O objetivo geral deste estudo foi investigar os fatores associados a Transtornos Mentais Comuns (TMC) e ao consumo de psicofármacos em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBSs) de Ribeirão Preto. É um estudo epidemiológico, transversal e correlacional com plano amostral estratificado e proporcional (n=430). Cada estrato foi formado pela maior UBS em número de usuários, na área de abrangência de cada um dos cinco distritos de saúde da cidade. Foram instrumentos de pesquisa: questionários sociodemográfico, econômico, farmacoterapêutico e de histórico de saúde; Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ-20), para estimar a prevalência de TMC e World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment-Brief (WHOQOL-brief), para mensurar escores de qualidade de vida (QV) na amostra. TMC, uso de psicofármacos e QV foram considerados variáveis dependentes. Foram variáveis explicativas: sociodemográficas e econômicas, farmacoterapêuticas e histórico de saúde. Para a abordagem de TMC e uso de psicofármacos como variáveis dependentes, foram realizadas as análises: univariada (teste de Qui-quadrado) e regressão logística multivariada. Para a análise de QV, foram utilizados: t-teste de Student e regressão linear múltipla. Foram consideradas significativas as associações nas quais p<0,05. A prevalência de TMC foi de 41,4%, e a de consumo de psicofármacos foi de 25,8%. Os fatores preditores de TMC foram uso de psicofármacos (OR=3,88; IC95% 2,34-6,41) e sexo feminino (OR=1,96; IC95% 1,04- 3,69). Pelo teste Qui-quadrado, houve associação entre ser positivo para TMC e número de tipos de medicamentos e número de comprimidos por dia (p<0,05). Quanto ao uso de psicofármacos, os fatores preditores foram TMC (OR=3,9; IC95% 2,36-6,55), doenças clínicas (OR=5,4, IC95% 2,84-10,2) e baixa escolaridade (OR=1,7; IC95% 1,02-2,92). Segundo o t-teste de Student, pacientes com TMC apresentaram escores de QV menores que pacientes negativos para TMC, em todos os domínios (p<0,05). TMC foi o fator que mais contribuiu no modelo de regressão linear para piores escores de QV. O uso de psicofármacos influenciou negativamente os padrões de QV nos domínios físico e psicológico do WHOOQL- brief. Os resultados deste estudo apontam para a necessidade de estratégias em atenção básica à saúde (ABS) que busquem contemplar a integralidade dos indivíduos, visto a associação entre TMC, uso de psicofármacos e QV com variáveis sociodemográficas e econômicas. Os resultados com QV permitem a suposição de que quer estivessem em uso de psicofármacos ou não, os indivíduos apresentaram- se em sofrimento / The general aim of this study was to investigate the factors associated with Common Mental Disorders (CMD) and the use of psychotropic drugs in Basic Health Units (BHU), in Ribeirão Preto. This is an epidemiological cross-sectional and correlational study, with stratified proportional sampling plan. Each strata was formed by the largest BHU in the number of attendees in the coverage area of each of the five health districts in the entire city. The interview subjects included 430 individuals who had medical appointments scheduled in the BHUs. These elements were used as research instruments: economic, socio-demographic, and pharmacotherapeutic questionnaires; a self-reporting questionnaire (SRQ-20), to estimate the prevalence of CMDs; and a World Health Organization Quality of Life Assessment - Brief (WHOQOL-brief) to measure quality of life scores (QOL) in the sample. The dependent variables included CMD, the use of psychotropic drugs, and QOL. The explanatory variables involved socio-demographic, economic, and pharmacotherapeutic factors, as well as health history. While analyzing TMC and the use of psychotropics drugs as dependent variables, univariate (chi -square) analysis and a multivariate logistic regression were conducted. For the analysis of QOL, a Student t - test and a multiple linear regression were used. In associations in which p<0.05 were considered significant. The prevalence of CMDs was 41.4% and psychotropic drug was 25.8%. Predictors of CMD included the use of psychoactive drugs (OR = 3.88, 95% CI 2.34 to 6.41) and female gender (OR = 1.96, 95% CI 1.04 to 3.69). Information gathered by the Chi-square test indicated an association between being positive for TMC and the number of types of medications and the number of tablets per day (p<0.05.) Regarding the use of psychotropic drugs, the predictors were TMC (OR = 3.9; 95% CI 2.36 to 6.55), physical illness (OR = 5.4, 95% CI 2.84 to 10.2), and lower education (OR = 1, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.92). According to the Student t-test, patients with CMD had lower QOL scores than patients who were negative for TMC across all domains (p < 0.05). CMD was the major contributing factor in the linear regression model for lower QOL scores. The use of psychotropics negatively influenced the patterns of QOL, in the physical and psychological domains of WHOOQL-brief. The results of this study point to the need for strategies in primary health care (PHC) which seek to consider the individuals as a whole, since there was association between CMD, use of psychotropic drugs, and QOL with socio-demographic and economic variables. The results involving QOL allow for the assumption that, whether or not there was use of psychotropic drugs, individuals presented in distress

