Na passagem dos séculos XIX a XX, Campinas era um polo de produção cafeeira no interior de São Paulo. A conjugação de condições econômicas e sociais determinou o crescimento acelerado da cidade e sua modernização, além de conferir-lhe importante papel no cenário político nacional. Na década de 1870, um grupo de republicanos idealizou o Colégio Culto à Ciência, visando a difundir o saber científico e laico aos jovens campineiros. Porém, nos anos de 1890, fatores diversos levaram ao fechamento do colégio e, em 1896, o prédio em que ele funcionava passou a abrigar o Ginásio Estadual de Campinas, uma das instâncias da reforma do ensino público paulista. Neste trabalho, analisamos produções discursivas relacionadas a essas duas instituições de ensino secundário, entre o final da Monarquia e as primeiras décadas da República, de modo que não sejam entendidas apenas como escolas de prestígio no período, mas como espaços de reunião das elites econômica e intelectual, personificadas nos seus idealizadores e no corpo docente e diretor, e como símbolos do ideário republicano na área da instrução. Sob o enfoque da História Social da Língua Portuguesa, uma área de estudos interdisciplinar, a análise de textos oriundos desse espaço social é significativa para identificar tanto elementos conjunturais quanto fatos linguísticos que reflitam e refratam a realidade em transição, além do padrão linguístico culto que servia de referencial para as escolas e, por conseguinte, para os alunos. Os corpora examinados ao longo da tese são: o discurso fundador do Culto a Ciência, proferido por Campos Sales em 1874; textos escritos por lentes de Português tanto do Culto à Ciência quanto do Ginásio de Campinas; jornais dos alunos das duas instituições; e ofícios e atas produzidos no espaço do Ginásio. Os resultados destacam a relação entre as palavras e seu conteúdo ideológico (BAKHTIN (VOLOSHINOV), 1997) no discurso republicano, fazendo emergir significações a partir de seu contexto concreto de uso; a coexistência de marcas pessoais e impessoais nas relações sociais e na língua, salientando distinção e hierarquização num contexto histórico que pressupunha a adoção de tratamentos igualitários, e.g., o tratamento por cidadão se opondo a Vossa Excelência, e o uso do imperativo (ato de comando) seguido do pronome se (impessoal); e, em se tratando do fenômeno sintático da colocação pronominal, a percepção do valor social (ECKERT, 2012) da ênclise no contexto das orações infinitivas preposicionadas, caracterizando o padrão culto do português brasileiro do período e constituindo uma marca identitária do colégio republicano paulista e daqueles que ocupavam postos de prestígio e poder na sociedade. / At the turn of the 19th to the 20th century, Campinas was a pole of coffee production in São Paulo. The combination of economic and social conditions determined the accelerated growth of the city and its modernization and also gave it an important role in the national political scene. In the 1870s, a group of republicans idealized the Colégio Culto à Ciência, aiming to spread scientific and secular knowledge to young inhabitants of Campinas. However, in the 1890s, several reasons led this school to close and, in 1896, the building in which it operated started to house the Ginásio de Estado de Campinas, one instance of the public education reform that took place in São Paulo. In this work, we analyze discursive productions related to these two institutions of secondary education, from the end of the Monarchy to the first decades of the Republic, in a way that they are not only seen as prestigious schools in the period, but as meeting places of the economic and intellectual elite, personified in their founders and the professor and director bodies, and as the republican ideals in the area of education. In the approach of the Social History of Portuguese, an interdisciplinary field of language studies, the analysis of texts coming from this social space is significant to identify both social elements and linguistic facts that reflect and refract the reality in transition, in addition to the standard language that served as reference for the schools and their students. The corpora examined are: the founding discourse of the Colégio Culto à Ciência, delivered by Campos Sales in 1874; written production by Portuguese teachers of both Culto à Ciência and Ginásio de Campinas; student periodicals from both institutions; and documents produced in the administrative space of the Ginásio. The results highlight the relationship between words and ideological content (BAKHTIN (VOLOSHINOV), 1997) in the republican discourse, causing meanings to emerge from their concrete context of use; the coexistence of personal and impersonal marks in social relations and in language, emphasizing distinction and hierarchy in a historical context that presupposed the adoption of egalitarian treatments, e.g., treatment by cidadão (citizen) opposing to Vossa Excelência (Your Excellency), and the use of the imperative (command act) followed by the pronoun se (impersonal); and, regarding the syntactic phenomenon of clitic placement, the perception of the social value (ECKERT, 2012) of the enclisis in the context of the prepositional infinitives, characterizing the standard pattern of Brazilian Portuguese in the period and constituting an identity mark of the republican high school in the state of São Paulo and of those who occupied positions of prestige and power in society.

Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2016-09-29T21:28:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o-UEFS.pdf: 1542944 bytes, checksum: b0f3dc86dc2d544c993c9381f8fceff4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-29T21:28:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Disserta??o-UEFS.pdf: 1542944 bytes, checksum: b0f3dc86dc2d544c993c9381f8fceff4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior - CAPES / As with other varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, the Portuguese language spoken in Feira de Santana has different strategic ways to represent the accusative and dative objects referring to the second person singular, competing, to represent the direct object, the accusative forms: o/a, te, lhe, voc? (him, her, you) and null object; and for indirect representation, the dative forms te, lhe (you), para voc? (for you) and null object. The present work, motivated in such observations, is committed to investigate the alternation of use in the representation of dative and accusative objects referring to the second person, exploring the research subject in two analysis schemas, namely: i) The variable use of the te and lhe (you) to reference the interlocutor; b) The variable use of the te and lhe (you) clitics as direct object referring to the second person singular. In order to reach the analysis 60 interviews were collected, being 36 of spontaneous speaking and 24 directly aimed to the informants, in both genders, distributed in three age-groups: 25 to 35 years (group I), 45 to 55 (group II) and age 65 and older (group III). The interviews of spontaneous speaking are part of the databank of the research project A l?ngua portuguesa falada no semi-?rido baiano (Fase 3), it is composed of 73 spontaneous speaking samples. The Sociolinguistics Theory was used in order to do the data stratification and analysis. Among the results, it is highlighted: for the first analytic schema, the group-age and level of schooling factors being the 65 and older (group III) speakers who most use the lhe (you) clitic referring to the interlocutor. The informants? level of schooling confirms the hypothesis that the speaker with low level of schooling (popular) most uses the clitic in its non standard form, referring to the second person. It was checked that time and verb tenses were the most pertinent factors in the second analysis schema, being the past perfect and the simple present the most conditioning verb tenses for the use of the clitic as accusative. The alternation to the canonical form of the clitic lhe (you) in its dative syntactic function is determined by the periphrastic future presence. Finally, this study gathers data about the investigation of lhe (you) as second person accusative in Feira de Santana, as well as in other varieties of Brazilian Portuguese. / Assim como em outras variedades do Portugu?s Brasileiro, o portugu?s falado em Feira de Santana possui formas estrat?gicas distintas para a representa??o do objeto acusativo e dativo de refer?ncia ? segunda pessoa do singular competindo, para objeto direto, as formas acusativas: o/a, te, lhe, voc? e objeto nulo; e para a representa??o do objeto indireto, as formas dativas: te, lhe, para voc? e objeto nulo. Motivado em tais observa??es, este trabalho empenhou-se em investigar a altern?ncia de uso na representa??o do objeto dativo e acusativo de refer?ncia a segunda pessoa, explorando o objeto de estudo em dois esquemas de an?lise, a saber: i) O uso vari?vel dos cl?ticos te e lhe para referenciar o interlocutor; ii) O uso vari?vel dos cl?ticos te e lhe como objeto direto de refer?ncia ? segunda pessoa do singular. Para a efetiva??o da an?lise foram utilizadas 60 entrevistas, sendo 36 de fala espont?nea e 24 diretamente dirigidas aos informantes, em ambos os sexos, distribu?dos em tr?s faixas et?rias: 25 a 35 anos (faixa I), 45 a 55 anos (faixa II) e a partir de 65 anos (faixa III). As entrevistas de fala espont?nea constituem parte do banco de dados do projeto de pesquisa A l?ngua portuguesa falada no semi?rido baiano (Fase: 3), composto por um total de 72 amostras de fala espont?neas. Valeu-se da Teoria Sociolingu?stica para a estratifica??o dos dados e an?lise dos mesmos. Dentre os resultados, destacamos: para o primeiro esquema anal?tico os grupos de fatores faixa et?ria e escolaridade, sendo os falantes a partir de 65 anos (faixa III) os que mais fazem uso do cl?tico lhe para referenciarem o interlocutor. A escolaridade dos informantes confirma a hip?tese de que os falantes com menor escolaridade (popular) fazem maior uso do cl?tico na sua forma n?o padr?o, referenciando a segunda pessoa. Conferiu-se ao segundo esquema anal?tico o grupo de fatores tempo e modo verbais como o mais pertinente, sendo o pret?rito perfeito e o presente do indicativo os tempos verbais mais condicionantes ao uso do cl?tico como acusativo. J? a altern?ncia para a forma can?nica do cl?tico lhe em sua fun??o sint?tica de dativo ? determinada pela presen?a do futuro perifr?stico. Por fim, este estudo agrega dados sobre a investiga??o de lhe como acusativo de segunda pessoa em Feira de Santana, assim como em outras variedades do PB.

