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Denna studie har haft som utgångspunkt att undersöka hur lärare ser på tiden i förhållande till läraryrket. Samt hur dessa upplever hur mycket tid de har att disponera i förhållande till sina arbetsuppgifter. I den tidigare forskningen lyfter jag upp hur lärarprofessionen har förändrats över tid, och hur lärare upplever sin arbetssituation samt den stress som finns inom lärarkåren. Med detta som grund har jag med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer genomfört intervjuer med 6 lärare kring hur dessa ser på sin arbetssituation. Lärarna har berättat om detta utifrån en intervjuguide som jag utgått ifrån. Detta för att ge intervjun givna ramar för vad samtalet i stora drag skulle kretsa kring. Efter intervjuerna genomförts användes en fenomenografisk analysmodell. I resultatet framkommer att lärare upplever sin arbetssituation på olika sätt. Några lärare som intervjuas upplever en känsla av att tiden inte räcker till, och att det kan uppstå en känsla av otillräcklighet hos lärarna, medan andra upplevde en känsla av tillräcklighet. En av orsakerna till känslan av otillräcklighet som lyfts upp i studien är otydligheten i vad som ingår i lärarprofessionen, och vad som förväntas av läraren i hens yrkesroll. Bland de lärare som känner en tillräcklighet framkom att de hade strategier som fungerade gynnsamt för att hantera tidspressen.

This study examines data from a modified version of the Core Alcohol and Drug Survey to establish the frequency use of alcohol, tobacco, marijuana, and stimulants, which were the four variables used to denote substance use. This study also investigates the consequences experienced as a result of substance use among female graduate students (n = 266) in mental health majors, including Counseling Education (n=164) and Other Mental Health majors (n=102). Eight universities located in the southeastern region of the United States participated in the study. In addition to measuring substance use, the survey also provided a general description of the participants. The participants, who averaged 24.85 years in age, were 48.9% (n=130) Caucasian and 51.1% (n=136) African American. In terms of marital status, were 38.7% (n=103) the respondents single, 18.8% (n=50) in a committed relationship but not married, 28.2% (n=75) married, and 13.5% (n=36) married, but with an absentee spouse. A majority of the respondents (n=178) were employed in a full time capacity. An ensuing analysis of the data revealed generalized substance use among female graduate students in mental health majors, with alcohol being the most prevalently used substance among the four. Demographic variables found to be significant in these findings were ethnicity, age, major, marital status and living arrangements. When examining consequences experienced as a result of tobacco, alcohol, marijuana and stimulants use during the past year, the majority of participants did not experience any consequences; frequencies indicated small percentages of consequences experienced by graduate students and are reported herein. Implications for the profession and recommendations for future research are suggested. / Ph. D.

:Historische Grundlagen Populärkultur

This thesis discusses the subject knowledge of university librarians, gained through education and/or experience in the field. The aim was to investigate the subject knowledge for university librarians, how the existence of subject knowledge or the lack thereof affects the librarians’ work and how the users’ view on the librarians' subject knowledge. I also wanted to investigate if there were differences between librarians at the interdisciplinary libraries and special librarians and whether there were differences between disciplines. This thesis is based on professional theory and librarian occupation as a profession or semi-profession. Additionally I explored what previous studies (mostly American) had said about the subject knowledge of university libraries, both general and divided into different disciplines. For this study I used online questionnaires to 274 librarians, library assistants and other staff of university libraries and 169 users. The questionnaire for the libraries was sent out to contacts at selected libraries, which in their turn asked the staff at these libraries to participate. For user survey I asked users in the libraries personally to participate and then sent out email to them. The responses were analysed mainly on the basis of computer generated results in the web tool and these results was published in the form of tables and diagrams in the study. The results of this survey was mainly that the portion of librarians with subject background was quite low, particularly in terms of subject specific degree, and that experience was relatively high. They are also differences between librarians on interdisciplinary libraries and librarians on subject specialized libraries, mainly that the proportion of completed degree in library science is higher for the subject librarians and the proportion who think that subject knowledge is important is lower in the same group. There are also differences between different disciplines, mainly in the terms of degree, both in library science and other topics, experience, and if the subject knowledge is important in the field. Based on these findings I could conclude that the librarian occupation is a semi-profession rather than a profession. The main conclusions was that librarians think that subject knowledge is important but that this is not seen to the same extent in their education or training although that it partially counterbalanced by experience. Its users find the librarians' subject knowledge partly is quite poor but that they nonetheless receive sufficient help. There are according to me possible methods to raise the subject knowledge of university librarians, mainly by trying to associate librarians with appropriate education to subject libraries and to create a specialisation on university librarianship.

