A building with high levels of radon gas in the indoor air has a negative effect on the users of the building. Radon in buildings is one of the most common cause to lung cancer in Sweden today, which is why the Boverkets byggregler have set a limit value of 200 Bq/m3 for indoor air in new buildings. The limit value is twice as high as the limit value set by WHO, due to the high uranium levels in Sweden. The soil conditions in Sweden vary, which leads to the problem with the concentration of radon in the soil being different in different geographical locations in Sweden. The thesis has examined routines regarding radon in the soil at the design stage at Skanska in Helsingborg to highlight the risks of the municipality designating the area as a low-risk area. The methods used in this thesis consists of a survey, interviews and examination of documents and geodata. The survey and interviews were conducted with employees at Skanska in both Helsingborg and Uppsala, in order to make a comparison between two areas where the radon problem differ. The results show that there are gaps in knowledge about radon among the employees in Helsingborg, due to lack of experience. If the municipality does not set requirements regarding radon in the inspection plan, Skanska will not do so either. The results also show from measurements that there are areas in Helsingborg that should be considered a high-risk area for radon. One conclusion for the thesis is that regular internal education regarding radon can be beneficial in an area that is considered a low-risk area, as there is a lack of practical experience. Another conclusion is that it is misleading to generalize an area as a low-risk area, as measured values from radon examination in soils show local differences. A recommendation is therefore to always perform a radon examination before a new building is constructed.

In this project, intended photovoltaic installations on the campus area of Luleå University of Technology are cost–estimated, designed and mapped based on solar power in northern conditions. An increased precipitation of snow and low solar angles are the main factors influencing the energy yield from PV installations in northern conditions. The reduced irradiation during winter results in a power production corresponding to only a few percent of the production during summer. Snow shading can lead to a 30% annual production loss and is strongly correlated to module tilt and placement. The roof surfaces selected for the installations have shown good potential regarding yearly irradiation based on modeling, simulations, solar mapping and photography. The modules selected in the project are monocrystalline moduls in half–cell design from Trina Solar, Longi Solar and Q–cells. Placement has been made in a landscape position with southern orientation. Simulated production for the A–house installation was 260 MWh, B–house 200 MWh, C–house 190 MWh, E–house 310 MWh, F–house 450 MWh and Polstjärnan 80 MWh. Total annual production for the campus has been calculated to approximately 1,5 GWh.  The total cost for the installation of each building was estimated for the A–building 1,4 MSEK; B– and C– building 1,1 MSEK; building 1,7 MSEK; building 2,4 MSEK and Polstjärnan 0,4 MSEK. The total cost for all the installations was estimated to 8,1 MSEK with a payback time estimated at 10 years. The most feasible case in terms of produced solar power in relation to total investment cost is the modules from Q–cells. The priority order for the construction of each installations in descending order is: A–house, F–house, E–house, C–house, B–house and Polstjärnan based on availability and profitability. Simulated production in relation to the buildings’ electricity demand shows that storage and feedback to the electricity grid is not relevant for the roof–mounted installations in the project. To cover the electricity demand with self–produced solar power, additional ground–mounted installations and improved conditions for roof installation in the event of new constructions and renovations are recommended.

Virtual Reality in the construction industry has begun to get its foothold, the use of thetechnique is somehow mixed up of being a show-off tool for visual presentations and not reallycontributing to economic improvements. The project aims to investigate if virtual reality couldcontribute to profitability when used in the construction-design phase to prevent design errorsfrom occurring which later leads to cost overruns in the specific project. The information wasmainly collected through literature studies and a 10-question survey. Phone-interviews are laterexecuted with experienced construction engineers that is familiar with the new technique tocomplement parts of the survey that didn’t cover enough facts. The results of this study showthat using virtual reality during the construction-design phase when projecting schools, hospitals,residence and hotels leads to less expenses throughout the project by preventing design errorsfrom occurring thanks to the virtual visualisation the technique offers. Dealing with designerrors in the early stage of the project could therefore help companies to reduce unexpectedexpenses and present more accurate cost estimates.

