Žemė ir su ja susiję objektai, kurių buvimo vietos negalima pakeisti, nekeičiant jų naudojimo paskirties arba nemažinant vertės bei ekonominės paskirties, arba turtas, kuris tokiu pripažįstamas įstatymuose yra nekilnojamasis turtas. Paskutiniais metais žemės yra pati paklausiausia prekė iš nekilnojamojo turto objektų. Atliekama daug sandorių, susijusių su žemės pirkimu-pardavimu, dovanojimu, mainais. Tokie veiksmai skatina žemės rinkos plėtojimąsi. Šio darbo tikslas – ištirti miškų ūkio paskirties žemės rinkos intensyvumą Alytaus apskrityje ir miško žemės kainas. Nustatyta, kad Alytaus apskrityje yra santykinai daugiau miškų, nei vidutiniškai Lietuvoje. Privatizuotų miškų plotas 2007-01-01 apskrityje sudarė 111,8 tūkst. ha arba 42,0% nuo visų miškų, o Lietuvoje 743,8 tūkst. ha arba 35,2%. Miško kaina labiausiai priklauso nuo brandumo, vyraujančių medžių rūšies, jų tūrio bei konkrečiam žemės sklypui taikomų apribojimų. Aukščiausiomis vidutinėmis rinkos vertėmis pasižymi ąžuolynai, uosynai, klevynai, maždaug 90 metų senumo medžiai. / Land along with objects affixed to it (which cannot be moved without the change of the purpose of their use or without the decrease of their value or economical purpose) or capital that is recognized legally is called immovable property. In latter years, land is the most marketable item among the objects of immovable property. At present, many bargains, connected with the land purchasing and selling, granting, interchange, are concluded. Such actions stimulate the development of land market. The aim of this work is to analyse forestland prices as well as the intensity of the market of the land suitable for forestry purposes in Alytus County. It was defined that there are comparatively more forests in Alytus County than on the average in Lithuania. By January 01, 2007, the area of privatised forests covered 111,8 thousand ha or 42,0% of the county’s area, in Lithuania they covered 743,8 thousand ha or 35,2%, respectively. Forest price mostly depends upon the maturity and species of prevailing trees, their size as well as upon the restraints applied to particular land plots. The highest average market values are characteristic to oak-woods, ah-groves, maple-groves, and 90 year-old trees.

No description available.

The objective of this research was to investigate the change of teaching for specific purposes in the students´ believes on teaching/learning of languages and the reflection of these changes in the motivation for learning a new language. The objectives of this study were to map and investigate the beliefs and the motivation before and after the course; verifying if and how the teaching for specific purposes influenced in the beliefs and if the modification of the beliefs influenced in the motivation of the students towards learning Spanish as a foreign language. The Socio-interactionist theory was used as theoretical foundation, as well as teaching for specific purposes, the beliefs and the motivation. The collection of data for the research was carried out during the classes of two editions of the project Espanhol para Viagens, through a pre and post-questionnaire, interviews and observations. The data analysis showed that the beliefs and the motivation of the students influenced and suffered influence of the teaching/learning of Spanish for specific purposes, in such a way that some beliefs were redefined and others came up. In the course of the analysis, some beliefs related to the Spanish language were identified, that consider it an easy language to learn, because of its similarity to Portuguese. At the same time, the students believe that this similarity can cause confusion to the learner. Regarding interaction, the students believe that it favors communication between teacher-learner/learner-learner, which is an essential point for learning Spanish as a foreign language. We consider that the direct contact with Spanish in the classroom and the constant interaction with the teacher were determining aspects for the redefining of the students´ beliefs and for the increase of motivation during the classes of the course. / O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi investigar a modificação do Ensino Instrumental nas crenças de alunos sobre ensino/aprendizagem de línguas e os reflexos dessa modificação na motivação para aprender um novo idioma. Os objetivos específicos do trabalho foram mapear e investigar as crenças e a motivação antes e depois do curso, verificando se e de que maneira o Ensino Instrumental influenciou as crenças e, por sua vez, se a modificação das crenças influenciou a motivação dos alunos para aprendizagem do Espanhol como Língua Estrangeira (ELE). A