Submitted by Bruna Oliveira (brunamiyuki@gmail.com) on 2017-08-29T17:05:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versãofinal.pdf: 3842360 bytes, checksum: 086bcf268fcb7702a198316e866fa6a2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Pamela Beltran Tonsa (pamela.tonsa@fgv.br) on 2017-08-29T19:48:14Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versãofinal.pdf: 3842360 bytes, checksum: 086bcf268fcb7702a198316e866fa6a2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-30T13:07:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese_versãofinal.pdf: 3842360 bytes, checksum: 086bcf268fcb7702a198316e866fa6a2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-31 / A privacidade de informações na internet é uma das maiores preocupações advindas da ascensão da web 2.0. Entretanto, cada vez é mais comum a requisição e manejamento de dados pessoais por empresas que, por meio de Sistemas de Recomendação (SR), visam garantir aos usuários serviços ou produtos personalizados às suas necessidades. Porém, frequentemente os consumidores enfrentam um paradoxo de privacidade-personalização, pois precisam conceder informações, mas temem como elas serão utilizadas pelas empresas. O uso incoerente de tais dados pode dar ao indivíduo a sensação de que sua liberdade está sendo cerceada, levando-o a reagir de maneira diversa da intenção do sistema. Trata-se, efetivamente, de um efeito bumerangue, entendido como uma resposta oposta à ameaça de sua liberdade na web. Tendo em vista que a literatura de SI explora de maneira insuficiente os efeitos da percepção de intrusão na disposição em revelar informações, sobretudo por meio da teoria da reatância psicológica – de onde advém o efeito bumerangue – o objetivo desta pesquisa foi verificar como a percepção dos usuários sobre a intrusão do Sistema de Recomendação pode afetar a sua disposição em revelar suas informações. Foram realizados dois experimentos, sendo um nos Estados Unidos e outro no Brasil, com amostras válidas de 213 e 237 participantes, respectivamente. Para isto, foi desenvolvido um protótipo de Sistema de Recomendação Experimental na plataforma Qualtrics. As técnicas utilizadas para análise de dados foram a análise de variância de um fator (one-way ANOVA) e a análise de covariância (ANCOVA). Dentre os resultados obtidos, demonstrou-se o efeito bumerangue do SR, pois quanto maior o nível de intrusão do SR, menor a disposição para revelar suas informações; verificou-se a existência de apenas dois níveis de intrusão percebida pelo usuário; foi constatado o impacto das preocupações de privacidade na internet na relação entre percepção de intrusão e disposição em revelar suas informações, além da uniformidade no comportamento entre as duas amostras. Com base nos resultados, espera-se que desenvolvedores de SR e empresas que os utilizam evitem futuros efeitos bumerangue em suas recomendações, o que afugentaria um potencial cliente. / Information privacy on internet is one of the biggest concerns that arise with web 2.0. However, it is increasingly common for companies that use Recommendation Systems (RS) the request and manage of personal data aiming to guarantee personalized services or products to the users. However, consumers often face a privacy-personalization paradox because they need to provide information, but fear how companies will use it. Incoherent use of such data can give to the individual the feeling that their freedom is being curtailed, causing reactions differently than the system’s intention. It is a boomerang effect, understood as an opposed response to the threat of its freedom on the web. Considering that the IS literature insufficiently explores the effects of the perception of intrusion on the willingness to disclose information, especially through the theory of psychological reactance – where the boomerang effect comes from – the objective of this research is to verify how the users' perception of the intrusion of the Recommendation System may affect your willingness to disclose your information. Two experiments were conducted in the United States and Brazil, with valid samples of 213 and 237 participants, respectively. A prototype of an Experimental Recommendation System (ERS) was developed on the Qualtrics platform. The techniques used for data analysis were the analysis of one-way variance (one-way ANOVA) and covariance analysis (ANCOVA). Among the results, the boomerang effect of RS was demonstrated, because the higher the level of SR intrusion, the less is the willingness to disclose its information. It was verified the existence of only two levels of intrusion perceived by the user. The impact of Internet privacy concerns on the relationship between perception of intrusion and willingness to disclose information was verified, as well as the behavioral indifference between the two samples. Based on the results, RS developers and companies that use them are expected to avoid future boomerang effects in their recommendations, which would scare away a potential customer.