Denna uppsats undersöker Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) som är en ny samverkansmetod vilken är avsedd att hantera komplexiteten i samhället och handskas med problematiken inom den svenska byggindustrin. ECI syftar främst till involvering och användning av entreprenörens expertkunskaper i projekteringen för projektet. Detta för att öka möjligheterna att i förväg kunna säkerställa att ett byggprojekt kan byggas på ett effektivt sätt, både vad gäller tid och pengar.Vi har genomfört en fallstudie av ECI-projektet deletapp Centralen, som är en del av det omfattande infrastrukturprojektet Västlänken i Göteborg. Syftet med vår studie har varit att undersöka hur konceptet ECI handskas med problematiken inom samhället och byggindustrin. Genom djupgående analys av intervjuer med involverade aktörer i projektet har vi identifierat faktorer som påverkar implementeringen och upprätthållandet av ECI som samverkansmetod.I vår undersökning har ECI presenterat diverse praktiska möjligheter för vårt studieobjekt, såsom innovativa tekniska lösningar och effektivisering inför byggnation. Dock har en hel del utmaningar med ECI framträtt. Resultaten som har framkommit är att den inledande tiden då beställare, entreprenör och konsulter påbörjade arbetet var bristfällig. Både teori och resultat från intervjupersoner pekar på att problematiken kring förtroende, arbetsfördelning och personkemi går att härledas till den allra första inledande tiden för projektet. Dock var involverade aktörer väl medvetna om att problem eller kritiska situationer skulle uppstå men där fanns sällan bra sätt att hantera dessa. Resultat i vår studie visar även på problematik att införa dynamiska processer, såsom ECI, i organisationer som efterfrågar strukturell ordning. / This paper examines Early Contractor Involvement (ECI), which is a new method of collaboration that is designed to handle complexity in society and deal with the problems in the Swedish construction industry. ECI aims primarily at the involvement and use of the entrepreneur's expert knowledge in the early design and planning phase of the project. This in order to increase the opportunities to ensure that a construction project can be built efficiently, both in terms of time and money.We have conducted a case study of the ECI project deletapp Centralen, which is part of the extensive infrastructure project West Link in Gothenburg. The purpose of our study was to investigate how the ECI concept deals with the problems in society and the construction industry. Through in-depth analysis of interviews with involved actors in the project, we have identified factors that affect the implementation and maintenance of ECI as a collaborative method.In our study, ECI has presented various practical possibilities for our study object, such as innovative technical solutions and efficiency for construction. However, a lot of challenges with ECI have emerged. The results that have emerged are that the initial time when the client, contractor and consultants started work was inadequate. Both theory and results from interviewees point out that the problem of trust, division of work and personal chemistry can be deduced to the very first initial time of the project. However, actors involved were well aware that problems or critical situations would arise, but there were seldom good ways to deal with them. Results in our study also show problems in introducing dynamic processes, like ECI, in an organization that seeks structural arrangements.

Ett byggprojekt innehåller fyra skeden, förstudie, projektering, produktion och förvaltning. Projekteringsskedet är hela designprocessen där ritningar och beskrivningar skapas för att sedan kunna bygga och förvalta den tänkta byggnaden. Projekteringsstadiet består av flera olika aktörer och teknik discipliner där samordning och koordinering krävs. Ett verktyg som tillämpas i hela byggprocessen men framförallt i projekteringen är BIM, vilket är en arbetsprocess som effektiviserar informationshantering genom att under byggprojektets gång samla information till en 3D-modell. BIM i projekteringsstadiet består av flera olika teknik discipliner som behöver samordnas och koordineras till gemensamma mål för att inte missförstånd ska ske och att viktig information ska förloras.Denna studie utreder BIM-manualer och dess innehåll samt undersöka om projektörer och arkitekter följer de krav och riktlinjer som formulerats i BIM-manualen. Studien utreder även om de krav och riktlinjer som utformats i BIM-manualer öppnar upp för nytänkande och innovation för projektörerna och arkitekterna, eller om det eventuellt begränsar projektörerna och arkitekterna innovation samt nytänkande. Rapporten grundas på en kvalitativ metod, där information erhålls från semistrukturerade intervjuer, och en litteraturstudie där data och information har hämtats från litteraturer i form av böcker, forskningsrapporter, utredningsrapporter, examensarbeten, dokument och webbsidor. Studien avgränsar sig till projekteringsskedet, där åtta personer har intervjuats och fyra företag har studerats. Personal som har intervjuats är fem BIM-samordnare, en Section Manager inom BIM, en avdelningschef som ansvarar för BIM och slutligen en VVS-projektör.Baserat på resultatet i studien kan man konstatera att BIM-manualer inte följs strikt i verkligheten utan mer översiktligt. Detta