A sociedade tem cobrado do governo melhorias na qualidade dos serviços públicos e maior responsabilidade e eficiência na gestão dos recursos. A relação entre cidadãos e gestores públicos é um nítido exemplo de uma relação de agência, em que o detentor de um recurso (principal/cidadão) firma um contrato com outrem (agente/gestor público), delegando a esse o poder de decisão e gestão. Uma das características dessa relação é o comportamento maximizador de utilidade, quando o agente tende a tomar decisões que maximizem os benefícios próprios. Para minimizar esse problema, surge a governança pública, que se constitui em um conjunto de práticas que tem como função permitir que o principal monitore e controle as ações do agente. Em nível internacional, a governança pública tem suas principais referências no estudo 13, elaborado em 2001 pela Federação Internacional dos Contadores (IFAC); já no Brasil, suas diretrizes têm sido norteadas pelo Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU). Diante do exposto, o objetivo da presente pesquisa é identificar se, na percepção dos servidores, as práticas de governança pública recomendadas pelo TCU e pelas normas propostas no “study 13 da IFAC” têm sido aplicadas pelo setor de compras/aquisições da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). Trata-se, portanto, de um estudo de caso único, com abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou como instrumentos de coleta de dados a aplicação de questionários, entrevistas e análise documental. Os resultados permitiram concluir que a UFU implementou poucas práticas de governança recomendadas pelo TCU no que tange às dimensões de liderança, de estratégia, de controle, de pessoas e de processos. Verificou-se que as práticas com maior índice de adoção referem-se àquelas relacionadas à dimensão planos, informações e conhecimento. Assim, é recomendável que a instituição direcione esforços para implementar as práticas ausentes e melhorar aquelas já implementadas, respeitando os princípios da governança e criando uma relação de transparência e prestando contas à sociedade. / Society has been charging government improvements in the quality of public services and greater responsibility and efficiency in the resource management. The relationship between citizens and public managers is a clear example of an agency relationship, in which the holder of a resource (principal/citizen) signs a contract with another person (agent/public manager), delegating to him the power of decision and management. One of the characteristics of this relationship is the utility maximizing behavior, when the agent tends to make decisions which maximize the benefits of his own. To minimize this problem, public governance arises, which is a set of practices whose function is to allow the principal to monitor and control the agent’s actions. At the international level, public governance has its main references in study 13, prepared in 2001 by the International Federation of Accountants (IFAC); however in Brazil, its guidelines have been guided by Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU). Therefore, the objective of the present research is to identify if, in the severs’ perception, the public governance practices recommended by TCU and the norms proposed in the "study 13 of IFAC" have been applied by the purchasing/acquisitions sector of Universidade Federal de Uberlândia (UFU). So, it is a unique case study, with a qualitative approach, that used as instruments of data collection the questionnaires, interviews and documentary analysis. The results allowed to conclude that UFU implemented few governance practices recommended by TCU regarding the dimensions of leadership, strategy, control, people and processes. It was verified that the most adopted practices refer to those related to dimension plans, information and knowledge. Thus, it is recommended that the institution direct efforts to implement the absent practices and improve those already implemented, respecting the principles of governance, creating a relationship of transparency on behalf of society. / Dissertação (Mestrado)

The current legislation that regulates internal managing and controlling system in administrative bodies of the public governance lags behind in the implementation of international experiences and standards for excersing the internal audits. This fact causes many reactions in the general public and also in the professional society. Alarming news about corruption and wasteful use of the public sources are just the token of the problem. The goal of this thesis is to define and analyze the process of implementing the managing and controlling system and subsequently to create a plan for a successful implementation of the effective managing and controlling system in the public governance. In the theoretical part are characteristics and goals of the managing and controlling system, legislative framework and description of components for the managing and controlling system, that are based on international experiences and practice. In the analytical part is the analyze of the particular elements from the managing and controlling system and finally in the practical part is the proposal of implementation managing and controlling system and also the proposal of directive for the internal control, which is supposed to simplify the practical use in the public governance. There is a draft of the assessment of Internal Control System Effectiveness in the practical part of this thesis.