[pt] A presente tese apresenta um estudo exploratório sobre deficiência estrutural na esquizofrenia, no qual foi investigado o uso de sujeitos pronominais e o tipo de sentenças em narrativas produzidas por falantes nativos do Português do Brasil coloquial diagnosticados com esquizofrenia. Tomando como base a Teoria da Gramática Gerativa, na qual a gramática humana é definida como um mecanismo computacional cognitivo, exploramos a hipótese de que a esquizofrenia acarreta um empobrecimento estrutural no nível sintático. Dois corpora de relatos de sonho e de vigília foram examinados considerando o sujeito pronominal e o tipo de sentenças. No geral, nossos resultados mostram que, comparado ao grupo controle, os participantes com diagnóstico de esquizofrenia produziram uma proporção significativamente maior de sentenças matriz, de pronomes nulos, em especial de nulos referenciais de 3ª. pessoa. Nossos resultados estão de acordo com a hipótese de empobrecimento estrutural na esquizofrenia, especialmente se pronomes nulos forem considerados elementos que apresentam redução estrutural em comparação com pronomes plenos. Nossos resultados corroboram ainda com a hipótese de que a gramática em face da esquizofrenia, possivelmente, apresenta um déficit em termos de categorias funcionais, o que levaria ao empobrecimento estrutural e às anomalias no uso referencial de pronomes (Tovar et al., 2019). Nossos resultados são, portanto, evidência extra de que a deficiência estrutural e uma característica universal da esquizofrenia, ao mesmo tempo em que sugerem que a manifestação dessa deficiência depende da língua, estando, assim, sujeita à variação paramétrica. / [en] The present dissertation is an exploratory study of structural deficiency in schizophrenia, in which the usage of subject pronouns and type of sentence in narratives produced by native speakers of Colloquial Brazilian Portuguese diagnosed with schizophrenia is investigated. Couched within Generative Grammar Theory, in which human grammar is defined as a computational cognitive device, we explored the hypothesis that schizophrenia leads to structural impoverishment at the syntactic level. Two corpora of narratives of dream and waking reports were examined considering subject pronouns and type of sentences. Overall, our results showed significant higher proportion of matrix sentences and null pronouns, particularly of 3Person referential null pronouns in the schizophrenia group as compared to the control group. These findings are in line with the hypothesis of structural impoverishment in schizophrenia, especially if null pronouns are taken to be elements with reduced structure in comparison to full pronouns. Also, our results corroborate with the hypothesis that grammar in the face of schizophrenia might present a deficit in terms of functional categories, which leads to structural impoverishment and to anomalies in the referential use of pronouns (Tovar et al., 2019). Our findings are thus extra evidence that structural deficiency is a universal feature of schizophrenia, while suggesting manifestations of this deficiency is language dependent, being, thus, subject to parametric variation.

Usando el Corpus de la Biblia Medieval como herramienta principal, el presente trabajo explora el desaparecido adverbio pronominal y (hy, hi, i) en castellano a través de la comparación de la traducción del adverbio locativo ibi del latín al castellano e italiano usando la Vulgata, la Biblia prealfonsí y la Biblia del Malermi. Los resultados muestran que el adverbio pronominal en castellano no es el predilecto de la traducción y sin embargo es amplia y libremente usado en el texto castellano sin necesidad de tener un equivalente adverbial en latín. Dicha discrepancia se puede explicar considerando la ley Tobler-Mussafia que no le permite al adverbio pronominal introducir oraciones independientes como clítico. Sin embargo, es su flexibilidad como clítico la que le permite ocupar cualquier posición en el sintagma verbal. Dicha característica no la refleja el equivalente en italiano ivi, el cual tiende a comportarse más como adverbio. En la comparación de los tres textos, es el castellano el más leal a la sintaxis del latín en el uso del adverbio con respecto a su posición con el verbo.