teoria Sociointeracionista foi utilizada como embasamento teórico, assim como o Ensino Instrumental, as crenças e a motivação. A coleta de dados para a pesquisa foi efetuada durante as aulas de duas edições do Curso de Espanhol para Viagens, através de pré e pós-questionário, entrevista e observação. A análise de dados revelou que as crenças e a motivação dos alunos influenciaram e sofreram influência do processo de ensino/aprendizagem de ELE instrumental, de modo que algumas crenças foram ressignificadas e outras acabaram surgindo. No decorrer da análise, foram identificadas crenças relacionadas com a Língua Espanhola, as quais a consideram uma língua fácil de aprender, pela semelhança com o Português. Ao mesmo tempo, os alunos acreditam que essa semelhança pode causar uma desorganização no aprendiz, ou seja, pode confundi-los ainda mais. Com relação à interação, os alunos acreditam que ela favorece o estabelecimento da comunicação entre professor-aluno e aluno-aluno, fator considerado essencial para a aprendizagem de ELE. Consideramos que o contato direto com a Língua Espanhola em sala de aula e a interação constante com o professor foram aspectos determinantes para a ressignificação das crenças dos alunos pelo aumento da motivação no desenvolvimento das aulas do curso.

The theory of language teaching for specific purposes approach has over 30 years in Brazil. Develop research on this approach is important for the teacher education area and, in particular, for Portuguese teachers in service in Brazilian Basic Education Mode of Technical Professional Education (TPE), as this type of education has, in the Portuguese teaching, the theoretical foundations that govern the conception of foreign language teaching for specific purposes (Magalhães, 2011). Considering this context, this research was developed with the aim of investigating the Language teacher knowledge on the specific purposes approach to Portuguese language teaching in the TPE. The theory that supports this work about language teaching for specific purposes was Ramos (2005); Dudley-Evans & St. John (2005); the Brazilian Technique and Professional Educational is based in Kunze (2009); Magalhães (2011); Pacheco (2012). To base the teacher education, specifically, the teacher education for work in TPE, Oliveira Junior (2008); Neto (2009). To develop this study, we had as subjects Portuguese teachers, belonging to (or belonged) to teacher staff of SEG schools SISTEMA DE ENSINO GAÚCHO of Santa Maria, RS, with classes for the several courses of technical formation of medium level, in Language and Communication subject. The results show that Portuguese teachers who are working in TPE, as did not possess knowledge of language teaching for specific purposes approach at undergraduate, had to seek information for their own account to supply the difficulties they faced in this teaching practice in the TPE mode. These teachers, even studying on this approaching teaching, still believe that being a teacher for specific purposes is a difficult task as it requires greater preparation than requires regular education. / O desenvolvimento de estudos acerca da abordagem instrumental da língua, a qual completa mais de 30 anos no Brasil, faz-se relevante não só para repensar, de modo geral, o trabalho realizado na área de formação de professores de língua estrangeira, mas também para nortear as atividades de docentes de língua portuguesa que atuam na esfera da Educação Profissional de Nível Técnico (EPT), haja vista a aplicabilidade de vários de seus pressupostos teóricos dentro desse campo (MAGALHÃES, 2011). Partindo de tal constatação, o presente trabalho objetiva investigar o conhecimento do professor de Letras sobre a abordagem instrumental do ensino da língua portuguesa na EPT. Em termos de fundamentação teórica, serão considerados os trabalhos de Ramos (2005); Dudley-Evans e St. John (2005) para embasar as considerações feitas a respeito do ensino instrumental de línguas; os estudos de Kunze (2009); Magalhães (2011); Pacheco (2012) para discutir a Educação Técnica e Profissionalizante brasileira; as contribuições de Oliveira Junior (2008) e Santos Neto (2009) para debater questões relativas à formação de professores em especial, à formação do docente para atuar na EPT. Para efetuar este estudo, foram selecionados, como sujeitos da pesquisa, professores de língua portuguesa que pertencem (ou pertenceram) ao quadro de docentes das escolas do Sistema de Ensino Gaúcho (SEG) em Santa Maria, RS, ministrando aulas na disciplina de Linguagem e Comunicação ofertada para os diversos cursos de formação técnica em Nível Médio. Os resultados indicam que os professores de língua portuguesa atuantes na EPT, como não tomaram conhecimento sobre a abordagem instrumental para o ensino de línguas durante a graduação, acabaram tendo que buscar informações por conta própria para sanarem as dificuldades que enfrentaram em sua prática. Observou-se também que, apesar de complementarem autonomamente sua formação no tocante ao ensino instrumental, os professores creem que atuar nesse campo constitui tarefa difícil, pois exige preparo maior do que o envolvido na execução das atividades docentes no ensino regular.