Syfte: Syftet är att öka förståelsen för hur olika yrkeskategorier uppfattar organisationskultur och med den förståelsen belysa vikten av hur sjukhus kan arbeta med organisationskultur för att kunna möta framtidens växande och åldrande befolkning.                                                    Metod: Studien har en kvalitativ forskningsstrategi med en abduktiv ansats som behandlar fenomenet organisationskultur. Studiens datainsamlingsmetod består av en kombination av och med enskilda intervjuer, fokusgrupp, observationer och insamlade dokument som bygger på och stärker varandra.                                                                                                       Slutsats: Vi har genom denna studie fått en ny insikt i att yrkeskategorier i första hand relaterar organisationskultur till sig själva och att det kan vara individens sätt att uppfatta sin plats i organisationen. Organisationskultur blir således något som var och en förhåller sig till utifrån sin egen referensram och att den enskilda professionen, arbetsuppgiften, enheten, verksamhetsområdet eller sjukhuset återspeglar sättet att se på organisationskultur. / Purpose: The purpose is to increase the understanding of how different job types apprehend organizational culture which light the importance of how hospitals can work with organizational culture. This to be able to meet the increasing needs of future growing and ageing population in a more comprehensive effort. Method: The study has a qualitative research strategy with a cross-sectional approach which examining the organizational culture as a phenomenon. The data consists of separate interviews, focus group, observations and collected documents all of which build upon and bolster each other in an effort to support the hypothesis. Conclusion: Through this study we received new insight and knowledge which made us understand that individuals relate organizational culture to themselves, which can be the individual's way of perceiving their place in the organization. Organizational culture is furthermore something that individuals relate to through their own frame of reference and that the individual's profession, assignment, unit, work area or hospital influences the way individuals look upon organizational culture.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Cette recherche tente d’évaluer le pouvoir de la profession comptable dans le cadre de la normalisation internationale après la réforme des institutions en 2001. La normalisation comptable internationale, processus technique et politique, se prête à une étude à travers les relations de pouvoir. Une grille d’analyse théorique est construite sur la base du cadre du pouvoir de Lukes (1974, 2005). Elle est ensuite appliquée à l’étude du pouvoir de la profession comptable sur le normalisateur international, en privilégiant la première dimension de ce cadre, l’étude des conflits observables, et la troisième dimension, l’étude des conflits latents. La première dimension est opérationnalisée à travers l’étude du développement d’un projet particulier, la norme IFRS 3 « Regroupements d’entreprises ». Les résultats montrent que l’IASB n’a pas changé sa position sur les questions clés du projet malgré l’opposition des membres de la profession comptable. La troisième dimension est opérationnalisée par l’étude de la composition des principales instances du normalisateur international. L’étude des dispositions des statuts et l’analyse du profil effectif des normalisateurs permettent de mettre en évidence une présence renforcée des membres des grands cabinets d’audit. Les résultats de ces deux études sont enfin comparés, discutés et rapprochés / The aim of this research is to assess the power of the accounting profession on the international standard setting institutions after their reform in 2001. International accounting standard setting, technical and political process, can be studied through power relations. A theoretical framework is built on the basis of the theory of power of Lukes (1974, 2005). It is then applied to the study of the power of the accounting profession on the international standard-setter, focusing on the first dimension of the framework, the study of observable conflicts, and the third dimension, the study of latent conflicts. The application of the first dimension goes through the case-study of the development of IFRS 3 "Business Combinations". The results show that the IASB has not changed its position on the key issues of the project despite opposition from members of the accounting profession. The application of the third dimension goes through the study of the composition of the main bodies of the international standard-setter. The study of IFRS Foundation’s constitution and the analysis of the profile of the standard setters can highlight an increased presence of members of the large audit firms. The results of these two studies are finally compared, discussed and reconciled

In accordance with the Social Services, all Swedish municipalities work to ensure that older people should be given the opportunity to live independently in safe conditions. For that reason they offer them extra help and support in their own homes. This help and this support is provided by the home care and their health care workers in form of assistant nurses and orderlies. The National Board of Health and Welfare emphasizes in several of its investigations that competence in elderly care is one of the major challenges in the future. They consider this a must to meet the needs that come with an aging population and to meet the current lack of quality in health care. According to The National Board of Health and Welfare, competence development is the main element to ensure quality in elderly care. Therefore they establish that all health care workers should as a minimum have basic professional skills for their work in elderly care. The aim of this study has been to investigate whether the National Board's goal that all staff in elderly care should have the basic professional skills is relevant to professional categories: assistant nurses and orderlies in home care. The study has been based on sociological theory of professions that intend to explain the relations between occupational groups, how professional status is developed and maintained within the organization. In order to meet the aim of this study a total of twelve semi-structures and qualitative interviews have been conducted with nurses and orderlies at three different home care services. The results show us how differences between the occupational groups may affect the status and reputation of the profession when questions of competence emerges.