Purpose: The Internet has provided an unprecedented opportunity for psychotropic medication consumers, a traditionally silenced group in clinical trial research, to have voice by contributing to the construction of drug knowledge in an immediate, direct manner. Currently, there are no systematic appraisals of the potential of online consumer drug reviews to contribute to drug knowledge. The purpose of this research was to explore the content of drug information on various websites representing themselves as consumer- and expert-constructed, and as a practical consideration, to examine how each source may help and hinder treatment decision-making. Methodology: A mixed-methods research strategy utilizing a grounded theory approach was used to analyze drug information on 5 exemplar websites (3 consumer- and 2 expert-constructed) for 2 popularly prescribed psychotropic drugs (escitalopram and quetiapine). A stratified simple random sample was used to select 1,080 consumer reviews from the websites (N=7,114) through February 2009. Text was coded using QDA Miner 3.2 software by Provalis Research. A combination of frequency tables, descriptive excerpts from text, and chi-square tests for association were used throughout analyses. Findings: The most frequently mentioned effects by consumers taking either drug were related to psychological/behavioral symptoms and sleep. Consumers reported many of the same effects as found on expert health sites, but provided more descriptive language and situational examples. Expert labels of less serious on certain effects were not congruent with the sometimes tremendous burden described by consumers. Consumers mentioned more than double the themes mentioned in expert text, and demonstrated a diversity and range of discourses around those themes. Conclusions: Drug effects from each source were complete relative to the information provided in the other, but each also offered distinct advantages. Expert health sites provided concise summaries of medications’ effects, while consumer reviews had the added advantage of concrete descriptions and greater context. In short, consumer reviews better prepared potential consumers for what it’s like to take psychotropic drugs. Both sources of information benefit clinicians and consumers in making informed treatment-related decisions. Social work practitioners are encouraged to thoughtfully utilize online consumer drug reviews as a legitimate additional source for assisting clients in learning about treatment options.

Orientador: Erotildes Maria Leal / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T00:50:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Benini_IaraScaraneloPenteado_M.pdf: 1638027 bytes, checksum: 97a4d05295d28bcb59486a03fe341a2d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015 / Resumo: O presente estudo teve como objetivo discutir a experiência subjetiva do uso de psicotrópicos na perspectiva de pessoas com o diagnóstico de esquizofrenia. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo de base fenomenológica hermenêutica ou interpretativa, que ocorreu a partir da análise de narrativas produzidas em grupos focais, realizados por uma pesquisa matriz intitulada pesquisa Experiência, narrativa e conhecimento: a perspectiva do psiquiatra e a do usuário. A pesquisa matriz se deu a partir da parceria entre o Departamento de Saúde Coletiva da Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (DSC/FCM/UNICAMP), Instituto de Saúde Coletiva da Universidade Federal da Bahia (ISC/UFBA) e o Laboratório de Estudos e Pesquisas em Psicopatologia e Subjetividade do Instituto de Psiquiatria da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (IPUB/UFRJ). Participaram dos grupos focais 16 usuários dos Centros de Atenção Psicossocial (CAPS) das cidades de Campinas, Rio de Janeiro e Salvador. Foram recrutados em um processo de quatro etapas. Na primeira etapa apresentou-se um vídeo com auto-relato de pessoas diagnosticadas com esquizofrenia, para que posteriormente, em conversa, os usuários pudessem manifestar sua identificação empática, ou não, com a experiência narrada (auto-atribuição de experiência). Na segunda, o instrumento diagnóstico MINIPLUS, aplicado pelos pesquisadores àqueles usuários que haviam se identificado com a experiência apresentada em vídeo, identificou aqueles que tinham transtornos do espectro esquizofrênico e considerou-se ainda a avaliação diagnóstica de esquizofrenia realizada pela própria equipe do CAPS. Na terceira e na quarta etapas foram selecionados, dentre os usuários que passaram pelas etapas anteriores, aqueles