beror bland annat på att krav och riktlinjer kan uppdateras under projektets gång. Utifrån studien kan man även konstatera att en BIM-manual innehåller projektspecifika krav och riktlinjer för de planerade BIM-modellerna i syfte för att skapa den organisation och de arbetsprocesser som ett BIM-projekt eftersträvar. Några exempel på krav och riktlinjer som kan formuleras i en BIM-manual är leveransformat på filer, programvaror och specifika krav och redovisningsteknik. Man kan även dra slutsatsen att krav och riktlinjer som definierats i BIM-manualen underlättar samordning och koordinering under projektets gång men att de inte följs rigoröst. En annan slutsats som kan faställas utifrån studien är att BIM-manualen öppnar upp för kreativitet och innovation för projektörerna och arkitekterna eftersom inga tekniska lösningar är definierade i manualen. Avslutningsvis kan man även konstatera att det som kan förbättras med arbetet kring BIM-manualer är att den tydligare kan förklaras till alla involverade aktörer.Efter att ha studerat hur BIM-manualer efterlevs i projekteringsskedet så kan även en liknande studie göras för att se hur BIM-manualen följs i förvaltningsskedet. / A construction project contains four stages, feasibility study, design, production and management. The planning stage is the entire design process where drawings and descriptions are created in order to be able to build and manage the intended building. The design stage consists of several different actors and technology disciplines where coordination and coordination are required. A tool that is used throughout the construction process but above all in the design is BIM, which is a work process that streamlines information management by gathering information into a 3D model during the construction project. BIM at the design stage consists of several different technology disciplines that need to be coordinated and coordinated to common goals so that misunderstandings do not occur and that important information is lost.This study investigates BIM manuals and their contents and analyzes whether projectors and architects follow the requirements and guidelines formulated in the BIM manual. The study also investigates whether the requirements and guidelines formulated in BIM manuals open up new thinking and innovation for the projectors and architects, or whether it may limit the projectors and architects innovation. The report is based on a qualitative method, where information is obtained from semi-structured interviews, and a literature study there data and information has been obtained from literature in the form of books, research reports, investigative reports, degree projects, documents and web pages. The study is limited to the design stage, where eight people have been interviewed and four companies have been studied. Staff interviewed are five BIM coordinators, a Section Manager within BIM, a department manager in charge of BIM and finally a plumbing projector.Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that BIM manuals are not strictly followed in reality but more comprehensively. This is partly due to the fact that requirements and guidelines can be updated during the course of the project. Based on the study, it can be concluded that a BIM manual contains project-specific requirements and guidelines for the planned BIM models in order to create the organization and work processes that a BIM project seeks. Some examples of requirements and guidelines that can be formulated in a BIM manual are delivery formats for files, software and specific requirements and accounting technology. It can also be concluded that the requirements and guidelines defined in the BIM manual facilitate coordination during the course of the project, but that they are not rigorously followed. Another conclusion that can be determined from the study is that the BIM manual opens up for creativity and innovation for the projectors and architects as no technical solutions are defined in the manual. Finally, it can also be noted that what can be improved with the work on BIM manuals is that it can be more clearly explained to all the actors involved.After studying how BIM manuals are complied with in the design phase, a similar study can also be done to see how the BIM manual is followed in the management phase.

Öland har under de senaste åren drabbats av flera strömavbrott. För att öka leveranssäkerheten och säkerställa kapaciteten av elleveransen investerar därför nätägaren i att vädersäkra elnätet mellan Binnerbäck och Norraböda.  Detta görs genom att gräva ner kablar och rasera befintligt luftledningsnät. Projektet omfattar både lokalt lågspännings- samt högspänningsnät på 12kV. Examensarbetet bestod i att bereda projektet. Detta innebar att utifrån projekteringen hitta en kostnadseffektiv och teknisk lösning för hur kablarna förläggs och elnätets komponenter placeras i verkligheten. Vid ändring från projekteringsunderlag så gjordes kontroll för att säkerställa att belastnings- och utlösningsvillkor uppfylls.   Rapporten består av en teoridel som förenklat sammanfattar utförandet av en beredning av ett lokalnät från början till slut. Därefter presenteras det projekt och det arbete som utfördes. Resultatet av detta examensarbete utgör underlag för de projekthandlingar som beredaren sammanställer och lämnar över till entreprenör som utför arbetet.