Esta tese analisa as normas processuais aplicáveis à arbitragem. O reconhecimento da prevalência da autonomia da vontade das partes e, subsidiariamente, dos árbitros para estabelecer regras para condução do procedimento arbitral, afastou a aplicação das regras processuais do local da realização da arbitragem. A ausência de uma lei processual de regência ou da aplicação mandatória das regras processuais da lex fori possibilitou, por um lado, a harmonização da prática processual arbitral e, por outro lado, embates recorrentes sobre a forma adequada para a condução do procedimento. A ausência de uma lei de regência não significa que o processo arbitral possa ser discricionário. Existe uma pluralidade de fontes normativas que influenciam a tomada de decisão processual nas arbitragens. Propõe-se a análise destas fontes normativas à luz do direito transnacional. O método transnacional adotado inclui normas nacionais e internacionais, bem como outras fontes normativas que não se enquadram tipicamente em uma categoria tradicional, admitindo que o quadro regulatório do processo arbitral seja formado por uma confluência de fontes que operam em ordens jurídicas e planos normativos diversos. Diante dessa pluralidade de fontes normativas, defende-se a necessidade de maior normatização in concreto, incentivando que as partes e os árbitros realizem uma conferência preliminar para definir a melhor forma de conduzir o procedimento em cada arbitragem. / This thesis analyzes the procedural rules that apply to arbitration. The recognition that the parties and, subsidiarily, the arbitrators are free to establish the rules for conducting the arbitral proceedings has prevented the procedural rules of the place where the arbitration is held from being applied. The absence of a governing procedural law or the mandatory application of the procedural rules of the lex fori has, on the one hand, made the harmonization of arbitration procedure possible and, on the other, led to recurrent conflicts regarding the appropriate way to conduct an arbitration. The absence of a governing law does not mean that the arbitration procedure could be discretionary. The existence of a plurality of normative sources that influence procedural decision-making in arbitration is verified. The analysis of these normative sources in light of transnational law is proposed. The transnational method adopted includes domestic and international rules, as well as other normative sources that do not typically fit in a traditional category, allowing the regulatory framework of an arbitration proceeding to be formed by a confluence of sources that operate in different legal systems and on various normative planes. In light of this plurality of normative sources, the need for more active case management and rule-making is defended, encouraging the parties and the arbitrators to hold a preliminary conference to determine the best method for conducting the arbitration in each arbitration proceeding.

O regime da ação civil pública baseia-se no Código de Defesa do Consumidor e na Lei da Ação Civil Pública. A legitimidade sindical fundamenta-se na previsão constitucional do artigo 8º, inciso III, e na autorização concedida de forma genérica às associações na Lei da Ação Civil Pública, artigo 5º, inciso V e no Código de Defesa do Consumidor, artigo 82, inciso IV. O Código de Defesa do Consumidor organizou os interesses em três categorias: os interesses difusos, coletivos, e individuais homogêneos. Os interesses difusos são os que geram maior oposição da doutrina em relação à legitimidade sindical, em razão de sua amplitude quando comparado com a noção de categoria. Mas é possível fundamentar a legitimidade sindical em relação aos interesses difusos com base no Princípio Democrático e na Teoria dos Direitos Fundamentais. No processo coletivo, a regra geral é que o legitimado é um terceiro em relação ao direito material discutido no processo. A legitimação é concorrente, exclusiva e disjuntiva. A doutrina aceita os requisitos da pertinência temática e o período de pré-constituição da associação; mas considera obstativos da demanda coletiva os requisitos que exigem a autorização assemblear e a individualização dos substituídos. No Brasil, questiona-se a existência do requisito da representatividade adequada da class action. Este requisito somente pode ser avaliado em relação ao legitimado no caso concreto pelo juiz, mas muitos entendem que a legislação já fez essa avaliação ao autorizar abstratamente a legitimação. A doutrina assinala, ainda, que esse requisito somente será aplicável em relação às associações e sindicatos. / The civil public action was governed by Code of Protection of the Consumers and the Law of Civil Public Action. The standing to sue of the labor union in the civil public action was accepted by the article 8°, III from the Brazilian Constitution and by a generic allowance to associations at the article 5°, V of the Law of Civil Public Action and the article 82, IV, of Code of Protection of the Consumers. The Code of Protection of the Consumers creates three kind of general interests: diffuse, collective and homogeneous individual interests. There is opposition again standing to sue of the labor union relative to the diffuse interest, because that kind of interest is more widely spread out than the labor class that the labor union represents. The standing to sue of the labor union in the case of the diffuse interest is based on the Democratic Principle and the Human Rights Theory. In the collective suit, the general rule is that the party to suit is a third one in relation with the person that is connected with the substantive law effects. The standing to sue in the civil public action is considered free to all of the collective players that are mentioned by the law, without any hierarchy among them. About the requirement imposed by the Law, doctrine accept the thematic pertinence and the time of one year of the settlement of the association; but take as obstructive the requirements that impose the name of members of the group and the permission decided in special meeting of the labor union or civil association. There is doubt about the existence of the requirement of the adequacy of representation, from the American class action, in the civil public action. That requirement must be analyzed by the judge, but most of the doctrine affirms that the adequacy of representation was made by the lawmaker when they choose which one would have the standing to sue. Most of the doctrine asseverates that the adequacy of representation is necessary only for the private entities.