Sedan 2016 har en tillitsbaserad styrning implementerats i offentliga verksamheter i Sverige, vilket det inte finns mycket forskning om. Den tillitsbaserade styrningen skiljer sig mycket ifrån de tidigare styrningsformerna som präglat den offentliga sektorn. Jag har genom en kvalitativ studie ämnat att öka förståelsen för hur den tillitsbaserade styrningen fungerar med en byråkratisk logik och en marknadslogik. Min empiri är insamlad genom ostrukturerade intervjuer ifrån medarbetare på Trafikverket. Under studien har jag använt institutionell teori för att skapa en förståelse för de förutsättningar som råder för den tillitsbaserade styrningen och hur den påverkas av befintliga krav. Jag kunde ifrån min studie konstatera och dra slutsatsen att den byråkratiska logiken påverkar den tillitsbaserade styrningen. Det genom logikens krav på säkerhetsställande och efterföljande av lagar och regler, vilket enligt respondenterna begränsar möjligheterna att visa tillit, handlingsutrymme och medbestämmande som den tillitsbaserade styrningen förespråkar. Det framgick dessutom att marknadslogiken påverkar den tillitsbaserade styrningen genom logikens krav på ekonomisk effektivitet. / Since 2016, trust-based governance has been implemented in public organizations in Sweden, which there is not much research on. The trust-based governance differs greatly from the previous forms of governance that have characterized the public sector. Through a qualitative study, I have aimed to increase the understanding of how trust-based governance function with a bureaucratic logic and a market logic. My empiricism is collected through unstructured interviews from employees at the Swedish Transport Administration. During the study, I have used institutional theory to create an understanding of the prevailing prerequisites that exists for trust-based governance and how it is affected by existing demands. I could see and conclude from my study that a bureaucratic logic affects trust-based governance. This, through the logic's requirement for collateralization and compliance with laws and regulations, which according to the respondents, limits the opportunities to show confidence, room for action and co-determination as the trust-based governance advocates. It was also shown that the market logic affects trust-based governance through the logic's demand for financial efficiency.

Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka individ- och familjeomsorgens (IFO) enhetschefers upplevelser av tillit, styrning och ledning för att sedan jämföra detta med Tillitsdelegationens (SOU 2019:43) förslag till förändring inom den offentliga sektorn. För att öka kunskapen om ämnet kommer frågor kring deras allmänna uppfattning om tillit, styrning och ledning att redovisas och analyseras gentemot de sju principerna från SOU 2019:43. Skillnaderna samt likheterna i dagens upplevda styrning och ledning har analyserat med organisationsteoretiska teorier för att belysa politiken, ledningen samt andra aktörers inflytande på IFO:s verksamhetsområden. Semistrukturerade intervjuer har använts för att djupare kunna få fram de upplevelser som respondenterna skildrar samt för att belysa det som de själva anser vara väsentligt. Resultatet visar att enhetschefernas organisationer har ett tydligt medborgarfokus, helhetssyn, handlingsutrymme, stödfunktioner, kunskap samt en strävan efter öppenhet. Begreppen finns inom de undersökta organisationerna, men den tidigare forskningen förespråkar att det kan utvecklas ytterligare. Uppsatsen har analyserat den tidigare forskningen från flera nordiska länder som har gått eller går igenom en tillitsreform. Materialet har analyseras tillsammans med de organisationsteoretiska aspekterna som påverkar organisationerna samt den mimik som finns i efterliknandet av andra nordiska länders utveckling. Resultatet, analysen och slutsatsen har visat att enhetschefernas upplevelser av tillit, styrning och ledning på många plan liknar den förändring som Tillitsdelegationen avser att implementera. Även om vissa likheter finns, så är de inte uttalade på samma sätt som Tillitsdelegationen har framfört och beroende på vilken enhetschef det är så finns det olika grader av upplevd tillit, både uppifrån och ner. Det har även visats att om tilliten präglar deras vardagliga arbete så är det inte alla medarbetare som är intresserade av att ha det handlingsutrymmet som tilliten för med sig. Det finns en ambivalent upplevelse tillit, styrning och ledning samt hur utveckling kan ske inom respektive organisation. En av slutsatserna som författaren kommit fram till är att en förändring, liknande tillitsbaserad styrning och ledning, inte bör påverka de undersökta organisationerna markant.

