go about it and why. The rationale for making certain decisions need to be analyzed in order to understand why different decision makers apply different sales strategies. Topic - The Swedish prefabricated wooden house industry consists of many actors with no clear market leader. The sales force seems to mainly consists of external sales agents (manufacturers' representatives, also called reps), though some manufacturers also employ direct sales agents at the manufacturing company. Prefabricated wooden houses corresponded to 86% of all building permits requested during 2015. Purpose - This thesis aims to explore decision-makers' rationale behind the organization of manufacturers' sales forces in the Swedish prefabricated wooden house industry. Method - Semi-structures interviews with decision makers at manufacturing companies in the Swedish prefabricated wooden house industry have been conducted in order to fulfill the purpose of this study. The empirical findings are then analyzed based on theory that has been collected through partly inductive, partly deductive approaches. Main results - Decision makers use different arguments to justify their strategies. Many different rationale applied translates into no clear pattern besides the one that there seems to be no clear pattern. Arguments for a rationale decision are given without analytical proof for an assumption. Some interviewees are in essence for an integrated sales force, though might also work with reps.

Examensarbetet utfördes på Kynningsrud Prefab AB i Uddevalla som tillverkar prefabricerade betongelement till byggindustrin. I dagsläget är företaget inte helt tillfredsställt med material-, produkt-, information- eller kommunikationsflödet i verksamheten. Kynningsrud vill därmed skapa ett eget produktionssystem, KPS, för en fortsatt expansion.   Genom diskussion med företaget beslutades att arbetet skulle fokusera på tillverkningen av väggelement. Syftet med arbetet är att analysera och identifiera förbättringsmöjligheter samt ta fram förbättringsförslag med förhållningssättet lean produktion.   För att eliminera icke värdeadderad tid, standardisering av arbetsmoment samt informationsspridning valdes de sju slöserierna+en och 5S verktyget som teoretiskt ramverk. Information om verksamheten samlades in genom observationer, intervjuer och deltagande. Genom en nulägesbeskrivning av väggproduktionen med tillhörande stödprocesser beskrevs  arbetsmoment i processerna. Beskrivningen analyserades sedan efter det teoretiska ramverket.   Analysen resulterade i åtta förbättringsförslag som tillsammans skulle eliminera slöserier med en total tidsåtgång på ungefär 12 timmar om dagen. Det innebar en kostnadsreduktion på cirka 3,500 kr per dag. Sammanställning av den insamlade informationen åskådliggjordes genom en GAP-analys.   Vid tid- och kostandsberäkningar används den lägst uppskattade tidsåtgången från observationer och intervjuer med personalen som därmed kan innehålla mörkertal. Det gör att de beräkningar som redovisas är i teorin lägsta besparingen som kan genomföras. Kostnadsreduceringen kan i verkligheten vara större vid  en implementering av förbättringsförslagen. / The thesis was executed at Kynningsrud Prefab AB in Uddevalla. The company produces precast elements within the construction industry.  Currently, the company is not fully satisfied with the internal communication or the flow of material or finished products. Thus, Kynningsrud is planning to create a production system, KPS, in order to keep in pace with their current sales expansion. Through deliberations and discussions regarding the issue together with the company, a decision was made to focus on the manufacturing of the concrete walls. The conclusion came down to the purpose of the thesis would be to analyze and identify opportunities of improvement and to develop proposals targeted lean production. To eliminate non-value adding time as well as working to standardize operations and make the internal communication more efficient the two theories The seven wastes+one and the 5S tool was elected as theoretical framework. The necessary information about each step of the manufacturing process was collected by observing, interviewing and participation in the working process. The information was assembled to six current state descriptions of the production and describes every operation in each step of the processes. Finally, the description was analyzed according to the theoretical framework. The analysis resulted in eight improvement proposals that together would eliminate waste with a total time of approximately 12 hours a day for all analyzed operations combined. It meant a cost reduction of about 3,500 Swedish crowns per day. The compilation of the information collected was illustrated through a gap analysis. The time duration that was used for the saving calculations were estimated values ​​through observations and interviews with staff members. When calculating the time possible to save the lowest estimated time duration were used and the results may therefore contain numbers of unknown cases. It makes the calculations the theoretically lowest savings that can be made. In reality, the cost reduction could be greater if the improvement proposals were implemented.