The paper is devoted to the specific functionality of proper names and pronouns and their connection with the author’s worldview in the poet’s prose. Crucial consistent patterns in using of proper names and pronouns are revealed. The great number of Tsvetaeva's prose in the period from 1917 to 1938, including such genres as: philological treatises, critical articles, essays and fiction, was analyzed. Moreover, the paper highlights the transformation of the proper names and personal pronouns in Tsvetaeva’s prose and separately analyzed the features characteristic of the phenomenon of «poet’s prose». / Работа посвящена специфике функционирования имени и местоимения в прозе поэта с особенностями цветаевского мировосприятия. Выявлены основные закономерности в употреблении имен собственных и личных местоимений в прозаических текстах поэта. Проанализирован обширный пласт прозы Цветаевой в период с 1917 по 1938 год, включая такие жанры как: филологические трактаты, критические статьи, эссе и художественная проза. В работе показана трансформация имен собственных и личных местоимений в прозаических текстах поэта, а также отдельно проанализированы особенности, характерные для феномена «проза поэта».

In this thesis, different negation strategies used with the verbs hebben in Dutch and ha [have] in Swedish are examined. In both languages, pronominal negation with a negative indefinite pronoun (geen for Dutch and ingen for Swedish) or adverbial negation with a negative adverb (niet for Dutch and inte for Swedish) are common negation strategies. Sometimes it can be difficult to choose between the two and the question of when to use which method of negation arises. By using corpus data from newspapers in Dutch and Swedish, the frequency and use of both methods is studied. In particular, the contexts in which pronominal negation and adverbial negation respectively are found are analysed in a qualitative study of randomly selected examples from the corpora. The study shows that, based on the data, pronominal negation seems to be the most frequent method with the verb hebben/ha. Furthermore, adverbial negation with the verb ha seems to be slightly more common in Swedish than in Dutch. The methods seem to be mostly used in the same contexts in both languages in the data, however, in Swedish, adverbial negation is sometimes used together with some nouns in the indefinite form without the indefinite article which does not occur in the Dutch data. / In deze scriptie wordt negatie met het werkwoord hebben in het Nederlands en ha [hebben] in het Zweeds bestudeerd. In beide talen kunnen zowel pronominale ontkenning met een negatief onbepaald voornaamwoord (geen in het Nederlands en ingen in het Zweeds) als adverbiale negatie met een negatief bijwoord (niet in het Nederlands en inte in het Zweeds) gebruikt worden om negatie uit te drukken. Soms ligt de keuze tussen de twee methodes niet voor de hand. Een corpusonderzoek met data uit krantenteksten en nieuwsberichten in het Nederlands en het Zweeds wordt uitgevoerd om de frequentie en het gebruik van de twee methodes te onderzoeken. Om te zien in welke contexten pronominale ontkenning en adverbiale ontkenning voorkomen wordt een kwalitatieve studie op basis van een willekeurig gekozen steekproef van de corpusdata uitgevoerd. De studie toont dat het blijkt alsof pronominale negatie de meest frequente methode samen met hebben/ha is in de data. Verder blijkt adverbiale negatie met ha iets meer frequent te zijn in het Zweeds in vergelijking met in het Nederlands. De twee methodes blijken op basis van de studie in meestal dezelfde contexten worden gebruikt. Maar in het Zweeds kan adverbiale negatie soms met sommige zelfstandige naamwoorden in de onbepaalde vorm zonder lidwoord worden gebruikt, terwijl er geen voorbeelden van dit zijn in de Nederlandse data.

Résumé The thesis deals with addressing in Czech TV programmes such as talk-shows. There are 54 programmes broadcasted in 2012 and 2013 that were analysed. Firstly, the term "addressing" is defined as well as its functions. Secondly, the thesis is focused on various kinds of addressing (direct and indirect addressing in particular), the relationship to vertical social distance and the frequency of honorifics. According to the analysis of selected TV programmes (the programmes are characterized, the results of the analyses are summarized in tables in the Summarizing protocols), it is described how the incidence of individual types of addressing is related to the type of the programme (talk-shows compared to political debates or conventional interviews etc.). The selected way of addressing largely defines the nature of communication used in the programme. In certain programmes the way of addressing is strictly formal (OVM), in other programmes the way of addressing is being "negotiated". The television is an influential media and its communication conventions are transferred to interpersonal communication - especially the growth of informal addressing can be observed regardless of the fact if it is a genuinely informal situation or a communication strategy that is aimed at having a pleasant conversation. Key...

