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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Entwicklung eines mikrobiologischen Schnelltests zur Prozessoptimierung von Biogasanlagen

Gasch, Carina 04 March 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene zweiphasige Vergärungssysteme hinsichtlich der mikrobiellen Biomasse und Abbauaktivität charakterisiert, mit dem Ziel, eine mikrobiologische Prozessüberwachung zu ermöglichen. Bei der analytischen Begleitung des Biogasprozesses stellte sich heraus, dass viele Biomasse- und Aktivitätsparameter anlagen- bzw. substratspezifische Werte aufweisen und Prozessstörungen bzw. Verfahrensmodifikationen über diese mikrobiologischen Kenngrößen detektiert und verifiziert werden können. Im Normalbetrieb der Vergärung von Maissilage konnte in der Hydrolysestufe eine starke Vermehrung der mikrobiellen Gesamtzellzahl sowie eine Zunahme des Archaea:Bacteria-Verhältnisses verzeichnet werden. Die Aktivitätsprofile von Hydrolasen (unspezifische Esterase, Polysaccharasen und Proteasen) erlaubten eine Visualisierung des Hydrolysefortschritts. Hierbei erwiesen sich die Esterase-, Cellulase- und Xylanaseaktivität als besonders aussagekräftig. Ähnlich ermöglichte dies die Analyse der Atmungsaktivität, die die mikrobielle Abbauaktivität des Eingangs- bzw. das Restgaspotential des Ausgangsmaterials der Hydrolysestufe wiedergibt. Die phylogenetischen Analysen der ersten Prozessstufe zeigten eine klare Dominanz von cellulolytischen Bakterien der Gattung Clostridium (Ø 35%). Der Anteil der hydrogenotrophen Methanogenen lag in den untersuchten Systemen etwa 50% über dem der Acetoklastischen, was darauf schließen lässt, dass der hydrogenotrophe Methanbildungsweg favorisiert wird. Es wurde aber auch eine erhöhte Abundanz der nicht-methanogenen Crenarchaeota festgestellt, deren Rolle im Biogasprozess noch ungeklärt ist. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurde weiterhin die Vergärbarkeit von HCH-belasteter Grassilage bzw. ein potentieller mikrobieller β-HCH-Abbau untersucht. Hier konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Aktivität der Mikroorganismen durch die Schadstoffbelastung des Substrates nicht inhibiert war. Darüber hinaus konnte ein Abbau des β-HCH nach der Hydrolyse der Grassilage nachgewiesen werden. Durch das Auftreten von Prozessstörungen bzw. Verfahrensmodifikationen konnten die Auswirkungen auf die untersuchten mikrobiologischen Kenngrößen näher untersucht und u. a. auch statistisch abgesichert verifiziert werden. Korrelationsanalysen verdeutlichten die mikrobiellen bzw. biochemischen Zusammenhänge im System. Besonders interessant sind dabei die signifikanten Korrelationen zwischen der Gesamtzellzahl, der Esteraseaktivität und dem Chemischen Sauerstoffbedarf, die für jede Verfahrensstufe nachgewiesen werden konnten. Diese Analysen zeigten erstmalig, dass die unspezifische Esteraseaktivität als allgemeiner mikrobieller Aktivitätsparameter in verschiedenen Prozessstufen von Biogasanlagen als Indikator zur Prozesseffizienz und -stabilität einsetzbar ist. Daher wurde die Methodik als Schnelltest weiterentwickelt, der auch vor Ort Anwendung finden kann. Dies ermöglicht eine direkte Analyse des Biogassubstrates, der Effizienz der Substratumsetzung sowie die Detektion von Störungen und eine entsprechende Steuerung und Regelung des Prozesses.
22

Desenvolvimento de scalffolds de quitosana para dosagem em analitos. / Development of chitosan scalffolds for analyte dosing.

