<p>The basic idea behind an extra year in school was to offer students who have not read nine years in Swedish primary school an opportunity to prepare themselves to pass a high school. This first group that went an extra year in school consisted of eleven students who completed their studies and went on to high school. During the time the group expanded, the school received students from various schools in the same municipality. During the follow-up of these groups could be noted that there were many students who registered, but only few students completed their studies and went on to high school. The purpose of this study was to explore why leadership in the classroom is important for students. I used an ethnographic research method with both quantitative and qualitative data. I interviewed five students and three teachers and a representative from the school south of Stockholm.  The result of my study is that an extra year in elementary school is needed for students coming from preparatory classes (FBK) and have the motivation to go one extra year this is an opportunity to get ratings, which they lack from their home countries. An extra year in school should be individually adapted to the students who already have read nine years in Swedish high schools.</p>

The basic idea behind an extra year in school was to offer students who have not read nine years in Swedish primary school an opportunity to prepare themselves to pass a high school. This first group that went an extra year in school consisted of eleven students who completed their studies and went on to high school. During the time the group expanded, the school received students from various schools in the same municipality. During the follow-up of these groups could be noted that there were many students who registered, but only few students completed their studies and went on to high school. The purpose of this study was to explore why leadership in the classroom is important for students. I used an ethnographic research method with both quantitative and qualitative data. I interviewed five students and three teachers and a representative from the school south of Stockholm.  The result of my study is that an extra year in elementary school is needed for students coming from preparatory classes (FBK) and have the motivation to go one extra year this is an opportunity to get ratings, which they lack from their home countries. An extra year in school should be individually adapted to the students who already have read nine years in Swedish high schools.

The main purpose of my essay is to inquire into the situation in the preparatory classes. The focus of interest in the essay is to see how new arrived pupils/children from Iraq integrate in the new school environment, foreign culture and what difficulties they come across during their period at the preparatory class. Such as language difficulties and how they manage with the traumatic memories from the war and the effect of that in their learning. I choose to do a qualitative survey and taking part in observing a preparatory class to see how they work. Thereafter, to see from a different perspective and understand the pupils more and perhaps go deeper with some questions I choose to interview some of the pupils. The responds I received gave me a more comprehensible idea of the struggle these children have been through and still go through in a daily basis. The result of this study illustrates the character of a preparatory class, and the central factors that occur in their education. The result have shown that an intercultural work procedure at the schools gives the pupils in the preparatory classes a chance to integrate in the new multicultural environment. The intercultural way of working is necessary for their language development, other pupils and teachers understanding of their situation and the work up of their traumatic experiences.

The topic of my diploma thesis is the preparatory class during the legislative changes. The aim was to find out, how the directors and pedagogues perceive the development of the preparatory classes, if there were any changes during the time and what is the significance of the preparatory class for its pupils. The main objective of the work was to find out, how school leaderf and pedagogues do they perceive the future of the preparatory classes after the legislative's modification, or how could the perfect preparatory class look like in the future. I used a case study as a basic method. I got the research information from the interviews with primary school directors and preparatory class teachers. The result is that the preparatory classes have their place in educational system and that they are good for children, who visit them. Another result is that each school has a different children composition in the preparatory classes and that each school looks at the legislative a little bit different. The directors and pedagogues are afraid of the future of the preparatory classes because after the legislative modification there will be only few children with the postponement of the compulsory schooling. And they are afraid of the cancelling of the preparatory classes.