Submitted by CAROLINE CARNIELLI BIAZOLLI null (carolbiazolli@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-11-11T01:12:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_BIAZOLLI, C. C._2016.pdf: 4711489 bytes, checksum: 37cec25fadb86ba318a6d9be7db00cdc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by LUIZA DE MENEZES ROMANETTO null (luizaromanetto@hotmail.com) on 2016-11-17T12:42:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 biazolli_cc_dr_arafcl.pdf: 4711489 bytes, checksum: 37cec25fadb86ba318a6d9be7db00cdc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-17T12:42:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 biazolli_cc_dr_arafcl.pdf: 4711489 bytes, checksum: 37cec25fadb86ba318a6d9be7db00cdc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-20 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / O propósito desta tese é avaliar como a questão de continua – estilístico e fala/escrita – e de gêneros textuais contribui para o entendimento de processos em variação. Para isso, investiga-se o fenômeno variável da posição de clíticos pronominais, observando-se como as variantes previstas – pré-verbal e pós-verbal, no caso de lexias verbais simples, e pré-complexo verbal, intra-complexo verbal, com ênclise ao primeiro verbo ou próclise ao segundo, e pós-complexo verbal – se manifestam em quatro gêneros textuais jornalísticos (entrevista na TV, noticiário de TV, carta do leitor e editorial), produzidos nos primeiros anos do século XXI e marcados por diferenças relacionadas às suas concepções discursivas, aos seus meios de produção e a outras características situacionais. Desenvolve-se um estudo descritivo-comparativo entre o português europeu (PE) e o português brasileiro (PB), fundamentado nos pressupostos teórico-metodológicos da Teoria da Variação e Mudança Linguísticas (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006[1968]; LABOV, 1966, 1982, 1994, 2001a, 2003, 2008[1972]) e em conceitos relativos a estilo (LABOV, 1966, 2008[1972]; BELL, 1984, 2001), gêneros textuais (BAKHTIN, 1992[1979]; MARCUSCHI, 2005, 2008, 2010; BIBER; CONRAD, 2009), modalidades de uso da língua (CHAFE, 1982; 1985; BIBER, 1988; MARCUSCHI, 2008, 2010) e normas linguísticas (COSERIU, 1979[1952]; BAGNO, 2003, 2011, 2012; FARACO, 2008, 2011, 2012). Antes de se chegar às análises qualitativas que versam sobre influências externas no fenômeno em foco, detalham-se os possíveis condicionamentos linguísticos favorecedores das formas alternantes de colocação pronominal, valendo-se do tratamento estatístico oferecido pelo programa Goldvarb X (SANKOFF et al., 2005). Os resultados sinalizam que, no PE, a posição dos pronomes clíticos está intimamente relacionada a fatores estruturais, enquanto no PB tal objeto parece também ser sensível à ação de elementos não linguísticos. Desse modo, com base nos registros da variedade brasileira do português, mostra-se a coerência de se unir à observação de motivações linguísticas uma investigação sobre o maior número possível de aspectos vinculados às situações comunicativas. Confirma-se, portanto, que o continuum estilístico, correlacionado aos próprios gêneros e ao continuum fala/escrita, funciona como caminho de difusão de fenômenos em variação. Por último, cumpre destacar que o presente estudo colabora com a profícua discussão, vigente na literatura linguística, acerca da colocação pronominal e, de modo mais amplo, além de auxiliar no aprofundamento teórico relacionado às variações diafásica, diamésica e sociocultural, coopera com a pesquisa sociolinguística desenvolvida em Portugal e no Brasil, acrescentando mais resultados à descrição dessas variedades e da língua portuguesa como um todo. / The aim of this work is to evaluate how the question of continua – stylistic and speech/writing – and how textual genres contribute to the understanding of the variation process. It was investigated the variable phenomenon of the placement of pronominal clitics, observing how the predicted variables – pre-verbal and post-verbal, in the case of simple verbal lexical items, and pre-verbal complex, intra-verbal complex, with enclisis in the first verb or proclisis in the second, and post-verbal complex – are manifested in four journalistic textual genres (TV interview, TV news, readers’ letter and editorial), produced in the first years of the 21st century and marked by differences related to their discursive conceptions, to their means of production and other situational characteristics. It was developed a descriptive-comparative study between the European Portuguese (EP) and the Brazilian Portuguese (BP), founded in the theoretical-methodological assumptions of the Theory of Variation and Linguistic Change (WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2006[1968]; LABOV, 1966, 1982, 1994, 2001a, 2003, 2008[1972]) and in concepts related to style (LABOV, 1966, 2008[1972]; BELL, 1984, 2001), textual genres (BAKHTIN, 1992[1979]; MARCUSCHI, 2005, 2008, 2010; BIBER; CONRAD, 2009), modalities of language use (CHAFE, 1982; 1985; BIBER, 1988; MARCUSCHI, 2008, 