[pt] O objetivo da pesquisa é analisar como o governo federal brasileiro utiliza mecanismos de governança para monitorar o desempenho da logística reversa do óleo lubrificante usado ou contaminado (OLUC). A partir do arcabouço legal e da literatura acadêmica sobre a gestão de resíduos sólidos, compreende-se como a regulamentação e a fiscalização da coleta e rerrefino do OLUC são desempenhadas por agências federais e órgãos ambientais estaduais em um ambiente de interesses e poderes de decisão exercidos pelos atores envolvidos de cada fase do fluxo reverso do produto. A logística reversa é conceituada pela Política Nacional de Resíduos Sólidos (PNRS) como instrumento de desenvolvimento econômico e social e, como sistema, deve ser implementada e operacionalizada por meio de acordos setoriais, regulamentos oficiais e termos de compromisso. A responsabilidade compartilhada pelo ciclo de vida do OLUC enfrenta desafios para que haja avanços no desempenho da regeneração de sistemas naturais, um dos princípios da economia circular. Os custos de coleta, armazenamento e transporte são assumidos integralmente pelos produtores ou importadores de óleos lubrificantes. Para o exercício da governança pública há necessidade de maior capacidade operacional da burocracia governamental e acesso a dados e informações confiáveis sobre o controle do volume de OLUC comercializado e sua destinação final. Tendo em vista a educação ambiental como ferramenta para desenvolver a consciência dos indivíduos sobre as responsabilidades pelo que consomem e descartam, propõe-se um método e cálculo de metas de coleta mais transparente e que evidencia que 58% do óleo lubrificante comercializado no país é coletável. / [en] Technology and productive processes that results in little waste helps sustainability by competing with the balance between development and environment, especially when they break through the usual model based on extraction, processing and disposal, turning to operate guided by rational use of natural resources guided for circular economy values. The economic-environmental accounting would be balanced if instead of waste there was a return of used products to the productive processes (Xavier, 2017). To Brazil, which in 2019 produced an average of 0.99 kg/day per capita (Brazil, 2020) of household solid waste compared to about 0.75 kg/day per capita that was produced in 2002 (Brazil, 2009), this math is far from ideal, as 97% of consumer goods reach the end of their useful lives as waste and only 3% serve as raw materials for generating new products (Xavier, 2017). In a context of mobilization of society, government and science for sustainable development reverse logistics presents itself as one of the alternatives for solid waste management, as defined in Article 3, item XII of the National Solid Waste Plan (known in Brazil by the Portuguese acronym, PNRS).

Submitted by Diogo Alencar de Azevedo Rodrigues (diogoalencar@mla-advogados.com.br) on 2016-03-28T21:44:44Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FGV Direito Rio TRABALHO FINAL 28 de março de 2016 VF.pdf: 846464 bytes, checksum: da855db5a1010b7931b7931001b8ba72 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by BRUNA BARROS (bruna.barros@fgv.br) on 2016-03-30T18:44:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FGV Direito Rio TRABALHO FINAL 28 de março de 2016 VF.pdf: 846464 bytes, checksum: da855db5a1010b7931b7931001b8ba72 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Maria Almeida (maria.socorro@fgv.br) on 2016-03-31T13:56:23Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FGV Direito Rio TRABALHO FINAL 28 de março de 2016 VF.pdf: 846464 bytes, checksum: da855db5a1010b7931b7931001b8ba72 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-31T13:56:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação FGV Direito Rio TRABALHO FINAL 28 de março de 2016 VF.pdf: 846464 bytes, checksum: da855db5a1010b7931b7931001b8ba72 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-25 / This paper presents a study on the recent Law 12.846/13, in particular on the institute's leniency agreement, seeking to establish a framework for the conclusion of such adjustments in view of the rights and guarantees established by the Constitution of the Federative Republic of Brazil in 1988. Initially, it approaches the intense changes promoted in the modern state and sanctioning rights in general, the question is, then, the existence of a common core between criminal law and the sanctioning administrative law. Search is finally propose solutions to maximize the effectiveness of the control system and sanction of Law 12.846/13, in view of the need to harmonize the Public Regulation of legal certainty and the constitutional rights of legal entities investigated, especially when she celebrates the leniency agreement. / O presente trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre a recente Lei n. 12.846/13, em especial sobre o instituto do acordo de leniência, buscando estabelecer um marco para a celebração desses ajustes tendo em vista os direitos e garantias estabelecidos pela Constituição da República Federativa do Brasil de 1988. Inicialmente, aborda-se as intensas mudanças promovidas no Estado moderno e no direito sancionador de forma geral, questiona-se, em seguida, a existência de um núcleo comum entre o direito penal e o direito administrativo sancionador. Busca-se, por fim, propor soluções para maximizar a eficácia do sistema de controle e sanção da Lei n. 12.846/13, tendo em vista a necessidade de se harmonizar a Regulação Pública com a segurança jurídica e os direitos constitucionais da pessoa jurídica investigada, em especial quando ela celebra o acordo de leniência.