I have chosen the topic of this diploma thesis for its relevance. The number of ordered executions is still high and the ratio between rights and obligations on the part of individual subjects of the execution proceeding is unclear. The diploma thesis discusses subjects of the execution proceeding according to the Execution Procedure Act. It analyses who can be subject and participant of the execution proceeding, the status of the subjects, their role in execution proceeding and also their rights and duties. The aim of the diploma thesis is to compare the position of individual subjects, describe how the execution can affect lives not only of the obligated and entitled subjects but also lives of third parties and to elaborate on future legislation. The diploma thesis is, except for the introduction and the conclusion, divided into ten chapters. The beginning is devoted to general questions regarding subjects and participants of the proceeding and the proceeding itself. Then it discusses individual subjects of the execution proceeding. The last chapter focuses on the discussion about future legislation.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to analyse the substantial and procedural legal regulation of the Commercial Register in the Czech Republic briefly though coherently and to clarify the most important principles, fundamentals and proceedings that are binding for the Commercial Register. Firstly I will introduce the Commercial Register in general and clear up the term "principle of publicity". Further I will focuse on the registered subjects and information and I will look closer on the Collection of Documents. The following chapters present the Commercial Register proceeding and the selected datas that may cause problems during the Commercial Register entry. At the end of my thesis I will try to introduce some proposals that could be helpful for the correction of some failures of the contemporary Commercial Code.

[pt] A presente dissertação visa abordar aspectos sobre a figura do juiz das garantias instituído pela Lei n° 13.964/19, de modo a analisar não somente a sua compatibilidade com o ordenamento jurídico pátrio, como também analisar a sobredita figura sob um prisma da teoria da tomada de decisão, para compreender se a separação entre o juiz que atuou na fase preliminar do juiz que atuará na fase de conhecimento atende à necessidade de que o julgador possua a devida abertura cognitiva para apreciar as teses defensivas apresentadas na fase processual. Sem prejuízo, serão analisados aspectos sobre a decisão de suspensão da vigência dos artigos que disciplinam o juiz das garantias pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, bem como sobre os aspectos gerais das reformas processuais penais realizadas na América Latina. / [en] This dissertation aims to address aspects of the figure of the judge of guarantees instituted by Law number 13.964/2019, in order to work the compatibility with the legal system and the decision-making theory, to understand whether the separation between the judge who acted in the preliminary phase and the judge who will act in the knowledge phase meets the need for the judge to have the proper cognitive opening to appreciate the defensive theses presented in the procedural phase. Without prejudice, aspects about the decision to suspend the validity of the the judge of guarantees by the Supreme Court will be analyzed, as well as the general aspects of criminal procedural reforms carried out in Latin America.

1 The purpose of this thesis is to discuss the main aspects of the Czech legal regulation of the arbitration proceeding under the view of the particular Western European national and international legal orders. By doing so, the author strives for critical review of the arbitration proceeding as per the Czech legal order under the worldwide perspectives and with the prism of modern Western European and world legal theory of the arbitration proceeding. The intention of such research is to determine if the contemporary Czech legal regulation of the arbitration proceeding is in conformity with the modern theory and practice of the arbitration proceeding. This thesis also aims to answer a question whether the Czech courts shall have the right to review the application of law by the arbitrators. The author is seeking to answer this question by comparing the the Czech, or rather Continental system of law with the law of England and Wales.

This thesis deals with the institute of summary preliminary proceedings. The introduction of this work briefly outlines the evolution of the legislation, which was the impulse for conducting the summary preliminary proceedings, and the reason for the introduction of this institute. The author defines the concept of summary preliminary proceedings in relation to other forms of preliminary proceedings and proceedings taking place before court. Further on the author tries to capture the essence and meaning of the summary preliminary proceedings. The work introduces the current legislation of the institute and its use under other criminal laws. The work defines the basic principles of summary preliminary proceedings. The author discusses the statutory conditions for holding summary preliminary proceedings. At the same time she defines the subjects of summary preliminary proceedings, their status, specific rights and obligations. Within this work, the emphasis is placed on the issue of time-limits, especially the determination of commencement and completion of summary preliminary proceedings and its length. The main part of this work is the interpretation of the processing of the summary preliminary proceedings. The author describes the actions of investigative, prosecuting and adjudicating bodies from the...