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This study proposes a critical analysis of activities (extracted) from textbooks of English for Academic Purposes in order to investigate the textbook s practices of promotion of scientific literacy. The focus of analysis is to examine how the textbooks appropriate knowledge produced by research on language, reading as critical literacy, scientific literacy and on the genres they explore (in the case of this research, studies on the science popularization news genre). From the analysis of the reading approaches and the concept of language that underlies the didactic activities, I intend to investigate the extent the activities that constitute this material promote the insertion of students in scientific practices. The corpus is constituted of two units, one of a textbook frequently used to teach English for Academic Purposes in the degrees of Computing Science, Statistics, Geography and Languages at the Federal University of Santa Maria and the other used in extension courses at Federal University of Santa Catarina. Besides being used in these courses, the textbooks were selected because most of their activities are formulated from the genre science popularization news. In these units, first the exercises were classified into prereading, reading and post-reading activities so as to investigate the approach of language that underpin their practices. After that, we investigated the extent to which activities on language proposed in these materials corroborate the concept of language as genre. Finally, we analyze to what extent these activities aimed at promoting scientific literacy. Besides that, we also present a reelaboration of the activities that intends to promote scientific literacy by exploring the genre science popularization news in its ideational, interpersonal, and textual metafunctions. Thus, this study aims at offering possibilities of utilization of the genre science popularization news for promoting scientific literacy and subsidizing the construction of didactic material for English for Academic Purposes. / E ste estudo propõe uma análise crítica de atividades de livros didáticos de leitura instrumental em língua inglesa como forma de explicitar as práticas de promoção de letramento científico em tais materiais. O foco da análise é o modo os livros didáticos de leitura se apropriam das pesquisas sobre linguagem, leituracomo letramento crítico, letramento científico e sobre os gêneros abordados (no caso desta pesquisa, as pesquisas acerca do gênero notícia de PC). A partir da análise da abordagem de leitura e da concepção de linguagem adotadas nas atividades didáticas, pretende-se explicitar em que medida as atividades propostas nesse material promovem a inserção do aluno em práticas discursivas que remetem às práticas científicas. O corpus se constitui de duas unidades de dois livros didáticos de leitura instrumental frequentemente utilizados para ministrar as disciplinas de inglês instrumental ofertadas nos cursos de Ciência da Computação, Estatística, Geografia e Letras da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria e em cursos de extensão na Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina. Além de serem utilizados nessas disciplinas, esses livros foram selecionados por apresentarem atividades formuladas a partir de notícias de PC em sua composição. Nessas unidades, primeiramente, classifico as atividades em pré-leitura, leitura e pós-leitura, de forma a identificar a abordagem de leitura subjacente a elas. Em seguida, investigo em que medida o conceito de linguagem adotada pelos livros é compatível com a visão de linguagem como gênero. Por fim, analiso em que medida as atividades ensejam a promoção de letramento científico. Além disso, apresento atividades complementares com vistas a promover o letramento científico em várias dimensões e explorando a notícia de PC em seus conteúdos ideacional, interpessoal e textual. A pesquisa deverá apontar possibilidades de utilização do gênero notícia de PC para fins de letramento científico como subsídios para a elaboração de material didático para fins de inglês para fins acadêmicos.