Hälso- och sjukvården har genomgått stora förändringar genom åren och är idag en central del av vårt välfärdssamhälle. Utvecklingen går mot en mer primärvårdscentrerad vård vilket gör att hälso- och sjukvården står inför nya utmaningar gällande bland annat resursfördelning och prioriteringar. Idag styrs hälso- och sjukvården i allt större utsträckning av ekonomiska incitament där kopplingen till ersättning utgår från bland annat måluppfyllelse, prestation och resursinsatser. Hur ersättningsmodellerna utformas skiljer sig åt mellan olika huvudmän och varje huvudman utformar sin vårdvalsmodell efter sina prioriteringar av primärvårdsmålen.   Syftet med studien är att analysera om de olika ersättningsmodellerna i primärvården understödjer de mål man arbetar mot samt vilka erfarenheter aktörerna inom hälso- och sjukvården, dvs. politiker, administrativ ledning och profession, har av ersättningsmodellernas effekter.   För att studera hur ersättningsmodellen understödjer verksamhetsmålen i primärvården har två fallorganisationer valts ut, Landstinget Blekinge och Region Jönköpings län, där en komparativ forskningsdesign tillämpats. Data för den teoretiska referensramen utgår från publicerade artiklar, böcker och övrigt informationsmaterial från myndigheter. Primärdata har inhämtats från sex kvalitativa, semistrukturerade intervjuer. Sekundärdata för studien består av insamlad data från respektive region/landsting.   Att använda en ersättningsmodell för resursfördelning i primärvården anses vara ett bra styrmedel då monetära ersättningar motiverar. Målen tillgänglighet, jämlik vård, hög kvalité, personcentrerad vård, patientsäkerhet tillsammans med kostnadseffektiv vård kan ibland motverka varandra. God kostnadskontroll prioriteras ofta i styrningen samtidigt ger uppföljning och kontroll behov av mycket administration, vilket motverkar målet kostnadseffektiv vård.   Att styra primärvården med ersättningsmodeller är effektivt då monetär ersättning är inblandad men modellen används inte i första hand att styra mot mål utan för kostnadskontroll. Erfarenheterna av ersättningsmodellens effekter är att de ibland motverkar målen för hälso-och sjukvården och får oönskade effekter såsom manipulation av data och fokus på att det man utför genererar högre ersättning. Uppföljningen av ersättningsmodellerna kräver också mycket administration. / The health care system has undergone major changes over the years and is today a central part of our welfare society. The trend is to direct citizens towards the Primary Health Care sector, making the health care system face new challenges.  The primary challenges are related to the allocation of resources and guiding priorities for this. Today, health care is increasingly controlled by economic incentives, where the link to compensation is based on, compensation models. How the compensation model is designed varies between different principal stakeholders whom are designing their care choice model after its own priorities of primary health care objectives.   The aim of the current study is to analyse whether the different compensation models in primary care supports the goal to work towards and what experience the different operators, politicians, administrative management and profession, have of compensation models ' effects.   To study how the compensation model supports business goals in primary care two organizations has been selected, County Council of Jönköping and Blekinge on which a comparative research design has been applied. Data for the theoretical frame of reference is based on published articles, books and other information material from the authorities. Primary data has been gathered from six qualitative, semi-structured interviews. Secondary data for the study consists of data collected from each region/County Councils.   To use a compensation model for the allocation of resources in primary health care is considered to be a good instrument in which monetary remuneration justifies. Objectives as availability, equal treatment, high quality care, person-centred care, patient safety, along with cost-effective care can sometimes counteract with each other. Good cost control is often a priority when governing health care operations, monitoring and control the business needs much administration, thus undermining the objective of cost effective care.   Compensation model is effective way to control primary health care since monetary compensation is involved but the model is not used primarily to steer towards the target but for cost control. The experience of the effects of the compensation model is that they sometimes act counterproductive towards goal for the health care system and you might receiving unwanted effects as manipulation of data and focus what you can do to generate more compensation.  A vast amount of administration is needed to follow up compensation models.