In this thesis, the common law crime of obstructing or defeating the course of justice as currently applied in South African law, is considered critically. The purpose of the study is to determine whether the ambit of the crime should be extended to target all conduct which undermines the proper administration of justice in South Africa. The interests protected by the crime are investigated, and those important constitutional values which underpin the crime, are identified. These values are: (i) constitutional supremacy (ii) the rule of law (iii) the doctrine of separation of powers, and (iv) the independence of the courts. In a post-constitutional era, the question raised is whether the crime as developed in the common law adequately protects these important democratic values. The historical background and development of the offence are discussed. This is followed by a comparative legal study which considers the existence and ambit of the offence in certain foreign jurisdictions. The foreign legal systems considered are England, Australia, Canada and the United States of America. The study reveals that the crime has been codified in most of these jurisdictions. Codification was driven by the need for legal certainty and compliance with constitutional imperatives. The study concludes that similar reform is necessary in South African criminal law. It is recommended that the common law offence of obstructing or defeating the course of justice be repealed and replaced with a comprehensive statutory offence which criminalises all manifestations of conduct which are intended to defeat or obstruct the proper administration of justice. The proposals are based upon the identified constitutional imperatives which underpin the crime. It is argued that the legislature is the proper institution to initiate reform in this regard. Detailed recommendations are made, which include draft legislation. / Law / LL.D.

嘉靖三十二(1553)年，葡萄牙人賄賂廣東官員，以「水溼貢物」為由遷入澳門，自此澳門成為葡萄牙人在華的聚居地，而明、清兩朝皆對澳內葡人實行治理。然而，光緒十三(1887)年清朝確立葡國永居管理澳門的地位，由此澳門成為了葡國的殖民地，在以後一百多年時間，澳門相關糾紛都是構成中葡交涉的重要部分，直到1999年葡國正式將澳門主權歸還中華人民共和國，中國才重新治理澳門。 澳門擁有複雜的歷史背景，加上，礙於時代氛圍影響，學界一般認為明、清兩朝視澳門為涉外問題，繼之將澳門史、中葡關係史兩種截然不同的概念混為一談，在這種「後見之明」的史觀之下，又利用錯誤的「朝貢體系」論的各種觀點來詮釋中葡關係史與澳門史，以致既有明、清澳門史研究無法體現中國各個時期治理澳門的意義，而且，既有的中葡關係史、澳門史論述皆存在諸多與史實矛盾之處，特別是在清代的部分。現今學界已出現全面推翻「朝貢體系」論的研究，有見及此，本研究利用「同時代史觀」，試圖站在清朝的立場，重新理解中葡關係與澳門問題。 本研究除了緒論與結論外，共分三章。首先從清朝對外多元關係當中，重新審視中葡關係，得知清代中葡關係非「朝貢體系」論所指的「天朝VS朝貢國」的不平等關係，而清朝只不過視葡國為遠在海外的小國，兩國不存在正式國交關係，由於清朝視澳門為非「涉外」事務，而是「內政」問題，因此不會將澳門問題放在中葡關係討論。在釐清中葡關係與澳門治理性質後，本文第二、三章分別從中國的視角，重新詮釋明、清澳內葡人的司法治理、互市制度。 通過以上三章，不僅能看到本文重建了有別於既有澳門史所呈現的歷史面貌，解決了既有澳門史論述的謬誤與矛盾，也明確區分了出明、清兩朝治理澳門不同的意涵。 / Since the 32nd year of the reign of Emperor Jiajing of the reign of the Ming Dynasty, Portuguese people had bribed the officials of Guangdong, China, and had entered Macao by saying that “their goods had got wet.” Macao since then had become a Portuguese settlement in China, and the Portuguese in Macao had been governed by the governments of China during the Ming and the Qing dynasties. However, in the 13th year of the reign of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, the Chinese government recognized that the rights of Portuguese that enable them to permanently live and manage Macao. As such, Macao became a colony of Portugal. During the following one hundred years, Macao had been treated as a part of the diplomacy between China and Portuguese. Until 1999, the Portuguese government returned Macao to the Peoples Republic of China, and Macao has therefore been governed by the Chinese government again. Macao owns a complicated historical background. In addition, due to the social context, the academic circle generally believe that the issues in Macao in the Ming and the Qing dynasties had been treated as issues of diplomacy, and researchers usually mix up the two fundamentally different concepts, history of Macao and history of China-Portugal relationship. Such historical outlook of “hindsight” and the incorrect views of the study of “the Tribute System” have led to the incapability of the study of Macao history of the Ming and the Qing dynasties in presenting the significance of the governance of Macao in various periods of time. Moreover, the existing study of history of China-Portugal relationship and of history of Macao contradicts each other in terms of the historical “facts” provided, especially in the part of the Qing dynasty. Currently, the study of “the Tribute System” has been proved erroneous in the academic circle, thus this essay, with the “synchronized historical outlook,” aims at re-exploring the China-Portugal relationship and the issues of Macao in the point of view of the Qing dynasty. Besides the introduction and the conclusion, this thesis has three chapters in total. In the first chapter, the author reviews China-Portugal relationship from the perspective of the various diplomatic relationship between China in the Qing dynasty and other countries, and realizes that China-Portugal relationship had not been the unequal relationship as “Mandate heaven VS tribute states” stated in the study of the “Tribute System”. Furthermore, the government of the Qing dynasty had treated Portugal as a small country overseas, and the two countries had not had official diplomatic relationship. Since the government of the Qing dynasty had viewed the issues of Macao as domestic issues rather than those of diplomacy, the issues of Macao had not been brought up in the discussion of China-Portugal relationship. Clarifying China-Portugal relationship and the nature of the governance of Macao, the second and the third chapters respectively, from a perspective of China’s domestic governance, re-present the justice and trading system of the Portuguese people in Macao during the periods of the Ming and the Qing dynasties. With the three chapters, this thesis does not only reconstruct the history presented by the history of Macao and solve the existing fallacies and conflicts, but also clearly distinguishes the different significance of the governance of Macao in the Ming and the Qing dynasties.

