yes / In this paper, we extend Tobin’s Q model under financial frictions (Hennesy, Levy, and Whited, Journal of Financial Economics (2007)), using a discrete-time version of their model, to include private benefits of control of managers and other stakeholders and soft budget constraints in the form of money injections into the firm. Managers are not viewed to maximise shareholder value, but to maximise the value of their shareholding plus their private benefits of control. Private benefits of control introduce elements of asset stripping into the model. We characterize the optimal investment policy, analyse comparative statics and discuss applications to firms in transitional economies.

yes / In this paper, we empirically analyze the impact of ownership groups on companies’ investment rates in Ukraine using a new dynamic Tobin’s Q model allowing investment rates to depend on present and lagged Q. We find that the presence of a majority in and increases in state, non-domestic and financial companies’ ownership has a significantly negative impact on investment rates. State and insider ownership are associated with soft budget constraints whereas non-domestic, financial companies’ and financial and industrial groups’ ownership with hard budget constraints. The dynamic model shows persistence in the market-to-book value of equity, the proxy for Q.

no / We analyse the impact of ownership and corporate control on firms’ investment using the 2001survey of Yacoub et al. on Ukrainian firms. The model explains investment by output, financial and soft budget constraints, and corporate control (and ownership) categories potentially enjoying private benefits of control. We find that the corporate control model fits better than the ownership model,a negative relationship between state and employee control and firms’ investment, and evidence forthe presence of soft budget constraints. A negative relationship between firms’ investment and the relative size of non-monetary transactions strengthens the conclusion of private benefits of control impacting investment.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier le rôle des actionnaires contrôleurs dans la prise de décisions financières des entreprises. En particulier, elle met l’accent sur l’effet de la présence et du pouvoir de vote des actionnaires contrôleurs multiples (ACM) sur la prise de risque de l’entreprise, la maturité de la dette et le choix de la source d’endettement. La thèse est composée de trois essais sur le rôle que peuvent jouer les ACM en termes de gouvernance d’entreprise.Le premier essai, intitulé étudie le rôle des ACM dans la prise de risque au sein de l’entreprise. L’utilisation d’un échantillon d’entreprises familiales françaises cotées en bourse sur la période 2003‒2012 montre que la présence, le nombre et le pouvoir de vote des ACM sont associés à une prise de risque plus élevée. Les résultats suggèrent que les ACM contribuent à limiter la propension des propriétaires familiaux à entreprendre des investissements à faible risque. Cet effet est beaucoup plus fort dans les entreprises où les conflits d’agence sont plus susceptibles d’exister. Les résultats mettent en évidence l’importance du rôle de gouvernance joué par les ACM et peuvent améliorer notre compréhension de l’effet de ces actionnaires sur la performance des entreprises familiales.Le deuxième essai, examine le rôle que peuvent jouer les ACM dans la détermination de la maturité de la dette de leurs entreprises. La littérature en gouvernance d’entreprise a montré que les actionnaires contrôleurs peuvent détourner à leurs profits les ressources de leurs entreprises au détriment des autres actionnaires. Un tel comportement conduit ces actionnaires dominants à préférer l’endettement à long terme pour réduire la fréquence du contrôle effectué par les créanciers, ce qui peut créer des conflits entre l’actionnaire dominant et les actionnaires minoritaires portant sur la structure de la maturité de la dette. Dans ce chapitre, nous examinons si la présence des ACM contribue à atténuer ces conflits. À partir de données collectées sur des entreprises françaises cotées en bourse et observées sur la période 1998‒2013, nous trouvons que les entreprises avec des ACM ont tendance à se financer par des dettes à court terme. Ce résultat suggère que la présence des ACM réduit l’extraction de bénéfices privés par l’actionnaire contrôleur, ce qui permet d’enrayer sa tendance à préférer l’endettement à long terme.Le troisième essai, intitulé examine l’effet de la présence et du pouvoir de vote des ACM sur le choix de la source de la dette. Nous utilisons un échantillon de 6 238 observations couvrant 654 entreprises françaises cotées sur la période 1998‒2013. Nous constatons que la présence des ACM et leur pouvoir de vote augmentent le recours à la dette bancaire. De plus, nous trouvons que l’effet des ACM sur le choix de la dette est plus important lorsque les problèmes d’agence entre l’actionnaire dominant et les actionnaires minoritaires sont plus sévères. Dans l’ensemble, nos résultats suggèrent que les ACM réduisent l’opportunisme de l’actionnaire majoritaire qui cherche à se prémunir contre la surveillance bancaire, conduisant à plus de dépendance à l’égard de la dette bancaire. / The present dissertation is a collection of three essays. The first one investigates the role of multiple large shareholders (MLS) in corporate risk-taking. Using a sample of publicly listed French family firms over the period 2003‒2012, we show that the presence, number and voting power of MLS, beyond the controlling owner, are associated with higher risk-taking. Our results suggest that MLS help restrain the propensity of family owners to undertake low-risk investments. This effect is much stronger in firms that are more susceptible to agency conflicts. The results highlight the important governance role played by MLS in family firms and may explain why MLS are associated with higher firm performance.The second essay studies the relation between MLS, beyond the controlling owner, and corporate debt maturity. We employ a large data set of French publicly traded firms during the period 1998–2013 and we find strong evidence that firms with MLS exhibit shorter debt maturity. This result indicates that MLS curb the extraction of private benefits by the controlling owner and reduce her preference for less monitoring through the use of longer maturity debt. The findings are robust to a number of checks, including addressing endogeneity concerns and using alternative sample compositions and alternative regression frameworks.The third essay examines the effect of MLS on the choice of debt source. Using a sample of 6,238 firm–year observations covering 654 French listed firms from 1998 to 2013, we show that reliance on bank debt financing increases with the presence of MLS and with their contestability of the controlling owner’s power. Moreover, we find that the effect of MLS on debt choice is more pronounced when agency problems between controlling and minority shareholders are more severe. Taken together, our results suggest that the presence of MLS reduces the incentive of the controlling owner to avoid scrutiny and to insulate herself from bank monitoring, leading to more reliance on bank debt.

