Diss. (sammanfattning) Umeå : Univ., 2004. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.

This paper aims to investigate women’s experience of digital technology as a contraceptive. Research on the female body has not always been a natural part of human– computer interaction (HCI) research but is beginning to be seen through various aids in menstruation, pregnancy and likewise (Balaam, 2017). In 2017, a mobile application was approved as a contraceptive in Sweden and by that, digital technology took a step into the industry of contraceptives (Suni, 2017). The product is made by the company Natural Cycles, which therefore has become the natural focus of this paper. This study was created to find out how women experience the first fully technological contraceptive, focusing on trust through interfaces and experience design. To answer the purpose of the study, a questionnaire was created and a focus group interview was held, where one of the participants was asked to write a diary for one week to document her feelings and thoughts about her use of Natural Cycles.The results from the survey showed that about half of the respondents trust Natural Cycles and may be interested in trying the product. The other half says that they do not trust the products safety. The results from involved a simple interface and good marketing with a lot of information about statistics. The answers also showed that those who didn’t trust digital technology as contraceptives lacked truthful information about studies and use. / Denna uppsats ämnar att undersöka kvinnors upplevelse av digital teknik som preventivmedel. Forskning kring kvinnokroppen har inte alltid varit en naturlig del av människa–datorinteraktion (MDI), men börjar synas genom olika hjälpmedelsapplikationer vid menstruation, graviditeter och dylikt (Balaam, 2017). År 2017 blev en mobilapplikation godkänd som preventivmedel i Sverige och då tog också den digitala tekniken ett steg in i preventivmedelsbranschen (Suni, 2017). Produkten ges ut av företaget Natural Cycles, vilket också har blivit det naturliga fokuset för denna uppsats. Denna studie skapades för att ta redapå hur kvinnorna upplever det första helt digital tekniska preventivmedlet, med fokus på tillit genom gränssnitt och upplevelsedesign. För att besvara studiens syfte skapades en enkät och en fokusgruppsintervju, där en av deltagarna dessutom ombads skriva en loggbok under en vecka för att dokumentera känslor och tankar kring sitt användande av Natural Cycles.Resultatet från enkäten visade på att ungefär hälften av de svarande känner tillit till Natural Cycles och kan tänka sig att testa produkten. Den andra halvan anger att de inte tror på produktens säkerhet. Ett sammanlagt resultat från fokusgruppen, enkäten och loggboken visade på att en viktig del för tilliten är ett enkelt gränssnitt och en god marknadsföring med mycket information kring statistik. Resultatet visade också på att de som inte kände förtroende för digital teknik som preventivmedel saknade sanningsenlig information kring studier och användande.

Kvinnor har länge använt olika metoder för att skydda sig mot graviditet. Omkring 1,1 miljarder kvinnor världen över är i behov av preventivmedelsrådgivning och familjeplanering. Ett av de vanligaste reversibla preventivmedlen är intrauterina preventivmedel. Det är ett säkert preventivmedel och ett allt mer populärt sådant. Samtidigt florerar negativa uppfattningar och erfarenheter kring preventivmedlet vilket gör att kvinnor inte vill använda det. Trots att det finns kunskap om ämnet finns det begränsat med kunskap om vilka faktorer som påverkar kvinnans val av preventivmetod. Genom att identifiera olika faktorer kan detta bidra till en förbättrad sexuell och reproduktiv hälsa för kvinnor. Syftet är att beskriva och sammanfatta faktorer som påverkar kvinnors beslut om att använda och inte använda intrauterina preventivmedel. Systematisk litteraturöversikt valdes som metod, där tretton artiklar med kvalitativ och kvantitativ design granskades. Två huvudteman med tillhörande subteman identifierades; Faktorer som relaterar till beslut om att använda intrauterina preventivmedel och Faktorer som relaterar till beslut om att inte använda intrauterina preventivmedel. Faktorerna kategoriserades vidare in i subteman och benämns som ett säkert preventivmedel, en trygg relation till vårdpersonal, rädsla för preventivmetodens egenskaper, negativ påverkan från samhället och kunskapsbrist hos patient och professionell vårdare. Resultaten visar att flera olika faktorer spelar in i kvinnans val gällande att använda eller inte använda intrauterina preventivmedel som preventivmetod. Ojämlikhet rörande ansvarstagande inom preventivmedel kan ses. Delaktighet och informerat val behövs för att skapa en god vårdrelation. / Women have used various methods to protect themselves against pregnancy. Around 1.1 billion women worldwide are in need of contraceptive counseling and family planning. One of the most common reversible contraceptives is intrauterine contraception. This contraceptive is a safe method and an increasingly popular one. At the same time, negative perceptions and experiences about the contraceptive abound, which means that some women do not want to use it. Although there is in-depth knowledge of the subject, there is limited knowledge about the factors that influence a woman's choice of contraceptive method. By identifying various factors, it can contribute to improved sexual and reproductive health for women. The aim of this study is to describe and summarize factors that influence women's decisions to use and non-use intrauterine contraceptives. A systematic literature review was selected where thirteen articles with qualitative and quantitative design have been reviewed. Two main themes and associated sub-themes were identified; Factors related to decisions to use intrauterine contraceptives and Factors related to decisions to not use intrauterine contraceptives. The factors were further categorized into sub-themes and are referred to as a safe contraceptive, a trusting relationship with healthcare staff, fear of the qualities of the contraceptive method, negative impact from society and lack of knowledge among patients and professional careers. The results show that several different factors play a role in a woman’s choice to use or non-use intrauterine contraceptives as a method of contraception. Inequality regarding responsibility in contraception can be seen. Participation and informed choice are needed to create a good care relationship.