La nature des litiges relatifs à l'appréciation médicale de l'état du malade ou de la victime d'un accident du travail ou d'une maladie professionnelle, a conduit à l'organisation extra-judiciaire d'une expertise médicale dite "technique", les litiges relatifs aux états d'incapacité incombant directement à des juridictions spécialisées (contentieux technique).L'expert, désigné d'un commun accord entre le médecin-conseil et le médecin traitant, est saisi par la caisse en vue de l'examen clinique du malade ou de la victime, à l'aide d'un protocole. La procédure est assortie de brefs délais et l'avis de l'expert, qui s'impose aux parties, peut être contesté dans le cadre du contentieux général.La mise en œuvre de la procédure s'impose à la juridiction (qui fixe la mission et prend la décision), quand la difficulté d'ordre médical survient en cours d'instance. Cette obligation, née du caractère substantiel des formalités, dont a pu découler la force probante de l'avis de l'expert à l'égard du juge, est exceptionnelle en droit français.La question est bien celle des fonctions respectives de l'expert et du juge, quand la CEDH vise à étendre le principe du procès équitable à la phase expertale, de telle sorte que pourrait naître un droit général d'accès à l'expertise et d'y être assisté par un technicien, ce que l'on peut observer dans l'expertise médicale.La thèse vise à prôner l'extension du régime de l'expertise médicale à l'exception propre aux accidents du travail et maladies professionnelles dans le domaine agricole, dont le régime est inspiré du droit commun, le contentieux technique paraissant pouvoir lui-même être étendu à cette exception, alors que la Cour de cassation (rapports 2010 et 2011) recommande son intégration au contentieux général. / The nature of the disputes related to the medical appraisal of the state of the sick person, or of the victim of an accident at work or of a professional illness, led to manage an extra judicial medical evaluation, so called "technical", the disputes related to the states of incapacity being directly devolved to specialized courts (technical litigation). As appointed on the basis of a common agreement between the counseling doctor and the personal practitioner, the medical experts is refered to by the caisse in order to evaluate the medical state of the sick person or of the victim, in accordance to a protocol. The proceeding is concluded in a short delay, ant the opinion of the medical expert, as compulsory for the litigants, is opened to a dispute in the frame of the general litigation.The implementation of the procedure is imperative for the court when a medical difficulty occurs during the judicial proceeding. As rooted in the substantive nature of the formalities, grounding the value of evidence for the expert opinion, this is an exceptional obligation.So that, the point is the distinction between the functions of the medical expert and the court when is met the aim to extend the right to a fair trial to the evaluation stage, ant it could arise a general right to medical evaluation and to be assisted by a specialist, as for the extra judicial proceeding.An objective of the thesis is to propose an extension to the existing exception of the accidents at work or the professional illness in the agricultural area, as shaped by the general legal regime. So that the technical litigation could too receive an extension, completely in opposition to the solution wished by the Cour de cassation (reports 2010, 2011) of an integration to the general litigation