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:06:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 6770.pdf: 4215500 bytes, checksum: 31340bf5dc86076ef8911622315ba83c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-27 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / The high rate of growth and variety of information available on the Internet can overwhelm users, not leading them to the best decisions. In this context, social recommender systems play an important role on helping users against the effects of information overload. However, these systems need for data collection from its users social context motivates privacy concerns and may discourage its use. Thus, this dissertation presents a privacy negotiation model for social recommender systems to enable user to control his own privacy from the perspective of computer science. So, the user can decide to provide access to their data considering the personalization benefits that the system can offer him in exchange and is not forced to fully accept the privacy policies though. In this model, the privacy control is possible by means of a user interface design pattern using privacy negotiation techniques. The SocialRecSys social recommender system is an implementation of this model that was used in an evaluation with 32 users. The results showed that users are not satisfied with traditional interfaces and the model can better deal with the potentially different privacy preferences of each user. The results also indicated the high usability of the user interfaces of this model, which increase the flexibility of the systems regarding the configuration options of privacy preferences without harm the usage easiness of it. The implementation of this model shows that this is an alternative to reduce the concerns of privacy of social recommender systems users by increasing the flexibility and providing them a better understanding of the recommender systems. So users can feel encouraged to share their data in social recommender systems and take advantage of its personalization benefits. / A alta taxa de crescimento e variedade de informações disponíveis na Internet podem sobrecarregar os usuários, levando-os a não tomar as melhores decisões. Nesse contexto, os sistemas de recomendação social desempenham um importante papel ao auxiliar os usuários contra os efeitos da sobrecarga de informação. No entanto, a necessidade desses sistemas de coletar dados do contexto social dos seus usuários motiva preocupações de privacidade e pode desencorajar o seu uso. Assim, esta dissertação apresenta um modelo de negociação de privacidade para sistemas de recomendação social visando possibilitar ao usuário o controle de sua própria privacidade sob a perspectiva da ciência da computação. Desse modo o usuário pode decidir fornecer acesso aos seus dados considerando os benefícios de personalização que o sistema pode lhe oferecer em troca e ele não é obrigado a aceitar completamente as politicas de privacidade. Nesse modelo, o controle de privacidade é possível por meio de um padrão de projeto de interface de usuário que faz uso de técnicas de negociação de privacidade. O sistema de recomendação social SocialRecSys é uma implementação desse modelo e foi utilizado em uma avaliação com 32 usuários. Os resultados evidenciaram que os usuários não estão satisfeitos com as interfaces tradicionais e que o modelo apresentado pode tratar melhor as potencialmente diferentes preferências de privacidade de cada usuário. Os resultados também indicam a alta usabilidade das interfaces de usuário desse modelo. São interfaces que aumentam a flexibilidade dos sistemas em relação às opções de configuração de preferências de privacidade, sem tornar mais complexo o uso desses sistemas. A implementação do modelo proposto se mostra uma alternativa para reduzir as preocupações com privacidade dos usuários de sistemas de recomendação social, aumentando a flexibilidade e provendo aos usuários maior entendimento desses sistemas. Assim, os usuários podem se sentir encorajados a compartilhar seus dados com os sistemas de recomendação social e desfrutar de seus benefícios de personalização.

Mängden datainsamling växer snabbt i dagens informationssamhälle. I takt med attwebbinnehavare samlar in allt mer personlig information om internetanvändare, harkontroverser om integritet och negativa attityder uppkommit. Trots dessa kontroverser hartidigare forskning visat att internetanvändare tenderar att ignorera försiktighetsåtgärder för attskydda deras integritet. Denna skillnad mellan attityd och beteende beskrivs som "the privacyparadox". Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka “the privacy paradox” och de faktorersom påverkar fenomenen med avseende på personligt riktad annonsering. En konceptuellmodell med olika relationer konstruerades, baserat på tidigare forskning. Komponenterna imodellen inkluderade följande faktorer: tillit, upplevd risk, generell integritetsoro, upplevdfördel, avsett beteende och faktiskt beteende. För att utvärdera modellen genomfördes enenkätstudie (N = 107). Den insamlade datans resultat analyserades med hjälp av univariatstatistik, bivariat statistik och i slutändan användes PLS-SEM-metoder för multivariatstatistik. Resultaten bevisade att det finns en påtaglig skillnad mellan internetanvändareuttryckta attityd och beteende, vilket inte kunde förklaras av demografiska variabler.Dessutom visade resultaten att påverkansfaktorerna hade en positiv effekt på attityd ochbeteende. Genom att tolka dessa resultat drog vi slutsatsen att upplevd risk och tillit har enpositiv effekt på generell integritetsoro. Följaktligen har integritetsoro och upplevd fördel enpositiv effekt på avsett beteende, vilket i sin tur har en positiv effekt på faktiskt beteende. / The amount of data collection is growing rapidly in today’s information society. As thecollection of personal information by web holders increases, controversies about privacy andnegative attitudes have occurred among web users. Despite this, previous research has shownthat web users tend to ignore precautions in order to protect their privacy. This differencebetween attitude and behavior is described as “the privacy paradox”. The aim of this study isto investigate the privacy paradox and the influencing factors of the phenomena, with regardsto personally targeted advertisement. A conceptual model with various relationships wasconstructed, based on previous research. Components of the model included the followingfactors: trust, perceived risk, privacy concerns, perceived benefits, behavioral intention andactual behavior. In order to evaluate the model, a survey was conducted (N = 107). Thesurvey’s results were analyzed by using univariate statistics, bivariate statistics and ultimatelyPLS-SEM methods were applied for the multivariate statistics. The results proved that thereis indeed a difference between web user’s expressed attitude and behavior, which could notbe explained by demographic variables. Furthermore, the results indicated that theinfluencing factors had a positive effect on attitude and behavior. By interpreting theseresults, we concluded that perceived risk and trust have a positive effect on privacy concerns.Furthermore, privacy concerns and perceived benefits have a positive effect on behavioralintention, which in turn has a positive effect on actual behavior.

I en tid där digitaliseringen är mer utbredd än någonsin ökar också mängden data som samlas och delas online. I takt med att nya tekniker utvecklas öppnas det upp för nya utmaningar för integritetsfrågor. En aktiv användare online ägnar sig med största sannolikhet också åt ett eller flera sociala medier, där ändamålen ofta innebär att dela med sig av information till andra. Eftersom tekniken Augmented Reality används mer frekvent i några av de största sociala medieapplikationerna blev studiens syfte att undersöka potentiella integritetsproblem med Augmented Reality. Studiens tillvägagångssätt har bestått av en empirisk datainsamling för att skapa ett teoretiskt ramverk för studien. Utifrån detta har det genomförts en digital enkät samt intervjuer för att närmare undersöka användarens beteende online och The Privacy Paradox. Utifrån undersökningens resultat kunde The Privacy Paradox bekräftas och ge en bättre förståelse för hur användaren agerar genom digitala kanaler. I studien behandlas olika aspekter kring integritetsfrågor såsom användarvillkor, sekretessavtal, datamäklare, framtida konsekvenser och vad tekniken möjliggör. Studien kommer fram till att användare, företaget och dagens teknik tillåter att en känsligare information kan utvinnas genom ett dataintrång. Även om det ännu inte har inträffat ett dataintrång som grundat sig i Augmented Reality före denna studie, finns det en risk att det endast handlar om en tidsfråga innan detta sker. / In a time when digitalization is more widespread than ever, the amount of data collected and shared is increasing. As new technologies develop, challenges for privacy concerns arises. An active online user is likely to engage in one or many social media platforms, where the purpose often involves sharing information with others. Since Augmented Reality is more frequently supported in some of the biggest social media applications, the purpose of this study was to investigate potential privacy concerns with Augmented Reality. The study’s approach consisted of an empirical data collection to create a theoretical framework for the study. Based on this, a digital survey and interviews were conducted to further investigate the user's behavior online and The Privacy Paradox. Based on the results of the survey, The Privacy Paradox could be confirmed and a better understanding of how the user interacts through digital channels was achieved. The study treats different aspects of privacy concerns such as user terms, privacy policies, data brokers, future consequences and what technology enables. The study reached the conclusion that users, businesses and today's technology allow a more sensitive type of information to be collected through a data breach. Even if there has not yet occurred a data breach enabled by Augmented Reality prior to this study, there is a risk that it is only a matter of time until this happens.

No description available.