La tesis estudia la evolución de la estructura de propiedad de compañías y de sus efectos sobre resultados económicos reales. El capítulo 1 proporciona un análisis empírico de la privatización en Rusia en los años 90. Se utilizan datos de 530 empresas industriales rusas para estimar los factores implicados en la decisión de privatizar una empresa, en la selección entre diversas opciones de privatización, en la distribución inicial de la propiedad que resulta, y en su evolución posterior. El capítulo 2 estudia los efectos de diferencias de intereses entre accionistas sobre decisiones de inversión y el mercado de acciones en un modelo simple. Suponiendo que los mercados financieros son incompletos, la distribución inicial de la propiedad, la riqueza y las preferencias de los propietarios afectan a su nivel preferido de inversión. Las decisiones sobre la inversión son tomadas por mayoría. Dos extensiones, la protección de accionistas de minoría y ventajas privadas del control, permiten un análisis del papel de las instituciones del gobierno corporativo en las decisiones de inversión y estructura de propiedad. Las predicciones del modelo para la evolución de la estructura de propiedad son coherentes con las observaciones empíricas en el capítulo 1. / The thesis studies the evolution of the ownership structure of companies and its effects on real economic outcomes. Chapter 1 provides an empirical analysis of the large-scale privatization in Russia in the 1990s. A comprehensive data set of 530 Russian manufacturing firms is used to estimate determinants of the decision to privatize a firm, of the choice among different options of privatization, the resulting initial ownership distribution, and its further evolution. Chapter 2 studies the effects of conflicting interests of shareholders on investment decisions and share trade in a simple model. In a setting with incomplete financial markets, the wealth, initial stake and preferences of owners affect their preferred level of investment. Decisions on investment are taken by majority. Two extensions, a protection for minority shareholders and private benefits of control, allow us to analyze the impact of corporate governance arrangements on investment decisions and ownership structure. The model predictions for the evolution of ownership are in line with the empirical observations in chapter 1.

This thesis adresses the topic to discounts on minority shareholder level for lack of control and marketability. Separate chapter give a comprehensive view of their application and also discusses the problems of private companies.

Submitted by Diogo Anunciação Reis (diogoanunreis@gmail.com) on 2015-02-24T02:27:24Z No. of bitstreams: 1 007293707_MPE_Dissertacao_V10.pdf: 747515 bytes, checksum: 91e13be0bac80e71972e87a4567cbc0b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Renata de Souza Nascimento (renata.souza@fgv.br) on 2015-02-24T16:06:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 007293707_MPE_Dissertacao_V10.pdf: 747515 bytes, checksum: 91e13be0bac80e71972e87a4567cbc0b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-24T16:11:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 007293707_MPE_Dissertacao_V10.pdf: 747515 bytes, checksum: 91e13be0bac80e71972e87a4567cbc0b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-26 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo contribuir para a discussão acerca do diferencial relativo de preços entre duas classes de ações - ordinárias nominativas (ON) e preferenciais nominativas (PN) - no Brasil e os seus determinantes no período compreendido entre 2002 e 2014. Considerando-se a disseminada utilização de duas classes de ações (com e sem direito de voto) por empresas listadas na BMFBovespa – permitindo a separação entre controle e propriedade - e a elevada concentração do controle, este trabalho contribui para o entendimento dos potenciais conflitos de interesse entre acionistas majoritários e minoritários. Utilizou-se o método de mínimos quadrados ordinários (MQO) e os procedimentos de efeitos fixos (EF) e aleatórios (EA) para um painel formado por 46 companhias listadas resultando em 1.653 observações. Foram encontradas evidências de que as ações ON (com direito a voto) são negociadas com prêmio em relação às PN (sem direito a voto) e de que o prêmio (pelo voto) apresenta leve tendência de alta durante o período. Por fim, em relação aos determinantes, foram encontradas evidências de que o maior grau de proteção aos acionistas minoritários, o tamanho da empresa e a maior proporção de ativos tangíveis (imobilizados) estão negativamente associados ao prêmio pelo voto. / This paper aims to contribute to the discussion about dual-class premium (voting and non-voting shares) and its determinants in Brazil from 2002 to 2014. Considering the disseminated issuance of voting and non-voting shares by Brazilian listed firms – allowing the separation of ownership and control – and concentrated ownership, this paper contributes to the understanding of potencial conflicts of interest between majority and minority shareholders. This paper applies the ordinary least square (OLS) method and the procedures of fixed (FE) and random effects (RE) for a panel of 46 listed companies resulting in 1.653 observations. We found evidence that supports a premium of voting shares over non-voting shares (voting Premium). Furthermore, this premium presented a slight upward trend during the period. Finally, regarding the determinants, we found evidence that higher protection levels of minority shareholders rights, firm’s size and higher proportion of tangible assets are negatively associated to voting premium.