Nyproducerade bostäder upplevs ofta som väldigt lika. Öppen planlösning, trestavigt ekparkettgolv och vitmålade väggar beskriver idag en typisk nyproduktion. Idag ligger fokus på att skapa funktionella, yteffektiva bostäder och kostnadseffektivitet eftersträvas. Prefabricerade standardlösningar bidrar till en förkortad byggtid. Vid jämförelse av nyproducerade bostäder och äldre sekelskifteslägenheter kan man se mer detaljarbeten i de äldre lägenheterna. Syftet har varit att fastställa om den svenska nyproduktionen är likriktad och upplevelsefattig. För att undersöka om detta stämmer har ett flertal byggföretag i Stockholm intervjuats. I undersökningen har även mäklare och andra representanter från branschen deltagit för att bidra med sina åsikter och för att skapa ett bredare perspektiv i frågan. Byggföretagens nyproducerade lägenheter har besökts. Under visningarna har lägenheterna studerats och bedömts utifrån de upplevelsevärden som presenteras i Ola Nylander och Kjell Forsheds bok Bostadens omätbara värden. Dessa värden beskriver både subjektiva upplevelser och tekniska detaljer som sägs bidra till en god bostad.  Undersökningen är begränsad till bostadsrätter i flerbostadshus i Stockholmsområdet. Resultatet blev att hela 80 % av de intervjuade tycker att dagens nyproduktion är likriktad. Även om företagen skulle få ekonomiskt bidrag väljer de ändå inte att prioritera förbättringar av de kvalitéer som bidrar med karaktär och personlighet i en bostad. Visningarna påvisade att det fanns brist på dessa kvalitéer i de flesta bostäderna men även att det fanns några få företag som urskilde sig från mängden med sin produktion.   Förhoppningen är att detta arbete ska uppmärksamma avsaknaden av upplevelsevärden i nyproducerade bostäder samt inspirera till mer fantasi och variation i den annars likriktade nyproduktionen. / Nowadays the planning in the buildings is strongly controlled by authorities, designed by architects and built by construction companies. Newly built dwellings are often considered as very similar. Open planning, parquetted flooring by oak and white walls are common words in description of todays’ dwellings. The priorities of the construction companies are to create functional space-efficient apartments and strive for cost-efficiency in the production. The use of prefabricated building parts and standardized modules contribute to a shortened building process. When comparing newly built dwelling with older dwellings from the beginning of the 20th century a great difference in materials and details can be found. The purpose has been to determinate whether the Swedish production is similar and unsatisfying. To determine if these theses are true, a number of construction companies located in Stockholm where contacted and interviewed. In the research a few real estate agents and other representatives from the industry participated to contribute with their own opinions and perspectives. A study of the building companies dwellings were examined during showings and evaluated by the different qualities described in the book Bostadens omätbara värden, by Ola Nylander and Kjell Forshed. These qualities describe both subjective perceptions and technical aspects which are supposed to contribute to a “good housing”. The research has been limited to co-operative apartments in tenement building in the area around Stockholm. 80% of the interviewed agreed with the thesis that the Swedish production is undiversified and unsatisfying. Even if the companies would have received financial founding, they would not choose to give priority to the qualities that would improve the character and the individuality in the dwellings. The showings proved a lack of these qualities in most dwellings but also that some construction companies were distinguished from the others with their production. Hopes are that this composition will draw attention to the absence of the qualities regarding the experience of the dwellings and inspire to a greater variation and diversity in the otherwise similar production.

Introducing concepts of Craftsman kit construction to the interior, as well as modern technology to lessen the cost of handcrafted details, opens the possibility to new methods of modular design in which interior units are configured around structural skeletons and central base points that provide supply lines to residential units. One example is Dutch design firm Minale-Maeda’s Keystones, a 3D printed connector that holds together any necessary components, like furniture. These keystones can be printed at home and save time and the need to obtain anything but essential components (website). The design firm works to create an “ongoing awareness of the possibilities of both mass-production and skilled craftsmanship” (L’arco Baleno, 2014). Another interesting example is Dutch design brand Fraaiheid’s Minimal Waste Table, which is created from one piece of laminated plywood with a CNC milling machine which makes for extremely minimal waste (Williamson, 2013). These examples of automation require a craftsman’s hand and mind to create the concept but introduce a modern approach to reducing waste, time and cost.

Considerando-se os design methods ou os métodos de projetação arquitetônica disponíveis, a presente dissertação aborda as gramáticas da forma (shape grammars) como sistema de simulação, geração e otimização de formas. Essas gramáticas podem combinar recursos descritivos e prescritivos para a solução de problemas de projeto, principalmente por meio da geração de tipos, padrões e famílias de projeto, destinados aos contextos do design industrial e da produção arquitetônica pré-fabricada. Particularmente, o manejo de gramáticas de projeto podem qualificar projetos, cujos programas envolvam uma reprodução em escala, em que se faz necessário criar variedade, flexibilidade e versatilidade construtiva. Este objeto de estudo compõe o arcabouço teórico essencial para uma reflexão a respeito de implementações computacionais e para a automação do projeto arquitetônico. Utilizando a base teórica e a reflexão resultante, esta pesquisa procura um rebatimento prático dos fundamentos teórico-conceituais implícitos, por meio de uma análise da linguagem e da gramática de projeto presentes na arquitetura Industrializada do arquiteto João Filgueiras Lima, o Lelé, focalizando suas primeiras escolas pré-fabricadas, construidas no período de 1983 a 1993. Espera-se, com isso contribuir para que arquitetos e usuários criem e compartilhem repertórios de projeto e de processos criativos, por meio de plataformas computacionais mais amigáveis à projetação arquitetônica, as quais tomem como base, sobretudo, as especificidades desse campo do conhecimento. / Considering the design methods and the architectural design methods available, this dissertation approaches shape grammars as a system of forms simulation, generation and optimization. These grammars can combine descriptive and prescriptive resources for solving project problems, mainly through the generation of project types, standards and families, in the contexts of industrial design and prefabricated architectural production. Particularly, the handling of project grammars can qualify projects whose programs involve a reproduction in scale, where variety, flexibility and constructive versatility are necessary. This object of study makes up the essential theoretical framework for a reflection on computational implementations and for the automation of an architectural project. Using the theoretical basis and the resulting reflection, this research aims at stimulating a practical debate on the implicit theoretical and conceptual foundations, through an analysis of the language and the project grammar present in architect João Filgueiras Lima (Lele)´s industrialized architecture, focusing on his first prefabricated schools, built during the period 1983-1993. We expect to offer some contribution to architects and users so they can create and share project repertoires and creative processes through friendlier computing platforms to architectural design, which should be based, mainly, on the particularities of this knowledge field.