As digitalization and technology has quickly advanced over the recent years, marketers are becoming increasingly reliant on collecting user data, and targeted advertising has therefore come to be viewed as a form of data surveillance. Due to marketers' ability to analyze online behavior and target consumers with personalized advertising, users are becoming more concerned about their online privacy. Therefore, the main purpose of this research study is to examine different perceptions, attitudes, and experiences towards online privacy, specifically towards the aspect of targeted advertisement. Furthermore, the fast-developed technological world is constantly changing people's perspectives. Hence, this paper seeks to investigate whether different generations of media users have different perceptions. The empirical material for this study was gathered through a qualitative approach and was collected through two focus group interviews conducted from a comparative angle. The findings revealed that both generations were very negative and critical of data collection and showed mistrust of digital media platforms. Furthermore, despite both generations expressing strong privacy concerns and claiming to value privacy highly, their actions demonstrated the opposite, which is consistent with the theoretical concept of privacy paradox. Moreover, the findings revealed that certain attitudes and perceptions towards online privacy differ between digital natives and digital immigrants. The most significant distinction between the generations is the substantial lack of knowledge and awareness of digital immigrants. The findings suggest that digital immigrants need to be more enlightened regarding the function of new technological aspects, such as targeted advertisements. This is required for them to be more informed, hence reducing the risk of them feeling misled, concerned, and monetized. For users to feel secure using the internet, more laws and regulations are needed. / I takt med att digitaliseringen och tekniken har utvecklats snabbt under de senaste åren, blir marknadsförare alltmer beroende av att samla in användardata, och riktad reklam har på grund av detta kommit att ses som en form av dataövervakning. På grund av marknadsförares förmåga att analysera onlinebeteende och rikta in sig på konsumenter med personlig reklam, blir användarna mer oroade över sin integritet online. Således är det huvudsakliga syftet med denna forskningsstudie att undersöka olika uppfattningar, attityder och erfarenheter av integritet på nätet, särskilt när det gäller aspekten av riktad reklam. Dessutom förändrar den snabbt utvecklade teknologiska världen ständigt människors perspektiv. Därför försöker denna artikel undersöka om olika generationer av medieanvändare har olika uppfattningar. Det empiriska materialet för denna studie samlades in genom ett kvalitativt tillvägagångssätt, och samlades in genom två fokusgruppsintervjuer genomförda in en jämförande vinkel. Resultaten avslöjade att båda generationerna var mycket negativa och kritiska till datainsamling och visade misstro mot digitala medieplattformar. Dessutom, trots att båda generationerna uttryckte stark oro över sin integritet online och hävdade att de värderade integritet högt, visade deras handlingar motsatsen. Detta går i linje med det teoretiska konceptet om integritet paradoxen. Dessutom avslöjade resultaten att vissa attityder och uppfattningar om integritet på nätet skiljer sig åt mellan digitala natives och digitala immigrants. Den viktigaste skillnaden mellan generationerna är den betydande bristen på kunskap och medvetenhet hos digitala immigrants. Resultaten tyder på att digitala immigrants behöver bli mer upplysta om funktionen av nya tekniska aspekter, såsom riktade annonser. Detta krävs för att de ska vara mer informerade, vilket minskar risken för att de känner sig vilseledda, oroliga och övervakade. För att användarna ska känna sig säkra på internet behövs fler lagar och förordningar.

This study examines the intricate dynamics of online anonymity in the context of Fishbrain, a platform for fishing enthusiasts. By conducting semi-structured interviews with ten Fishbrain users, I scrutinized the experiences and understanding of online anonymity through a deductive thematic analysis approach. This research was further underpinned by a comprehensive platform analysis. Using Eklund et al.'s framework [15], I studied six themes that encompass both macro and micro-regulating structures that govern online anonymity. The research findings highlight the pivotal role of these structures, revealing that users frequently balance the advantages of disclosing personal information against potential risks. This study accentuates the need to consider a spectrum of factors—commercial, legal, and technological structures, alongside the factual, social group, and physical facets of anonymity—when investigating online anonymity. This research expands the existing body of knowledge on online anonymity and provides valuable insights for platforms like Fishbrain to better address their users' concerns and customize their features and policies effectively.

This paper critically examines users' perceptions of privacy and security in web applications,emphasizing interface design. Drawing on both quantitative and qualitative data grounded inCPM and PMT theories, our research addresses Internet users' concerns regarding onlineprivacy and security. Employing triangulation analysis on survey responses and web-basedobservations, our findings reveal a strong association between users' trust in web applicationsand their visual elements. By providing visual examples of current design practices in oursurvey, we discover some important aspects of effective interface designs. Utilizing IUIPCtheory, we identify how web application interfaces influence users' privacy management,impacting their trust and usage decisions. Notably, some users are subtly prompted to grantpermissions or share personal information through deliberate exclusion of options in thedesign of certain web applications. The approach of this study encourages a criticalperspective on privacy and integrity issues in online settings.