que, estando em tratamento nos referidos CAPS, aceitaram participar do estudo. A partir da análise das narrativas, as unidades de significados foram extraídas e sintetizadas em nove temas: sintoma, crise, cura, efeitos indesejáveis, compreensão diagnóstica, funcionalidade do sujeito no seu meio, cenários de cuidado, escolha ou obrigação e rotinas do tratamento medicamentoso. Esses temas, forneceram a base para descrição e análise da estrutura da experiência de uso dos medicamentos, sendo constitutivos da experiência do uso de psicotrópicos e funcionando em certa medida como o seu arcabouço. Concluiu-se que a experiência do uso dos medicamentos é muito variável. Envolve uma trama complexa, constituindo-se a partir de uma multiplicidade de relações existentes entre os medicamentos e outros elementos da vida dos usuários, a partir da articulação dessas relações. Assim sendo, a experiência que um usuário tem com o uso da medicação depende do contexto, do entendimento que o sujeito tem do processo de adoecimento, do que o levou ao uso de medicação, da sua história de vida passada e de como o medicamento foi experienciado no jogo de suas relações familiares, sociais e culturais; da relação estabelecida com o médico prescritor ou sua equipe de referência, da sua expectativa quanto ao uso de medicamentos e assim por diante. Por fim, concluiu-se serem importantes mais estudos nesse âmbito a fim de contemplarem a experiência dos usuários de psicotrópicos, auxiliando em uma maior compreensão dessa trama complexa de relações, na desnaturalização do uso de medicamentos nos serviços de atenção psicossocial e construindo novas políticas públicas em saúde mental / Abstract: This study aimed to discuss the subjective experience of the psychotropic use on the people perspective with a schizophrenia diagnosis. This is a basic qualitative study phenomenological hermeneutic or interpretive, which took place from the analysis of narratives produced in focus groups, conducted by a research survey entitled matrix experience, narrative and knowledge: the psychiatrist perspective and the user. The research matrix occurred through a partnership between the Public Health Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University at Campinas (DSC / FCM / UNICAMP), Public Health Institute of the Federal University at Bahia (ISC / UFBA) and the Laboratory Studies and Research in Psychopathology and Subjectivity of Psychiatry Institute of the Federal University at Rio de Janeiro (IPUB / UFRJ). Participated in the focus groups 16 users of the Psychosocial Care Centers (CAPS) at Campinas, Rio de Janeiro and Salvador. Were recruited in a four-step process. In the first stage was presented a video with self-report of people diagnosed with schizophrenia, so that later, in conversation, users could express their empathic identification, or not, with the narrated experience (self-attribution of experience). In the second, the diagnostic tool MINIPLUS applied by researchers to those users who had identified with the experiment shown in the video, identified those who had the schizophrenic spectrum disorders and also held up the diagnostic evaluation of schizophrenia performed by the CAPS team. In the third and fourth stages were selected, among users who have passed through the previous steps, those who, being in treatment in these CAPS, agreed to participate. From the analysis of the narratives, the units of meaning were extracted and synthesized into nine themes: symptom, crisis, cure, side effects, diagnostic understanding of the subject in their midst functionality, care scenarios, choice or obligation and routines of drug treatment. These themes, provided the basis for description and analysis of the structure of the drug user experience, being constitutive of the use of psychotropic experience and working to some extent as its framework. It was concluded that the use experience of drugs is very variable. Involves a complex plot, becoming from a multiplicity of relationships between drugs and other elements of life of users, from the articulation of these relationships. Therefore, the experience a user has with the use of medication depends on the context, the understanding that the subject has the disease process, which led to the medication, its history of past life and how the drug was experienced in the game of their family, social and cultural relations; of the relationship with the prescriber or his team of reference, their expectations about the use of drugs and so on. Finally, it was found to be important in this context further studies in order to contemplate the experience of psychotropic users, assisting in a greater understanding of this complex network of relations in the denaturalization of drug use in psychosocial care services and building new public policies mental health / Mestrado / Política, Planejamento e Gestão em Saúde / Mestra em Saúde Coletiva