OLIVEIRA, Valter Pereira de. 11 April 2018 (has links)
Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-11T15:23:34Z No. of bitstreams: 1 VALTER PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 1734156 bytes, checksum: 237f9d589d08515acd18211405f32fdd (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-11T15:23:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VALTER PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA - DISSERTAÇÃO PPG-CEMat 2014..pdf: 1734156 bytes, checksum: 237f9d589d08515acd18211405f32fdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-19 / A quantificação de substâncias em amostras humanas é de grande importância para o diagnóstico, acompanhamento e tratamento de diversas situações que afetam a saúde e condições fisiológicas da população. Entre os analitos cuja quantificação no sangue tem grande importância, encontra-se a ciclosporina que é administrada em pacientes transplantados e que a utilizam no tratamento imunossupressor. As análises para quantificação da droga são atualmente feitas por meio de testes complexos e caros, sendo uma importante fonte de gastos na saúde pública visto que o Brasil possui o maior sistema público de transplantes do mundo e que subsidia 95% do tratamento, incluindo procedimento cirúrgico, medicação e acompanhamento necessários ao pós-transplante. Atualmente dispositivos de testes de utilização simples que dispensa equipamentos e instalações laboratoriais estão sendo utilizados para diversos tipos de diagnósticos. São os denominados testes rápidos que utilizam o princípio da imunocromatografia como metodologia. O estudo teve o objetivo de desenvolver scalffolds a base de quitosana para carrear substâncias semelhantes ao sangue humano e comparar esta capacidade à da nitrocelulose com a finalidade de estabelecer uma possível substituição da nitrocelulose pela quitosana na produção de dispositivos de testes rápidos, possibilitando a confecção de um dispositivo para quantificação de ciclosporina e outros analitos estabelecendo um novo campo de aplicação para a quitosana como material carreador. Os scalffolds foram desenvolvidos pela preparação de uma solução de quitosana a 1% a qual foi filtrada, congelada e liofilizada. Os scalffolds foram então neutralizados, lavados, liofilizados e secos. As tiras de nitrocelulose com registro na Anvisa foram obtidas em farmácia, as amostras foram selecionadas aleatoriamente realizadas as mesmas caracterizações realizadas nos scalffolds. A caracterização foi realizada por meio das técnicas de Espectroscopia na Região do Infravermelho com Transformada de Fourier (FTIR), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV)/ Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de raios X (EDS), Molhabilidade e Intumescimento. Os espectros em infravermelho demonstraram que a nitrocelulose e a quitosana possuem grupos funcionais compatíveis com as características descritas na literatura. As micrografias e espectros mostraram uma composição condizente com as características de absorção e carreamento de líquidos devido à presença de polaridade. Os ensaios de molhabilidade evidenciaram que a nitrocelulose e a quitosana possuem alta hidrofilicidade e os ensaios de intumescimento mostraram um alto grau de intumescimento da nitrocelulose e da quitosana corroborando suas características de material carreador. O produto desenvolvido possui potencial viabilidade para utilização como material carreador em dispositivos diagnósticos. / The quantification of substances in human samples has great importance for the diagnosis, monitoring and treatment for several situations that affect health and physiological conditions of the population. Among the analytes to be quantified, you have cyclosporine that is administered in transplanted patients for immunosuppressive treatment. The drug quantification are currently done by complex and expansive devices and is an important source of costs on public health as Brazil has the Highest Attendance Transplant System of the World and subsidizes 95 % of the treatment , including surgical procedures , medication and monitoring needed in post- transplant. Now a days, simple devices that do not require instruments and laboratory facilities are being used for various types of diagnoses. They are called rapid tests that use immunochromatography, as methodology. The study had the scope to develop a material with chitosan films to carry similar substances human blood and compare this capacity to the nitrocellulose with the goal of establishing a possible replacement of nitrocellulose for chitosan in the productions of a rapid test device, enabling a new field of application for chitosan as a carrier material. The scalffolds had been developed by the preparation of a chitosan 1% solution which was filtered, frozen and lyophilized. The scalffolds were then neutralized, washed, dried and lyophilized again. The strips of nitrocellulose registered with Anvisa were obtained in pharmacy, so samples were selected randomly to be performed the same characterizations performed in scalffolds. The characterization was performed using spectroscopy techniques in the Fourier Transform Infrared Region (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) /Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy X-ray (EDS), Wettability and Swelling. The infrared spectra showed that the nitrocellulose and chitosan have functional groups compatible with the features described in the literature. The micrographs and spectra showed a composition compatible for characteristics of absorption and liquid carrying due to the presence of polarity. The wettability tests have shown that the nitrocellulose and chitosan have high hydrophilicity and swelling measurements showed a high degree of nitrocellulose and chitosan swelling and its supporting carrier material characteristics. The product developed has the potential feasibility for use as carrier material in diagnostic devices.
23