Submitted by Eduardo Cotrim (edulucascotrim@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-09-11T21:41:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ELC_final revisada.pdf: 901904 bytes, checksum: 34ced8d99037b195a9bf9d7a754202cf (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Joana Martorini (joana.martorini@fgv.br) on 2017-09-11T22:25:36Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ELC_final revisada.pdf: 901904 bytes, checksum: 34ced8d99037b195a9bf9d7a754202cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-12T16:45:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação_ELC_final revisada.pdf: 901904 bytes, checksum: 34ced8d99037b195a9bf9d7a754202cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-08-09 / In the last decades several papers have tried to estimate and explain the existence of control block premium in a number of countries. A lot of factors are related to it, like the private benefits of control, shareholder structure, the stage of corporate governance development in each country, idiosyncratic characteristics of the companies, etc. This paper studies the Brazilian stock market taking into account the evolution occurred since the early 2000 in terms of laws and rules of corporate governance. It was found that a high premium is paid to take control of the companies in Brazil and that larger premiums are verified in transaction involving companies with lower corporate governance practices. / Nas últimas décadas diversos estudos tiveram por objetivo quantificar e explicar a existência de prêmios pago por blocos de controle em inúmeros países. Muitos fatores estão relacionados a tal variável, como benefícios privados derivados do controle, estrutura acionária, estágio de evolução da governança corporativa em cada economia, aspectos específicos referentes às companhias, etc. Este trabalho aborda o mercado de capitais brasileiro em um ambiente mais desenvolvido em termos de leis e governança corporativa se comparado aos trabalhos acadêmicos do início da década de 2000. Foi verificado que existe um prêmio de controle significante nas transações com alienação de controle no país, além de haver indícios de que os maiores prêmios sejam pagos em transações envolvendo empresas listadas em segmentos de governança corporativa mais baixos.

近年來我國屢次爆發掏空公司資產之弊案，而細究其掏空之方式，多係藉由公司之交易行為，將公司資產不法輸送予特定人士。我們不難發現這些特定人士時常某程度與公司之董事或控制股東，具有一定之利害關係，甚至這些特定人士即為董事或控制股東本身。正因如此，關係人交易在我國公司治理議題上逐漸受到重視，並引起廣泛之討論，尤其針對具有董事或控制股東身分之人。由於此兩類身分之人同時具有掌握公司資訊及影響公司經營決策之權力，更易藉此方式自公司謀取私利。 我國對於關係人交易下董事之義務，雖已有規範，然而自比較法之觀點，美國法對此部分顯然較我國完備，不僅對於關係人交易設有事前之董事行為標準，並且對於符合行為標準之關係人交易，給予董事安全港之保護。同時，配合司法實務上所發展之司法審查標準，採取寬嚴不一的審查模式，使董事得於關係人交易中合理預測訴訟風險。一方面可降低關係人交易中非常規交易發生之可能性，另一方面亦不至於全然扼殺關係人交易在現代經濟社會中產生之正面價值。我國法之董事義務既是繼受英美法上受任人義務之概念，因此本文嘗試分析美國法中關於關係人交易之相關規定，希冀做為我國修法之參考以求法制之完備。 又我國現行公司法在控制股東義務方面，似存在重大之法律漏洞。尤其在關係人交易下，有心人士為規避擔任董事可能帶來之相關義務，轉而選擇置身於幕後，成為不具董事身分卻實際掌握公司經營決策權之控制股東。此無疑對於欲利用關係人交易不法掏空公司之人，開啟方便之大門。事實上，在英國及美國法上對於控制股東在特定情況下課予如同公司董事一般之受任人義務，而本文則將其焦點限縮在關係人交易下控制股東之義務，經由整理分析英美兩國法制上之條文、學說及重要判決，以期建構出我國規範關係人交易下控制股東義務之依據。