To provide background information about previous findings about the prevalence of use, abuse and dependence of various substances (nicotine, alcohol, prescription and illicit drugs) findings of available epidemiological studies in Germany from the 1980s and 1990s are summarized and critically evaluated. Focusing on findings of substance use surveys in adolescents and young adults the review indicates: (a) a considerable number of large scale questionnaire surveys in general population samples documenting the frequency of use and patterns of use of most substances; (b) indications of increasing rates of drug use particularly in East Germany; (c) high rates of illicit drug use, mainly of cannabinoids, but also stimulants and hallucinogens, among young age groups. No data are available from substance use surveys or from clinical epidemiological studies allowing the determination of how frequent substance abuse and substance dependence diagnoses are in the general population or in adolescents and young adults. Priorities for future research to ameliorate this unsatisfactory situation are outlined with emphasis on research in adolescents and young adults.

No / The use of neuroleptic drugs to mediate the behaviour of people with dementia living in care homes can lead to them being deprived of their liberty. Whilst regulation has been successful in reducing neuroleptic prescribing in the USA, policy guidance has been unsuccessful in reducing the use of these drugs in the UK. Yet the Mental capacity act 2005 aimed to protect the liberty of people lacking capacity and provided safeguards to ensure that they are not inappropriately deprived of their liberty in institutions. This article highlights the potential for using this law to identify when neuroleptic prescribing in care homes would deprive people with dementia of their liberty and, in turn, to act as a check on prescribing levels. However, the extent to which the Act can promote and protect the right to liberty of people with dementia is constrained by a lack of access to social rights.

Au cours des dernières décennies, de nombreuses études ont confirmé l’existence d’une relation entre les troubles mentaux graves et persistants (TMGP) et la commission de crimes violents. Les facteurs de risque associés à la violence chez les gens atteints de TMGP sont la consommation d’alcool ou de drogues, la dépression et les troubles de personnalité. Cependant, aucune étude n’a été faite auprès des détenus des prisons québécoises, c’est-à-dire, des détenus qui purgent des sentences de courte durée, afin de voir si ces constats s’appliquent aussi à cette population. La présente étude tente de vérifier si les mêmes facteurs de risque sont liés à la violence chez les détenus psychotiques des prisons du Québec. Les dossiers de la RAMQ et du système DACOR de 121 détenus ont été analysés afin de répondre à la question de recherche. Tout d’abord, des analyses statistiques descriptives et bivariées ont été effectuées. Par la suite, des régressions logistiques ont été menées afin d’identifier les meilleurs prédicteurs de comportements violents chez les contrevenants psychotiques des prisons québécoises. Il semble que ce soit davantage les antécédents judiciaires ainsi que la médication psychotrope qui a été prescrite, plutôt que les diagnostics de troubles mentaux comorbides, qui distinguent les détenus psychotiques violents des non-violents dans les prisons québécoises. Une explication possible à cette observation est que les médecins prescriraient plus en fonction de la présence de certains symptômes spécifiques qu’en fonction des diagnostics de l’axe I ou de l’axe II. Enfin, des différences significatives sont présentes entre les hommes et les femmes. / During the past decades, many studies have confirmed the existence of a relationship between severe and persistent mental disorders (SPMD) and the commission of violent crimes. Risk factors associated with violence in mentally disordered violent offenders are: alcohol and drug consumption, depression and personality disorders. However, no study has been conducted among inmates serving short sentences in Québec’s jails, to see if these findings apply to them. Our study attempts to verify whether the same risk factors are associated with violence among psychotic inmates of Quebec’s correctional facilities. The RAMQ and DACOR files of 121 incarcerated offenders were analyzed to answer the research question. To begin, descriptive and bi-variate analyses were conducted. Then, logistic regressions were carried out to identify the best predictors of violent behaviours among Québec’s psychotic offenders. It seems that it is criminal antecedents and psychotropic drugs rather than comorbid mental disorders that distinguish the violent from the non-violent psychotic offenders in Québec’s jails. A possible explanation for this observation is that physicians prescribe drugs in function of the presence of specific symptoms rather than in function of axis I or axis II diagnosis. Moreover, significant differences were found between men and women.