Teenage pregnancies are often not intended, and there is a high risk that unintended pregnancies will lead to abortion. The wide-spread availability of Youth Clinics, the subsidizing of contraceptives and the introduction of new and effective contraceptives have failed to lower the abortion rates. The aim of this thesis was to study possible risk groups and to highlight underlying reasons for contraceptive failure. Methods: Study I and II were quantitative studies with the aims of investigating whether teenagers who sought emergency contraception (Paper I) and teenage mothers (Paper II) were at risk for new unintended pregnancies during a 12-month follow-up period. Study III and IV were qualitative studies. The aim in study III was to see how contraceptive use was documented in medical records (MRs) concerning teenagers who had attended for induced abortion. In study IV the aim was to find out reasons for non- use or inconsistent use of contraceptives among teenagers attending for abortion. Results: In study I and II data were collected from medical and antenatal records. The results showed that both groups, despite contraceptive counselling, were at high risk for new unintended pregnancies leading to abortion. Attendance at the postpartum visit was low and 24% of the teenage mothers did not receive any recommendation about using a particular contraceptive method. Within 12 months 25% had a new pregnancy and of these one third led to legal abortion. In Study III two themes were generated from the analysis of the MRs; ‘Contraceptive methods previously used’ and ‘Plan for future contraceptive use’. All MRs did not contain information about contraceptive use. In study IV one theme was generated from the analysis of the interview text: ‘Struggling with feelings of uncertainty and patterns of behaviour’. Conclusion: Teenagers using emergency contraceptive pills and teenage mothers were at high risk for unintended pregnancies. Contraceptive failure in teenagers who have had an abortion may be due to in part to the absence of contraceptive counselling at abortion visits and in part to problems with contraceptive use due to insufficient knowledge and not knowing what do when side-effects occurs.

Denna studie söker att inventera och identifiera bilder eller framställningar rörande Katolska kyrkan i skolbokslitteratur mellan 1840-2011. Behovet av en sådan inventering har funnits länge och genom denna studie tas en första ansats till att fylla en kunskapslucka om hur skolbokslitteraturen har framställt och hur den framställer Katolska kyrkan. Den metod som har används i denna studie är den tankestruktur klargörande kvalitativa textmetodiken som är en underkategori av en bredare innehållslig idéanalys och resultatet har påvisat att den undersökta skolbokslitteraturen genom åren har framställt Kyrkan som en antagonist gentemot frihet i form av religionsutövning i den äldre litteraturen och gentemot moralisk konsensus i modernare skolbokslitteratur.

Introduction:Rwanda is one of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with the most remarkable health achievements. However, Rwanda is still one of the countries with a high unmet need (34%) and high prevalence of unintended pregnancies. Objective: To examine the association between literacy and unmet need for contraception among women in reproductive age in Rwanda. Research design and methods: A cross-sectional study based on secondary data, derived from the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) program. The study population was women in reproductive age (15- 49 years old) who lived in Rwanda. It included 13217 females out of the 13497 after the exclusion of females who are not residents of Rwanda, who are blind or visually impaired and who are need language card. The methodology involved cross tabulations, bivariate and multivariate logistic analyses. Results: There was a significant bivariate association between literacy and unmet need for contraception (OR=1.28; 95% CI 1.17-1.40; p < .001), in which literate females where more likely to have an unmet need for contraception. There was no association between literacy and unmet need when controlling other factors. Others factors such as age, current marital status and province had a strong impact on the unmet need for contraception in the adjusted analysis. Conclusions: Literacy may be associated with the outcome, however, socio-economic factors have a stronger influence on the dependent variable. Regulations, policies and other features such as socio-cultural norms may differ from country to country, therefore it is important to consider the current situation of each country.

This bachelor thesis has studied the relationship between politics and birth control for men. By doing a qualitative content analysis on 18 motions and propositions and carrying out two interviews the two following research questions have been answered: How is the relationship between politics and birth control for men? and How is the relationship between politics and innovations in LARC for men? First of all the results show that the relationship consists of a demand for birth control for men from politicians. However, there is a different point of view regarding birth control for men and politicians than what political institutions such as the Swedish riksdag and the Swedish government believe. The motions and the interviews that I studied showed that birth control for men is about prioritising men’s sexual health and right now it is not prioritised. It also indicates that the relationship between politics and innovations in LARC for men is scarce, not many politicians talk about the need for LARCs both in a general sense but also in a specific sense such as vasectomy. Also different committees do not talk at all about LARCs. The results from the interviews showed that both politicians and scientists feel that birth control for men should be a priority and more should be done in order for change to be made. Lastly, more research needs to be done in order to be able to generalize the results to a bigger population.