Detecção de sífilis adquirida em comunidades de difícil acesso da região Amazônia: desafio a ser superado com a utilização dostestes rápidos / Detecção de sífilis adquirida em comunidades de difícil acesso da região Amazônia: desafio a ser superado com a utilização dos testes rápidos

Benzaken, Adele Schwartz January 2009 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2011-05-04T12:42:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2009 / As infecções de transmissão sexual, em especial a sífilis, são um dos problemasde saúde mais comuns e ainda se desconhece sua real magnitude, inclusive no Brasil. Algumas explicações podem ser descritas pela insuficiência de recursos humanos e materiais necessários ao seu diagnóstico em zonas de difícil acesso, em diversos países. Nessas circunstancias, exames de diagnóstico denominados testes rápidos têm um papel importante para a identificação da doença, e, na tentativa de demonstrar sua aplicabilidade e seu papel na gestão de políticas públicas este trabalho atuou em quatro frentes de pesquisa: Primeira - validação das características operacionais, de quatro diferentes testes rápidos treponêmicos em clínica especializada em Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST), em Manaus, comparado-os com o FTA-Abs como padrão ouro e a avaliação da aceitabilidade dos testes junto aos profissionais e clientela testada. Segundo- Validação multicêntrica com outros três países participantes do estudo. Terceira Estudos dirigidos a subgrupos de pessoas que habitualmente não acedem, de maneira espontânea, os serviços regulares de saúde. E, por fim Estudos junto a populações de diferentes prevalências para a sífilis. Onde somadas as quatro etapas comprovou-se as principais virtudes desta nova geração de testes, rapidez e facilidade na execução e interpretação; aceitabilidade pelos pacientes e profissionais de saúde; favorecimento da decisão do tratamento imediato; dispensar energia elétrica ou profissional especializado. As evidências levantadas por estas investigações enfatizam o papel que os testes rápidos jogarão nos próximos anos, para o controle da sífilis. / Sexually Transmitted Infections, particularly syphilis, are one of the most common health problems worldwide and its real magnitude is still unknown, including in Brazil. The lack of skilled human resources and basic laboratory infrastructure in areas of difficult access in many parts of the world contribute to explain it. Under these circumstances rapid tests represent a promising and valuable alternative to traditional syphilis diagnostic. To demonstrate the test's applicability and its role for public policy, this thesis explored four different research fronts: First- the validation of the performance characteristics and the operability of different syphilis rapid tests were carried out in a Sexually Transmitted Infection clinic in Manaus, Brazil. Four treponemical syphilis rapid tests were compared against the “gold standard” FTA-Abs. This portion of the research also includes a study on the acceptability of the rapid tests by the health professionals, as well as patients. Second- Validation of syphilis rapid tests with three other countries participating in a multicentric study. Third- Studies on the use and acceptability of the tests for target groups which do not have regular or easy access to health services and are also difficult to reach locations. Lastly, the rapid tests were tested in target groups with different Syphilis prevalence. These different phases of the research proved the virtues of this new generation of tests: speed and ease of use and interpretation of results, patient and health professional acceptability, the test increases the likelihood of immediate treatment, and it does not require electric power or specialized professionals. The results obtained emphasize and evidence the importance of the role that rapid tests have in the diagnosis and control of syphilis.
24

Entwicklung eines mikrobiologischen Schnelltests zur Prozessoptimierung von Biogasanlagen