Besides describing a brief history of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and poisons including definitions of selected addictive substances, the thesis focuses on addictive behaviour, medical treatment and social assistance for persons addicted to narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances and poison-dependent people. An essential part of these people's treatment is their follow-up adaptation back to normal life, which is often very important. The chapters describe the particular service (medical and social), including examples that help individuals with their problem and also to adapt socially, or adapt to something. In the practical part it is due to the respondents and their life stories clearly shown, what is the way back from the survival of individuals with drug addiction to everyday life.

INTRODUÇÃO: A dependência de álcool é um grave problema de saúde publica no Brasil. Seu tratamento ainda é um desafio, mesmo para os melhores programas terapêuticos disponíveis. Esta dificuldade ocorre pelo pequeno número de medicamentos aprovados para o uso e também pela elevada taxa de abandono, próximo a 50%. A ondansetrona tem surgido como uma medicação promissora para o tratamento de alcoolistas. A identificação de pacientes com maior risco de desistência do tratamento é uma estratégia para reverter essa taxa. Os objetivos deste estudo são: (a) avaliar a eficácia e segurança da ondansetrona na dose de 16 mg/dia; (b) investigar variáveis clínicas e psicossociais capazes de prever maior aderência ao tratamento; (c) desenvolver uma tipologia para alcoolistas com características presentes no início do tratamento; (d) testar se os diferentes tipos podem prever o abandono ao tratamento. METODOS: Trata-se de estudo realizado em três etapas. Na primeira foi realizado ensaio clinico randomizado duplo-cego placebo controlado, com ondansetrona, por 12 semanas, desenvolvido na Universidade de São Paulo - Brasil. A amostra era composta por 102 dependentes de álcool com idade entre 18 - 60 anos. A análise foi realizada com os dados brutos e com os dados imputados. Na segunda etapa, foi combinado o banco de dados deste estudo com os de outros dois ensaios realizados no mesmo local (acamprosato versus placebo e naltrexona, topiramato versus placebo), com número total de 332 dependentes de álcool. A partir da análise de quatro fatores clínicos (idade de início dos problemas com uso do álcool, alcoolismo familiar, gravidade da dependência do álcool e intensidade de sintomas depressivos) foi realizada a análise de cluster tipo K-Means e, após a identificação dos tipos, foi avaliada a associação destes com a adesão ao tratamento. Na última etapa, analisando apenas os participantes avaliados quanto ao desejo pelo álcool (257 alcoolistas) foi realizada uma regressão logística, com variáveis clínicas e psicossociais, para analisar a influência dessas na retenção ao tratamento. RESULTADO: A ondansetrona foi capaz de retardar o tempo para o primeiro consumo de álcool (54,7 versus 40,9 dias) e, também, o primeiro consumo pesado de álcool (58,4 versus 45,4 dias) quando comparado ao placebo. Essa droga não influenciou a percentagem de dias bebidos durante o estudo, mas esteve associada com menor percentagem de dias com consumo pesado de álcool (7,8% versus 11,7%), quando comparado ao placebo, na análise de dados imputados. Na análise de tipologia foram identificados dois grupos de alcoolistas. O tipo de alcoolista caracterizado pelo início precoce dos problemas com álcool, maior histórico familiar de dependência, elevada gravidade de alcoolismo e poucos sintomas depressivos esteve associado a maior chance de descontinuar o tratamento, independente da medicação usada e da participação nos alcoólicos anônimos (AA). Entre as variáveis clínicas e psicossociais estudadas, ter idade mais elevada, participar do AA e o consumo preferencial pela cerveja foram fatores independentes associados a maior adesão ao tratamento. Maiores escores de depressão aumentaram o risco de abandono. CONCLUSÃO: A ondansetrona mostrou ser segura e bem tolerada na dose de 16mg/dia. Foi mais eficaz que o placebo em retardar o primeiro consumo e primeiro consumo pesado de álcool, deixou dúvida sobre seu efeito na percentagem de dias bebidos e de consumo pesado de álcool. O tipo de alcoolista com idade precoce de problemas com álcool, elevada dependência dessa substância, mais história familiar de alcoolismo e menos sintomas depressivos, esteve associado ao maior risco de abandono. Idade mais elevada, frequentar o AA e ter preferência pela cerveja aumenta a chance de completar o tratamento proposto / INTRODUCTION: Alcohol dependence is a serious public health problem in Brazil. Its treatment remains a challenge, even for the best available treatment programs. This difficulty is due to the small number of drugs approved for use and also the high dropout rates, close to 50%. Ondansetron has emerged as a promising