2010) and linguistic norms (COSERIU, 1979[1952]; BAGNO, 2003, 2011, 2012; FARACO, 2008, 2011, 2012). Before the qualitative analysis about the external influences in this phenomenon, it was detailed the possible linguistic conditioning which favour the alternating forms of pronominal collocation using the statistic treatment offered by Goldvarb X (SANKOFF et al., 2005). The results show that in EP, the placement of pronominal clitics is intimately related to structural factors, while in BP, it also seems to be sensitive to the action of non-linguistic elements. In this way, according to the data of Brazilian Portuguese, it is observed the consistency to join the observation of linguistic motivations and the investigation about the highest number of aspects bounded to communicative situations. It is validated, thus, that the stylistic continuum, correlated to the genres and to the continuum speech/writing, works as a way of diffusion of variable phenomena. At last, it is required to highlight that this study collaborates with the fruitful discussion – current in the linguistic literature – about the pronominal collocation and, in a broader way, it also auxiliaries in the further theoretical development related to the diaphasic, diamesic and sociocultural variations, cooperates with the sociolinguistics research developed in Portugal and in Brazil, adding more results to the description of these varieties and to the Portuguese language as a whole.

Den här masteruppsatsen består av fyra delar: en nyöversättning från engelska till svenska av ett utdrag ur Charlotte Brontës roman Shirley (1849), en översättningskommentar som går igenom ett antal problemområden, en språklig undersökning samt ett avsnitt om nyöversättning. Den språkliga undersökningen utgörs av en jämförelse mellan användningen av pronominella adverb i uppsatsens översättning av Shirley och i den äldre svenska översättningen från 1854. Studien fokuserar på adverb med förleden där- och var-. Nyöversättningsavsnittet består av en sammanställning av forskningsläget, erfarenheter från nyöversättningen av Shirley samt intervjuer med översättarna Kerstin Gustafsson och Gun-Britt Sundström. I avsnittet redogörs för förlagens, översättarnas och mottagarnas perspektiv på nyöversättning. Dessutom behandlas hur begreppen ”foreignization” och ”domestication” kan appliceras på nyöversättningar samt hur källtexten och dess nya och gamla översättningar påverkar varandra. / This master thesis consists of four parts: a retranslation from English to Swedish of an extract from Charlotte Brontë’s novel Shirley (1849), a theoretical comment on the translation dealing with some of the translation problems, a linguistic study, and a section on retranslation. The linguistic study compares the use of pronominal adverbs in the retranslation of Shirley and the old translation from 1854. The study focuses on adverbs with the prefixes där- and var-. The section on retranslation consists of a compilation of current research, observations from the process of retranslating Shirley, and interviews with two translators, Kerstin Gustafsson and Gun-Britt Sundström. The section describes the publishers’, the translators’ and the recipients’ perspectives on retranslation. In addition, it is discussed how the two concepts “foreignization” and “domestication” can be applied to retranslations, and how the source text and its old and new translations influence each other.

The purpose of this study is to explore the nature of socio-cultural rules underlying address behaviour in face-to-face interactions in Xitsonga. In the study, a socio-pragmatic approach is used. This approach is a combination of sociolinguistics and pragmatics. Data are collected using semi-structured interviews from 29 participants in Hlanganani region. Hlanganani is a Xitsonga speech community located in Limpopo Province, South Africa. The participants were selected in terms of five variables, namely their age, gender, marital status, educational status and occupation. Five theories are tested in this study, namely Brown and Gilman’s (1968) theory of power and solidarity, Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory, the theory of accommodation, the theory of universal grammar and the Gricean theory of conversation. The study finds that Hlanganani is an age-set society in that the age of a person is the primary determiner of address choice. The male gene also receives superior status in address behaviour in Xitsonga. It is also found that women are given the same lower status as children. It is observed that women’s statuses reflect their graduation in terms of marriage and the production of children. It is recommended that more studies of a similar kind should be undertaken based on either different speech communities or on a comparative basis of particularly African languages. Such studies will go a long way in describing similarities and differences in both the linguistic and the social structures of different cultures. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil. (African Languages)