Les recherches effectuées dans l’enseignement/apprentissage des langues vivantes et surtout dans le champ de la didactique des langues étrangères et secondes ont fait apparaître, depuis les années 20, des publics ayant des demandes spécifiques en communication professionnelle et fonctionnelle. Cette prise en compte des chercheurs a donné lieu à un domaine ouvert, varié, complexe, qui se caractérise par la grande diversité de ses contextes, situations d’enseignement, méthodes, objectifs, pratiques et dispositifs appelé le Français sur Objectifs Spécifiques. C’est dans le but de faire acquérir à ces publics des compétences culturelles et langagières spécifiques que, enseignants et chercheurs sont appelés aujourd’hui à se créer des démarches méthodologiques spécifiques. En s’inscrivant dans cette problématique, ce travail cherche à apporter des éléments de réponse aux demandes réelles des enseignants et des étudiants de français des universités angolaises plus particulièrement à celles de ceux de la faculté d’économie de l’université Agostinho Neto. L’objectif principal est donc, d’une part, d’identifier les besoins réels de ces derniers en prenant en compte les spécificités de leurs filières de formation et d’autre part, de concevoir, au cas par cas, des programmes et du matériel didactique permettant de développer chez les apprenants les compétences de compréhension et d’expression tant orales qu’écrites. Ces matériaux conçus à partir de documents authentiques à visée professionnelle oraux ou écrits sont susceptibles d’être directement utilisés en classe pour les enseignants qui voudront les transférer ou les réutiliser dans des situations similaires. / Research performed since the twenties in teaching/learning of the living languages, especially in the field of didactics of foreign and second languages, helped the rise of a certain audience with specific requests in professional and functional communication. This consideration of the researchers gave rise to an opened, varied, complex domain, which is composed of an important diversity of contexts, learning situations, methods, objectives, practices and structures of formation called "French for Specific Purposes". Teachers and researchers are brought today to create specific methodological approach, to help this audience gain specific cultural and linguistic skills. Within this problematic, this research aims at bringing elements of answer to the teachers and the french students of the Angolan universities, particularly to those of the Faculty of Economy of the Agostinho Neto University. Therefore, our purpose is to identify the real needs of the latter, taking into account peculiarities of their study paths and indeed to conceive programs and teaching tools, allowing them to develop oral and written comprehension and expression skills. These materials, made from “authentic oral or written documents with professional aim”, can be used directly in class by teachers who may want to reuse them in similar situations.

Forskning visar att bildskapande kan användas på många olika sätt. I fritidshemmet är det vanligt att man utgår ifrån läroplanen när man planerar aktiviteter som rör bild. Även elevers intressen och behov ligger till grund för hur man arbetar. Utifrån de syften pedagoger har med en bildaktivitet formas aktiviteten. Med hjälp av denna studie ville vi få en djupare förståelse för varför fritidslärare arbetar med bild. Ämnet har undersökts genom intervjuer med fem lärare i fritidshem. Resultatet visar att bildaktiviteter i fritidshemmet kan användas för att ge elever utvecklad förståelse för människors olika förutsättningar och att elevernas intresse ofta ligger till grund för vilka aktiviteter som genomförs. Även pedagogens utbildning i och intresse av bild påverkar arbetet.

Students entering academic programmes are frequently overwhelmed by the demand for extensive reading and comprehension of information derived from multiple and contrasting sources. This entails both careful and expeditious reading. The latter has been generally neglected in research and has not been the focus of many tests. Both types of reading were investigated in this study through a validation process of the summative English reading test for academic purposes taken at the end of the Foundation Programme in Oman. In particular, context validity was established through focusing on the interaction between the linguistic demands and task setting parameters and also the cognitive processes through which the students engaged with the test tasks. To establish the context validity of the test, this study adopted Khalifa and Weir’s (2009) model which not only embraced the complex and multi-componential nature of reading but also provided a workable validation framework. A multi-strategy approach was adopted. A natural experiment utilising Verbal Protocol Analysis captured the cognitive processes through which students engaged in reading. Automated analysis software and opinions of expert judges were used to compare test passages with text extracts drawn from first year academic courses. Correlation tests and factor analysis revealed these cognitive processes and established the robustness of the Khalifa and Weir (2009) model, which was thus validated in a second language context. Passages in the foundation tests were found to be generally representative of academic texts although certain features such as abstractness were under-represented.