drug for the treatment of alcoholics. The identification of patients with increased risk of treatment discontinuation is a strategy to reverse these rates. The aims of this study are: (a) to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ondansetron in a dose of 16 mg/day; (b) to investigate clinical and psychosocial variables that could predict treatment retention, (c) to develop a typology of alcoholics based on clinical factors present at the beginning of the treatment; and (d) to test if different types of alcoholics could predict the higher withdrawal from treatment. METHODS: This study was conducted in three stages. Firstly, a randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled clinical trial was conducted with ondansetron for 12 weeks, developed at the University of São Paulo - Brazil. The sample consisted of 102 alcoholics aged between 18 and 60 years old. The analysis was performed by using only the sample of adherents and an imputed sample. Secondly, the database of this study was combined with two other clinical trials that were carried out in the same setting (acamprosate versus placebo, and topiramate, naltrexone versus placebo), with a final sample size of 332 alcohol dependents. From the analysis of four clinical factors (problem drinking onset age, family alcoholism, severity of alcohol dependence and intensity of depressive symptoms) a K-means cluster analysis was performed to identify types of alcoholics. In addition, the association between the resulting types of alcoholics and treatment retention was verified. Thirdly, using only the participants who were evaluated for craving on alcohol (257 alcoholics), a logistic regression analysis was run with clinical and psychosocial variables as independent variables to analyze their influence on treatment retention. RESULTS: Ondansetron was able to delay the first alcohol consumption (54.7 versus 40.9 days) and the first heavy alcohol consumption (58.4 versus 45.4 days) compared to placebo. Ondansetron did not have effect on the percentage of drinking days. However, ondansetron was associated with a lower percentage of days with heavy alcohol consumption (7.8% versus 11.7%) in an imputed sample, when compared to placebo. Two types of alcoholics were identified. The type characterized by earlier problem drinking onset age, more family alcoholism, high severity of alcoholism, and fewer depressive symptoms, was associated with a greater chance of discontinuing treatment regardless of medication used and participation in alcoholic anonymous groups (AA). Out of the clinical and psychosocial variables, older age, AA attendance, and beer preference drinkers were independent factors associated with higher treatment retention. Higher scores on depression also increased the risk of dropout. CONCLUSION: Ondansetron showed to be safe and well tolerated at the dose of 16mg/day. It was more effective than placebo in delaying both the first use and the first heavy alcohol consumption. In addition, ondansetron was not effective in decreasing the percentage of drinking days throughout this study. The type of alcoholics characterized by earlier problem drinking onset age, more family alcoholism, high severity of alcoholism and fewer depressive symptoms, was associated with greater risk of dropout. Separately, the variables higher age, AA attendance, and beer preference increased the chance of completing the proposed treatments

L’objectif de ce travail était d’analyser de manière conjointe différents indicateurs d’abus, de dépendance et de détournement de médicaments psychoactifs en conditions réelles d’utilisation issus de sources de données hétérogènes afin d’en présenter une vision synthétique. Les sources de données utilisées dans ce travail sont issues des outils et programmes des Centres d’Evaluation et d’Information sur la Pharmacodépendance – Addictovigilance (CEIP-A). Elles permettent de mesurer directement l’abus auprès de populations spécifiques de patients dépendants ou sous traitement de substitution par l’enquête OPPIDUM (Observation des Produits Psychotropes Illicites ou Détournés de leur Utilisation Médicamenteuse). Ces outils permettent aussi de mesurer le détournement via la mesure du nombre d’ordonnances falsifiées par l’enquête OSIAP (Ordonnances Suspectes, Indicateur d’Abus Possible) ainsi que la mesure du phénomène de « Doctor Shopping » (chevauchement d’ordonnances) et la mesure du nombre de patients présentant des comportements déviants (issu d’une analyse de classification) à partir de bases de données de remboursement de l’assurance maladie. Cette approche multi-sources a d’abord été appliquée à l’analyse de l’importance du détournement d’usage du clonazépam (Publication n°1). Ce travail a permis de mettre en évidence le détournement émergent du clonazépam et a surtout permis d’illustrer les difficultés à faire émerger cette information de manière cohérente et standardisée au travers des différentes