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to understand which aspects that alterations and additional work affect the end result financially and what consequences it has. This study also wants to find out if there are similarities between different projects, regarding why and how alternations and additional work arise, as well as how this can be counteracted. This is done through interviews with various operators, literature studie and document analysis, finally the answers will be compiled and compared. Method: The method consists of data collection in the form of interview studie and document analysis based on different operators and projects with the aime of obtaining different perspectives. A literature studie was implemented based on course literature and relevant web pages in order to obtain basic information before the own investigation. Results: From the result it appears that the planning is the most important aspect to highlight as it lays the foundation for the entire project. It is possible to prevent alternations and additional work by having well executed construction documents, planning for alternations and additional work in case they arise and implementing basic investigations to have all the information about the project before the production starts. Conclusions: The conclusion of this studie is that it fulfilled its purpose when it became clear how alterations and additional work arise and what consequences it has financially. Alternations and additional work always arise regardless of the size of the project, but how the alternations and additional work arise varies. Alternations and additional work are almost always based on the start of the project when the entire project is planned and prepared for the production. It is therefore very important that the construction documents and other foundation work are correct in order to reduce the alternation and additional work as much as possible. In the projects that the study has included they contain low percentage of the alternations and additional work which affect the final results as it cannot give an overall picture of how the construction industry looks in terms of alternations and additional work.  Keywords:  Alternations and additional work, Economy, Turnkey contract, Apartment building, Constructions documents, Project planning, Production

Denna rapport redovisar möjligheterna till en förbättrad installationssamordning genom att utveckla en beskedstidplan. Rapporten behandlar problem inom installationssamordning i projekteringsskedet av ett byggnadsprojekt. Arbetet är utfört på uppdrag av teknikkonsultföretaget ÅF. Det har sedan länge funnits stora problem inom installationssamordningen. Utmaningar som finns i branschen är bland annat bristande kommunikation, vilket kan leda till kollisioner, förseningar och i slutändan extra kostnader. Den bristande kommunikationen handlar delvis om avsaknad av besked från beställare eller andra projektörer om beslut som måste tas. Detta kan leda till att konsulternas arbete ej kan fortskrida. Inom ÅF finns det idéer som innebär att problemet kan lösas genom att utveckla en beskedstidplan. För att undersöka denna hypotes har empirisk data, med hjälp av intervjuer, samlats in och analyserats. Parallellt med intervjuerna har även en beskedstidplan utvecklats. Rapporten baseras även på litteraturstudier där böcker och rapporter som behandlar installationssamordning har granskats. Resultatet är baserat på det utkast av beskedstidplanen vi tagit fram och de synpunkter som inhämtats på den under intervjuerna. Analysen av intervjuerna tyder på att många problem inom installationssamordning kan minskas genom att använda en enkelt utformad och användarvänlig beskedstidplan. Våra slutsatser visar att den utvecklade beskedstidsplanen är tillämpbar inom ÅF och andra företag inom branschen. / This thesis focuses on investigating opportunities regarding enhancing building service coordination by developing a notification plan. The thesis addresses problems within building services coordination during the pre-installation phase of a construction project. The thesis is performed at the request of ÅF, a technical consultancy firm. For a long time there have been problems within building service coordination. Current challenges involve lack of communication, which often steers the project towards collisions and higher latency, resulting in higher costs. This lack of communication partly depends on the lack of clearance from the client or other projectors, when there is a decision that has to be made. This might lead to that consultants no longer will be able to work. Current ideas within ÅF to solve this problem involve the development of a notification plan. The method being used in this thesis involves the gathering and analysis of data. Sources are mainly interviews and literature concerning building service coordination. Simultaneously with interviewing a notification plan has been developed. The results are based on the draft of this notification plan and comments given during interviews. The analyses of interviews often concur that a lot of problems within building service coordination can diminish by using a simple and user-friendly notification plan. Our conclusions shows that the developed notification plan is applicable both at ÅF, but also at other companies within this sector.