Text in English with summaries in English, isiXhosa and Sesotho / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 141-153) / Provision of municipal services to urban residents particularly those residing in small towns across developing countries, is facing challenges. A small town or rural district of Luwingu in Zambia, is no exception. This study provides an analysis of factors that influence provision of municipal services in developing countries with Luwingu town or rural district in Zambia as the case study. Through this study, it has been shown that urban residents in small towns and to some extent, those residing in urban peripheries such as informal settlements, low-income residential neighbourhoods in major cities continues to experience poor provision and access to basic services such as drinking water, sanitation, refuse removal and electricity supply. Influencing effective provision of municipal services in the developing countries including Luwingu district council in Zambia, is a number of factors. Amongst others, is inadequate service infrastructure; lack of human and financial resources in various local municipalities particularly small rural local municipalities including Luwingu district council in Zambia. / Phano ya ditshebeletso ya masepala ho baahi ba diteropo haholo ba dulang diteropong tse nyane ho pharalla le dinaha tse ntseng di tswelapele, e lebane le mathata. Torotswana e nyane kapa setereke sa mahaeng sa Luwingu ho la Zambia, le yona e ya tshwana. Phuputso ena e fana ka manollo ya dintlha tse amang phano ya ditshebeletso tsa masepala dinaheng tse ntseng di tswelapele e sebedisa teropo kapa setereke sa mahaeng sa Luwingu jwalo ka mohlala wa phuputso. Ka phuputso ena, ho bontshitswe hore baahi ba diteropong ba leng diteropong tse nyane le ka tsela e itseng, ba dulang mabopong a diteropo jwalo ka diahelo tse sa hlophiswang, metse ya batho ba kgolang tjhelete e nyane diteropokgolong tse kgolo, ba tswelapele ho fumana phano e fokolang le phihlello ho ditshebeletso tsa motheo tse jwalo ka metsi a nowang, tlheko ya dikgwerekgwere, tlhwekiso ya dithole le phepelo ya motlakase. Ke dintlha tse mmalwa tse amang phano e ntle ya ditshebeletso tsa masepala dinaheng tse ntseng di tswelapele ho kenyelletswa khansele ya setereke ya Luwingu e Zambia. Hara tse ding ke boteng bo fokolang ba disebediswa tsa ditshebeletso; tlhokeho ya ditjhelete le basebetsi dimasepaleng tse fapaneng tsa lehae tse kenyelletsang khansele ya setereke ya Luwingu e Zambia. / Ukunikezelwa kweenkonzo zikamasipala kujongene nemingeni kubahlali basezidolophini, ngakumbi abo bahlala kwiidolophu ezincinci kumazwe asaphuhlayo. Le nto iyenzeka nakwidolophana encinci okanye isithili sasemaphandleni aseLuwingu eZambia. Esi sifundo sihlalutya izinto ezinefuthe kunikezelo lweenkonzo zikamasipala kumazwe asaphuhlayo, kwaye sizekelisa ngedolophana okanye iphandle laseLuwingu eZambia. Ngokwenza esi sifundo, kubonakele ukuba abahlali beedolophana ezincinci kunye nabo bahlala kufuphi nazo, njengabo bahlala kwiindawo ezingekho sesikweni nabahlala kwiindawo zabantu abanemivuzo ephantsi kwizixeko ezikhulu, bafumana iinkonzo ezikumgangatho osezantsi. Ezo nkonzo zifana namanzi okusela, ukugcina ucoceko, ukuthuthwa kwenkunkuma nokunikezelwa kombane. Ziliqela iimeko ezinefuthe ekunikezelweni kweenkonzo zikamasipala ezisemgangathweni kumazwe asaphuhlayo njengeZambia, kwisithili saseLuwingu. Phakathi kwezo meko singabalula ukungafakwa ngokwaneleyo kwezilungiselelo nezibonelelo zeenkonzo, (infrastructure); ukunqongophala kwemali nabantu abaqeqeshelwe umsebenzi koomasipala bendawo abahlukeneyo, ngakumbi abeendawo ezincinci, kuquka nekhansile yesithili saseLuwingu eZambia. / Development Studies / M.A. (Development studies)