sources de données. Ensuite, l’un des pré-requis d’un système de surveillance de l’abus et du détournement de médicaments étant de permettre d’étudier des tendances évolutives, nous avons proposé la méthode de classification visant à établir des profils de sujets déviants de manière à analyser l’évolution de détournement d’usage de méthyphénidate sur quatre années (Publication n°2). Cette méthode de classification a par la suite, été appliquée de manière conjointe à une méthode de mesure du « Doctor Shopping » pour étudier le détournement d’usage de la Buprenorphine Haut Dosage (BHD) dans la région PACA-Corse (Publication n°3). Cette étude nous a non seulement permis de mettre en évidence un problème important de détournement d’usage de la BHD mais elle nous a permis aussi de montrer la concordance entre ces deux méthodes (mesure du « Doctor Shopping » et méthode de classification) et d’évaluer leurs apports respectifs pour la surveillance de l’abus des médicaments. Ces deux méthodes ont par la suite été analysées de manière conjointe aux données issues des enquêtes OPPPIDUM et OSIAP pour permettre d’étudier et de comparer le détournement d’usage des médicaments de la famille des benzodiazépines (Publication n°4) et des opioïdes (Publication n°5). Cette approche multi-sources permet de limiter les biais inhérents à chaque méthode ou source prise isolément. L’ensemble de nos travaux met en exergue la pertinence d’un tel système pour évaluer l’abus d’un médicament mais aussi pour le comparer à d’autres substances. Néanmoins, le développement d’un tel système appliqué au domaine de la pharmacodépendance est relativement nouveau, et nécessite des améliorations tant dans l’intégration d’autres sources de données, que dans la méthodologie employée pour intégrer et synthétiser l’information ainsi obtenue. Finalement, cette thèse a montré que les CEIP-A avaient le potentiel pour mettre en œuvre un système multi-sources pouvant apporter une réelle contribution à l’étude de la pharmacodépendance en France. / The objective of this work was to analyze abuse, dependence and diversion of psychoactive medicines in real settings using jointly different indicators issued from mixed datasources in order to present a synthetic vision. The datasources used in this work are issued from the tools developed by the Centres for Evaluation and Information on Pharmacodependency (CEIP). They allow to measure directly drug abuse with specific populations of dependent patients or under opiate treatment (OPPIDUM (Observation of the Illicit Psychotropic Products or Diverted from their Medicinal Use) survey)). These tools also allow to measure the diversion via the measure of the phenomenon of “doctor shopping” (overlapping of prescriptions) and the measure of the number of patients presenting a deviant behaviour from general health insurance databases; then they measure diversion through falsified prescriptions presented at pharmacies (the OSIAP (Forged prescriptions indicating potential abuse) survey).This multisources approach has been firstly applied to analyse abuse and diversion of clonazepam (1st publication). This study has highlighted the emerging problem of diversion of clonazepam, after flunitrazepam and has also illustrated the difficulty of analysing with consistency the information gathered by these different datasources. A good system for controlling drug diversion and abuse has to allow analysing trends. We have so proposed a classification method aiming at revealing profile of subjects with deviant behaviour to use it on an evolutive manner so as to study diversion of methylphenidate on a four year period (2nd publication). This classification method has then been applied jointly with a method measuring the “doctor shopping” to analyse diversion of High Dosage Buprenorphine (HDB) (3rd publication). This study has revealed an important problem of diversion of HDB, has also demonstrated that the two methods were globally concordant and has allowed to evaluate their advantages for the controlling of the abuse and diversion of prescription drugs. These two last methods have then been analysed jointly with data from the OPPIDUM and OSIAP surveys to allow to study and compare diversion of benzodiazepine drugs (4th publication) and opioids drugs (5th publication). This multisource approach allows to limit biases linked to each method seen individually. Our work points out the relevance of such a multisources system to estimate the abuse of a prescription drug and to compare it with the other substances. Nevertheless, the development of such a system applied to the domain of the drug dependency is relatively new, and requires improvements concerning the integration of the other sources of data and the methodology used to join and synthetize the information obtained. Finally, such a system "multi-sources” has the potential to exist and to make a real contribution to the domain of the drug dependency in France.