Since the 1990s, several countries in Latin America liberalized and privatized the public utilities business. As a consequence, there was a transit from the Entrepreneur State to the Regulatory State, the latter being traditionally understood as a model of regulation for competition, with a mayor concern only on economic objectives. Notwithstanding, the socioeconomic reality of Latin American countries, in particular Colombia, presented the fact that competition cannot be the only priority, and that regulation of the public utilities business must also achieve social objectives. Public purposes, understood as economic and social objectives, are the cornerstone of State intervention. / Desde los años noventa, ciertos países de América Latina liberalizaron y privatizaron el sector de los servicios públicos. Como consecuencia, se pasó del Estado empresario al Estado regulador, el cual era tradicionalmente entendido como un modelo de regulación para la competencia, centrado principalmente en objetivos económicos. Sin embargo, la realidad socioeconómica de los países de América Latina, en particular Colombia, demuestra que la competencia no es la única prioridad, sino que la regulación en los servicios públicos también debe atender a la consecución de objetivos sociales. Los objetivos públicos son el pilar de la intervención del Estado, entendido esto como objetivos económicos y sociales.

L’objectif principal de ce travail est d’explorer la frontière entre les erreurs grammaticales d'une part et les erreurs textuelles d'autre part, dans les productions écrites des étudiants francophones rédigeant en anglais langue étrangère (L2) à l’université. Pour ce faire, un corpus de textes d’apprenants en anglais L2 a été recueilli et annoté par le biais de plusieurs schémas d’annotation. Le premier schéma d’annotation est issu de l’UAM CorpusTool, un logiciel qui fournit une taxonomie d’erreurs intégrée. Les premières annotations ont été croisées avec d’autres annotations issues des métafonctions sémantiques que nous avons établies, en nous appuyant sur la linguistique systémique fonctionnelle.En plus de fournir des statistiques en termes de fréquence d’occurrence des erreurs spécifiques chez les apprenants francophones, le croisement des schémas a permis d’identifier certaines valeurs proprement phraséologique, sémantique et textuelle qui semblent poser des problèmes particulièrement épineux. A ce titre, une classification de ce que nous avons appelé des erreurs d’acceptabilité textuelle a été établie, dans le but notamment d’avoir une vue globale sur les erreurs identifiables à ce niveau d’analyse. En bref, le présent travail retrace donc le cheminement de l’ensemble de notre thèse de ses débuts conceptuels jusqu’à la proposition d’un modèle explicatif permettant d’établir la description de toute occurrence erronée identifiée en langue étrangère – qu’elle soit notamment grammaticale (c’est-à-dire, imputable au système linguistique) ou textuelle(c’est-à-dire, imputable au texte). / The main objective of this study is to try and pinpoint the frontier between grammatical (or sentence-level) errors on the one hand and textual errors on the other in university student essays. Accordingly, a corpus of English L2 learner texts, written by French learners, was collected and annotated using several annotation schemes. The first annotation scheme used is based on a model from the UAM CorpusTool software package, which provided us with an integrated error taxonomy. The annotations obtained were then cross-analyzed using the semantic metafunctions identified in systemic functional linguistics.In addition to providing statistics in terms of specific error frequency, our cross analysis has identified some areas that appear to pose particularly difficult problems, i.e. phraseology, and certain semantic and textual constructions. A classification of what we have called textual acceptability errors has thus been established. In short, the thesis begins with an examination of conceptual issues and ends with the proposal for an explanatory model that can describe erroneous occurrences identified in a foreign language – whether they are grammatical (i.e., linked to the language system itself) or textual (i.e. linked to the text) in nature.