Gasch, Carina 05 February 2014 (has links)
Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurden verschiedene zweiphasige Vergärungssysteme hinsichtlich der mikrobiellen Biomasse und Abbauaktivität charakterisiert, mit dem Ziel, eine mikrobiologische Prozessüberwachung zu ermöglichen. Bei der analytischen Begleitung des Biogasprozesses stellte sich heraus, dass viele Biomasse- und Aktivitätsparameter anlagen- bzw. substratspezifische Werte aufweisen und Prozessstörungen bzw. Verfahrensmodifikationen über diese mikrobiologischen Kenngrößen detektiert und verifiziert werden können. Im Normalbetrieb der Vergärung von Maissilage konnte in der Hydrolysestufe eine starke Vermehrung der mikrobiellen Gesamtzellzahl sowie eine Zunahme des Archaea:Bacteria-Verhältnisses verzeichnet werden. Die Aktivitätsprofile von Hydrolasen (unspezifische Esterase, Polysaccharasen und Proteasen) erlaubten eine Visualisierung des Hydrolysefortschritts. Hierbei erwiesen sich die Esterase-, Cellulase- und Xylanaseaktivität als besonders aussagekräftig. Ähnlich ermöglichte dies die Analyse der Atmungsaktivität, die die mikrobielle Abbauaktivität des Eingangs- bzw. das Restgaspotential des Ausgangsmaterials der Hydrolysestufe wiedergibt. Die phylogenetischen Analysen der ersten Prozessstufe zeigten eine klare Dominanz von cellulolytischen Bakterien der Gattung Clostridium (Ø 35%). Der Anteil der hydrogenotrophen Methanogenen lag in den untersuchten Systemen etwa 50% über dem der Acetoklastischen, was darauf schließen lässt, dass der hydrogenotrophe Methanbildungsweg favorisiert wird. Es wurde aber auch eine erhöhte Abundanz der nicht-methanogenen Crenarchaeota festgestellt, deren Rolle im Biogasprozess noch ungeklärt ist. Im Zuge dieser Arbeit wurde weiterhin die Vergärbarkeit von HCH-belasteter Grassilage bzw. ein potentieller mikrobieller β-HCH-Abbau untersucht. Hier konnte gezeigt werden, dass die Aktivität der Mikroorganismen durch die Schadstoffbelastung des Substrates nicht inhibiert war. Darüber hinaus konnte ein Abbau des β-HCH nach der Hydrolyse der Grassilage nachgewiesen werden. Durch das Auftreten von Prozessstörungen bzw. Verfahrensmodifikationen konnten die Auswirkungen auf die untersuchten mikrobiologischen Kenngrößen näher untersucht und u. a. auch statistisch abgesichert verifiziert werden. Korrelationsanalysen verdeutlichten die mikrobiellen bzw. biochemischen Zusammenhänge im System. Besonders interessant sind dabei die signifikanten Korrelationen zwischen der Gesamtzellzahl, der Esteraseaktivität und dem Chemischen Sauerstoffbedarf, die für jede Verfahrensstufe nachgewiesen werden konnten. Diese Analysen zeigten erstmalig, dass die unspezifische Esteraseaktivität als allgemeiner mikrobieller Aktivitätsparameter in verschiedenen Prozessstufen von Biogasanlagen als Indikator zur Prozesseffizienz und -stabilität einsetzbar ist. Daher wurde die Methodik als Schnelltest weiterentwickelt, der auch vor Ort Anwendung finden kann. Dies ermöglicht eine direkte Analyse des Biogassubstrates, der Effizienz der Substratumsetzung sowie die Detektion von Störungen und eine entsprechende Steuerung und Regelung des Prozesses.
25

Factors associated with the HIV transmission rate in 18 to 24 month-old children enrolled in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme at the City of Tshwane clinics

Moloko, Sophy Mogatlogedi 15 August 2014 (has links)
The purpose of the study was to identify factors associated with the HIV transmission rate in 18 to 24 month-old children enrolled in the PMTCT programme at two selected City of Tshwane clinics. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV during labour and breastfeeding accounts for 40% of all HIV infection in children. The prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme is one effective strategy to reduce the rate of HIV infection in children. The HIV transmission rate was low at six weeks of age but increases at 18 to 24 months of age due to several factors. The researcher selected a descriptive retrospective correlational research design. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 60 mothers of children aged 18 to 24 months on the PMTCT programme and a data-collection form to collect data from 152 clinic records of children of the same age on the programme. The study found that the PMTCT guidelines were not properly adhered to by the nurses and the respondents. Prophylactic treatment was not provided as required and mixed feeding was prominent. The uptake of HIV test at 18 to 24 months was low compared to at 6 weeks. The transmission rate was high at 18 to 24 months compared to at 6 weeks. No factors were associated with the transmission rate / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)
26

Stratégies diagnostiques des pharyngites de l'enfant : du test de diagnostic rapide aux règles de décision clinique / Rapid antigen detection tests and clinical prediction rules for the diagnosis of streptococcal pharyngitis in children