Les pratiques addictives aux substances psychoactives sont caractérisées par une dépendance révélée par l’impossibilité répétée de contrôler un comportement et la poursuite de ce comportement en dépit de la connaissance des conséquences négatives. Au-delà du problème considérable de santé publique, la question intéresse directement le monde du travail. Curieusement, le sujet reste un tabou, ou alors, n’est abordé que sous un angle moralisateur. Qu’elle soit à l’origine de ces conduites ou uniquement un des lieux d’expression des problèmes en découlant, l’entreprise ne peut plus faire l’impasse sur cette question. Si l’employeur, tenu à des impératifs de production, peut, parfois, tirer des bénéfices secondaires de certaines conduites addictives (« boulimies » au travail), cela peut avoir un impact négatif sur l’efficacité de sa structure (absences, accidents, baisse de productivité …). L’employeur peut également être tenu responsable pénalement dans les cas d’introduction de substances illicites dans l’entreprise. Au surplus, étant responsable des dommages causés par ses salariés, il devra s’assurer que ces derniers ne représentent pas un danger pour les tiers. Enfin, et peut être surtout, l’employeur est responsable de la santé de ses salariés. La consécration prétorienne d’une obligation de sécurité de résultat a d’ailleurs considérablement renforcé l’intensité de cet objectif. Afin de remplir ses obligations, l’employeur dispose de différentes mesures de contrôle, et jouit d’un double pouvoir de répression et de prévention en la matière. Mais les actions de l’employeur dans le domaine des addictions viennent se heurter à l’inaliénable liberté individuelle des salariés. Il est alors nécessaire de savoir jusqu'où la politique de prévention des entreprises du risque addictif en milieu de travail peut-elle aller sans interférer dans la vie privée des salariés. / Addictive behaviors related to psychoactive substances are characterized by a dependence revealed by the repeated impossibility to control behavior and the continuation of the said behavior despite the subject being aware of its negative consequences. Over and beyond the significant public health issue, this topic directly concerns the world of work. Surprisingly, it remains taboo or is only approached from a moralizing angle. Should a company be the source of such behaviors or only one of the places where they are exhibited, it cannot ignore the issue. Although employers may sometimes see secondary benefits of some addictive behavior for productivity reasons (e.g. « workaholism »), this may result in a loss of efficiency of their workforce (absenteeism, accidents in the workplace, drop in productivity). Employers may be held criminally liable in the event of illicit substances being brought into the workplace. What is more, being liable for any damage or injuries caused by their employees, they must make sure they do not represent a threat to others. Last, but not least, employers are responsible for the health of their employees. This objective has been considerably strengthened by the definition of the employer’s safety obligation, by the Court of cassation, as an obligation of safety performance. In order to fulfil these obligations, employers have various control measures at their disposal and enjoy dual powers of repression and prevention. However, any action taken by the employer in the field of addiction comes up against the inalienable right to individual freedom of the employees. An employer is not omnipotent: where is the limit between the management of addictive risks in the workplace and an employee’s privacy, taking into account an employer’s obligation of safety performance.