À partir d'une recherche longitudinale, menée auprès de 51 préparationnaires et basée sur des entretiens cliniques annuels ainsi que sur la passation des épreuves projectives (Rorschach et TAT), cette thèse vise à élucider le rapport établi par de jeunes adultes avec le travail en classe préparatoire et en Grande École selon deux perspectives : les ressorts subjectifs de l'engagement dans le cursus préparatoire d'une part, les conséquences possibles de ce parcours pour leur fonctionnement psychique d'autre part. Si l'hétérogénéité qui se dégage de l'exploration de leur fonctionnement psychique rend impossible la définition d'un « type de personnalité » spécifique présidant à cet engagement, les éléments issus du suivi longitudinal sont en revanche plus significatifs. Ils nous confrontent notamment à la question de la soumission active des étudiants aux réquisits de l'encadrement et de leur uniformisation progressive. Permis par une alliance paradoxale entre la sublimation et des stratégies défensives reposant sur l'arrêt de la pensée et le clivage, ce processus prend de plus en plus d'ampleur à mesure de leur adaptation aux contraintes de travail des classes préparatoires puis des Grandes Écoles. Ces dernières ayant pour visée principale de préparer les étudiants à assumer une fonction de cadre supérieur, sinon dirigeant dans les entreprises, les résultats de cette recherche tendent plus largement à mettre en évidence les liens étroits entre les nouvelles formes d'organisation du travail dans le monde du travail productif et les réaménagements psychiques opérés durant le parcours [classe préparatoire-Grande École]. Rappelant également la place essentielle prise par la sexualité ou, plus précisément, par le sexuel infantile tant dans le rapport du sujet au monde que dans les liens des hommes entre eux, ils soulignent l'importance, pour les sciences humaines, de la mise en perspective de la réalité psychique avec le champ social. / From a longitudinal study, conducted among 51 students of preparatory classes, and based on annual clinical interviews and on the award of projective tests (Rorschach and TAT), this thesis aims to study the links constructed by young adults with work in preparatory class and French "Grandes Écoles" from two perspectives: subjective springs of engagement in the preparatory program on the one hand, the possible consequences of this course for their mental functioning on the other hand. If heterogeneity that emerges from the exploration of their mental functioning makes impossible the definition of a "personality type" specific presiding over this commitment, the elements from the longitudinal follow are rather more significant. They confront us in particular to the issue of the student's active submission to the institution's requirements and their progressive standardization. Enabled by a paradoxical alliance between sublimation and defensive strategies based on the stopping of thought and splitting, this process is becoming increasingly important as they adapt to work constraints of preparatory classes and French Grandes Ecoles. Those latter have the main aim to prepare students to assume a senior manager position in firms, and the results of this research tend more widely to bring out the close links between the new forms of work organization in the world productive work and psychic transformations made during the course [preparatory classe- French Grande École]. Recalling also the essential role played by sexuality or, more specifically, infantile sexuality both in the relation of the subject to the world that in the links between men, they underline the importance for the humanities, putting into perspective of psychic reality with the social field.

Cette recherche en psychanalyse et psychologie projective questionne, sous l'angle de la créativité, le système des grandes écoles en France et celui des classes préparatoires, mode de formation le plus courant pour intégrer ces écoles (établissements élitistes, principalement de commerce et d'ingénieurs). Elle s'intéresse aussi au processus adolescent activement à l'œuvre chez les élèves qui, pour la plupart, trouvent en classe prépa, manière à traiter leurs conflits. Si l'adolescence pousse à la créativité, le passage en prépa favorise la sublimation, destin pulsionnel privilégié qui peut ouvrir aux plus belles créations. A partir de ces réflexions, étayées par l'analyse métapsychologique de la créativité et de son rapprochement avec la sublimation, nous conjecturons que les étudiants en grandes écoles, issus des classes prépas, pourraient s'avérer particulièrement créatifs. Concourraient à cette disposition une pugnacité au travail, mue par le désir inextinguible d'apprendre, ainsi qu'une certaine forme de nostalgie, relative à l'enfance envolée. Notre rencontre avec vingt étudiants - qui ont accepté de se prêter aux méthodes projectives - vient vérifier cette hypothèse : la distinction entre deux groupes d'étudiants, issus des classes prépas ou bien admis par d'autres voies, confirme l'expression plus aisée du potentiel créateur chez ceux du premier groupe. La recherche s'interroge ensuite sur l'exercice de la créativité après les diplômes, notamment lorsqu'elle se déploie dans le domaine des mathématiques. / This research in psychoanalysis and projective psychology examines the French « Grandes Ecoles » and preparatory class system, from the angle of creativity. These intensive courses called « prepa classes » are the most common way to enter the « Grandes Ecoles » (French Elite Establishments, mainly Business and Engineering Schools). This research also explores how the Teen prepa students, who are going through the adolescence process at work, can find way to resolve their conflicts through the prepa way of life. If adolescence impulses creativity, the prepa class system enhances sublimation, this pulsionnal conversion leading to the most beautiful productions. These considerations, supported by a metapsychological analysis about creativity and its link with sublimation, lead us to make the assumption that the "Grandes Ecoles" students, after the prepa classes, should be particularly creative. A strong dedication to work, moved by the very utmost desire of learning, as well as a touch of nostalgia, due to the loss of childhood, could reinforce this ability. We interviewed and tested - with projective methods - twenty « Grandes Ecoles » students, belonging to two groups : the first one had joined the Engineering or Business Schools after preparatory classes, the second one had joined them by other ways. Our results confirm that students from prepa classes show more easily their creative potential than the others . The research goes on to question how creativity is expressed after graduation and in particular, among top-level mathematicians.