Cohen, Jérémie 02 October 2014 (has links)
Introduction – La place des tests de diagnostic rapide (TDR) et des règles de décision cliniques (RDC) pour le diagnostic des pharyngites à streptocoque du groupe A (SGA) chez l’enfant varie selon les recommandations internationales en raison de doutes sur la stabilité des performances diagnostiques du TDR et d’une validation insuffisante des RDC. Méthodes – Dans une étude prospective multicentrique (n=17) ambulatoire réalisée au sein du réseau clinique pédiatrique ACTIV de 2009 à 2011, 1776 enfants avec pharyngite ou sains ont été soumis à des prélèvements de gorge pour réaliser un TDR et une mise en culture (test de référence). Nous avons étudié l’effet indépendant de variables liées aux patients et aux médecins sur les performances diagnostiques du TDR, exploré systématiquement les faux-Positifs (FP) du TDR et réalisé une validation externe et une comparaison des RDC existantes. Résultats – La sensibilité du TDR (en moyenne 87%) variait selon la présentation clinique (âge, signes cliniques), l’inoculum bactérien et le phénomène de portage (paramètres aussi liés entre eux), et selon des variables liées aux médecins (dont le type d’activité clinique). La valeur prédictive négative du TDR était élevée (autour de 90%) et stable. Les FP du TDR étaient positifs pour le SGA en PCR. Aucune RDC n’était satisfaisante en termes de calibration et de discrimination. Conclusion – Le TDR est suffisant pour le diagnostic de pharyngite à SGA si les cliniciens évaluent leurs propres performances et les améliorent si besoin. Aucune RDC ne peut être recommandée en pratique clinique en pédiatrie. / Background – The roles of rapid antigen detection tests (RADT) and clinical prediction rules (CPR) for the diagnosis of group A streptococcus (GAS) in children with pharyngitis vary across international clinical guidelines. This might be related to unstable diagnostic accuracy of RADTs and insufficient validation of CPRs. Methods – In a prospective multicenter (n=17) office-Based study that took place in France within the ACTIV network between 2009 and 2011, 1776 children with pharyngitis or healthy controls underwent throat swabs to perform a RADT and a throat culture (reference standard). We assessed the independent effect of patient- and physician-Level characteristics on the accuracy of a RADT, systematically re-Analyzed RADT false-Positive results, and externally validated and compared existing CPRs. Results – RADT sensitivity (overall 87%) varied according to clinical signs and symptoms, bacterial inoculum size and GAS throat carriage (factors also related to each other), and according to physician-Level characteristics (including type of clinical practice). RADT negative predictive value was high (about 90%) and stable. RADT false-Positives were positive for GAS when using a new PCR technique. No CPR had sufficient performances regarding calibration and discrimination. Conclusions – RADTs are sufficient for diagnosing GAS pharyngitis if clinicians accept diagnostic accuracy monitoring and adequate training when needed. No CPR can be recommended for use in pediatrics.
27

Factors associated with the HIV transmission rate in 18 to 24 month-old children enrolled in the prevention of mother-to-child transmission programme at the City of Tshwane clinics

Moloko, Sophy Mogatlogedi 15 August 2014 (has links)
The purpose of the study was to identify factors associated with the HIV transmission rate in 18 to 24 month-old children enrolled in the PMTCT programme at two selected City of Tshwane clinics. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV during labour and breastfeeding accounts for 40% of all HIV infection in children. The prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV programme is one effective strategy to reduce the rate of HIV infection in children. The HIV transmission rate was low at six weeks of age but increases at 18 to 24 months of age due to several factors. The researcher selected a descriptive retrospective correlational research design. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data from 60 mothers of children aged 18 to 24 months on the PMTCT programme and a data-collection form to collect data from 152 clinic records of children of the same age on the programme. The study found that the PMTCT guidelines were not properly adhered to by the nurses and the respondents. Prophylactic treatment was not provided as required and mixed feeding was prominent. The uptake of HIV test at 18 to 24 months was low compared to at 6 weeks. The transmission rate was high at 18 to 24 months compared to at 6 weeks. No factors were associated with the transmission rate / Health Studies / M.A. (Public Health)

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