Digitaliseringens utveckling pågår ständigt och har bidragit till förändringar i samhället. Den nya generationen växer upp med digitala hjälpmedel medan den äldre fått vara med under hela utvecklingen. Utvecklingen av tekniken har bidragit till förändrade arbetssätt och i byggbranschen har en övergång från 2D till 3D-modeller påbörjats. Det pågår ett ständigt arbete för att utnyttja all kapacitet från tekniken för att effektivisera processer. Building Information Modelling (BIM) är ett arbetssätt där man med hjälp av byggnadsinformationsmodeller gör kollisionskontroller, simuleringar, visualiseringar eller samordnar informationen för att skapa en effektiv process. Det är ett administrativt omfattande arbete kring att samordna information med syftet att på kort tid kunna hämta till exempel mängder, kostnader och tider ur en modell. Möjligheten till att ha all information samlad och lättillgänglig skapar en effektivitet där man undviker fel och vidare spara tid och pengar. Studiens syfte var att identifiera användningen av BIM i projekteringsskedet i byggprocessen. Vidare undersöktes också vilken outnyttjad kapacitet som finns i arbetssättet och hur stor utvecklingspotentialen är för att kunna driva en mycket effektivare process. För att samla in relevant information samt skapa en bredare bild och förståelse om ämnet har en litteraturstudie utförts. Litteraturstudien innefattar främst datainhämtning från vetenskapliga artiklar och böcker. Informationen har använts i den teoretiska referensramen som en grund till fallstudien. För ytterligare datainsamling har tre stycken kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer genomförts på byggföretaget Peab AB. Intervjuernas syfte grundar sig i att få en djupare förståelse för hur företaget arbetar med BIM och hur det skiljer sig mellan olika roller. Studien resulterade i att användningen av BIM är väldigt komplex och varierande. De flesta rollerna kommer på något sätt i kontakt med 3D-modeller och samordning av information men kunskapen är väldigt olika och det beror på intresse och finansieringen av BIM. Arbetssättet används för att skapa och visualisera byggnader där möjligheter finns att hämta data ur modellerna för att bland annat användas i en kalkyl. Det framgick att arbetssättet kräver resurser så som tid och pengar. Det är en kostsam process att implementera BIM och användandet måste ske på rätt sätt för att det ska vara lönsamt. Vidare framgick det även kommunikationen är ett stort problem där vissa funktioner saknas samt att det finns en brist i informationsdelningen. Målet är att informationen ska vara samordnad i ett enda program och inte vara beroende av några komplement. När informationsutbytet sker på ett effektivt sätt bidrar det till besparingar både i tid och kostnader. / The development of digitalisation is constalntly ongoing and has contributed to many changes in society. The new generation is growing up with digital aids, while the older generation has been involved throughout the development. The development of technology has contributed to changed working methods and in the construction industry, a transition from 2D to 3D models has begun. Ongoing work is underway to utilize all capacity from the technology to streamline processes. Building information modeling (BIM) is a working method where you use building information models to make collision checks, simulations, visualizations or cordinate the information to create an efficent process. There is an administratively extensive work around coordinating information with the aim of being able to retrieve, for example, quantities, costs and times from a model in a short time. The ability to have all information gathered and easily accessible creates an efficency where you can avoid mistakes and further save time an money. The purpose of the study was to identify the use of BIM in the design phase of the construction process. Furthermore, it was also investigated what unused capacity is in the working method and how great the development potential is when it comes to be able to run a much more efficient process. In order to gather relevant information and create a broader picture and understanding of the subject, a literature study has been conducted. The literature study mainly includes data collection from scientific articles and books. The information has been used in the theoretical frame of reference as a basis for the case study. For further data collection, three qualitative semistructured interviews were conducted at the construction company Peab AB. The purpose of the interviews is based on gaining a deeper understanding of how the company works with BIM and how it differs between different roles. The study resulted in the use of BIM being very complex and varied. Most roles come in some way in contact with 3D models and coordination of information, but the knowledge is very different and it depends on the interest and funding of BIM. The working method is used to create and visualize buildings where there are opportunities to retrieve data from the models to be used in a calculation, among other things. It turned out that the working method requires resources such as time and money. It is a costly process to implement BIM and the use must take place in the right way for it to be profitable. Furthermore, it also emerged that communication is a major problem where certain functions are missing and that there is a shortcoming in information sharing. The goal is for the information to be coordinated in a single program and not be dependent on any complements. When the exchange of information takes place in a efficient way, it contributes to savings both in time and money.

Robotic Process Automation is a technology that is rapidly growing with continuous developments. Involving the use of software bots, it automates repetitive tasks and processes, resulting in saving both money and time. Simultaneously, the construction industry has been relatively slow to adapt to the quick digitalization of society. This study explores the possibility of implementing automation in the construction industry to automate repetitive tasks and processes in project planning. Based on semi-structured interviews with high-profile employees within the construction industry, RPA experts and an information security expert, a need for automation has been explored and identified. Based on the results, the industry is currently grasping the limit of carbon dioxide emissions. The project planning stage is described as time-consuming and repetitive with constant adjustments. Furthermore, it involves tasks such as listing materials, calculating budgets and conversion of units to present a building’s expected carbon dioxide emissions over its lifecycle. Therefore, there is a demand for a streamlined process where the calculations and transfers are done automatically by interconnecting software programs that are used in the currently individual tasks.  In summary, the study found that the process examined is suitable for automation based on feedback from RPA experts, developers, professionals in the construction industry, and an information security expert. Automating the process would also lead to greater efficiency and enable workers to focus on more critical tasks such as analysis and decision-making.