Undersökningens syfte är att belysa på vilket sätt teknikundervisningen med sin praktiskestetiskakaraktär kan gynna språkutveckling. Teknikundervisning handlar om att ställasinför ett problem som ska lösas, om att misslyckas, förändra, pröva igen och lyckas. Idenna studie har åtta elever i åldrarna tio till femton från en förberedelseklass skapat ensaga och arbetat praktiskt med konstruktioner, dokumentation, och textbearbetning ianslutning till denna. Undersökningen ger svar på frågor kring hur de praktiska delar inomteknikundervisning kan gynna språkutveckling hos barn med svenska som andraspråk.Särskilt fokus har legat på hur eleverna interagerar när de får konstruera figurer ochåterberätta sin saga med hjälp av dessa och praktiskt–estetiskt teknikarbete. Arbetet gertydligt svar på frågan hur teknikämnets problemlösande delar kan vara speciellt lämpligapedagogiska verktyg för språkutveckling vid arbete med elever i förberedelseklass.Berättarlust och språkutveckling stimuleras genom kreativt arbete och resultatet pekar påatt elever från förberedelseklasser klarar uppgiften med bravur. / The aim of this examination is to throw light on how the school subject Technology with itspractical aesthetical quality can support language development. Technology deals with thefact that you are faced with a problem that should be solved, about failure, change, tryagain and succeed. In this examination, the pupils have created a short story and workedpractically with constructions, documentation and revision connected to their story. Theexamination answers questions concerning in what way teaching in Technology supportlanguage development among children who have another mother tongue than Swedish.How pupils interact when they are able to construct diagrams and retell their story bydiagrams and practical aesthetical work in Technology have particularly been in focus. Thiswork clearly gives an answer to the question how Technology with its quality of solution ofproblems can be particularly suitable as a pedagogical tool within language developmentamong pupils in preparatory classes. Pleasure in storytelling and language development arestimulated by creative work and the result points to the fact that pupils from preparatoryclasses solve the task with dash.

The thesis "preparatory classes": on the theoretical end, a step into a successful start in elementary school aims on acquainting the reader with the preschool age of a child, providing information about school maturity and readiness of children for entry into primary school, and at last, familiarizing the reader with the reasons for suspension of school attendance as well as undestanding the significance of preparatory classes under the lead of elementary schools providing them. The objective of this research is to familiarize the reader with one particular preparatory class and that is the one under the conduct of The Elementary School U Říčanského lesa. This diploma thesis is trying to ascertain if this preparatory class is a step to a succesful take -off to elementary school, mapping the overall content of its childrens parents whose children attend this preparatory class. A capabalities test and interview were used to validate the thesis.

TITLE: Specificity of education social disadvantaged child SUMMARY: This thesis deals with familiarity and experience of teachers and the principal of special education stream with the integration of socially disadvantaged pupils. The work deals with the reputation of so-called "Common Education" in the professional community of teachers, special education teachers and other educational staff. It also deals with experienced teachers with the integration of these pupils. It also dedicates level of awareness about who is a disciple of underprivileged knowledge and methods that can help this integration. Finally, the work deals with the familiarity of an amendment to the Education Act no. 82/2015 and knowledge of individual impacts on working with the student. Furthermore, the work deals with the degree of acceptance of compulsory attendance in the final year of nursery school and the abolition of preparatory classes. Also, the work deals with the possibilities that offers teachers plan educational support. KEYWORDS: Common education, amendment 82/2015, inclusion, special education, social disadvantage, socially disadvantaged pupils, plan educational assistance, canceling preparatory classes.

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