Orientador: Odair Benedito Ribeiro / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-06T23:07:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Moretti_ThiagodeCarvalho_M.pdf: 4612356 bytes, checksum: 7362c6da7a5ec7b1bd039076672a68d2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Embora estudos do destino post-mortem de cadáveres humanos sejam de interesse forense, e na natureza grandes animais se tomem disponíveis à colonização por insetos logo após a morte, o destino do vasto número de carcaças de animais pequenos em alguns habitats, bem. como os parâmetros que conduzem este processo, ainda são pouco estudados. Em vista deste quadro, foram conduzidos estudos sobre a decomposição de carcaças de pequenos roedores em uma área de vegetação secundária dentro do campus da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP (22°49'15"S, 47°04'08"W) na cidade de Campinas - SP (Brasil), de agosto de 2003 a junho de 2004, para analisar a composição da fauna de invertebrados que visitam e colonizam os cadáveres. Quatro carcaças de camundongo de laboratório (Mus musculus) e quatro carcaças de rato (Rattus norvegicus) foram expostas em cada estação, durante o período acima estabelecido. As carcaças foram acondicionadas em aparato adequado para coleta de insetos imaturos e adultos. No curso da decomposição das 32 carcaças, foram coletados 6514 exemplares (820 adultos e 5694 imaturos) de 53 espécies de artrópodes pertencentes às famílias Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Syrphidae, Richardiidae, Sepsidae, Micropezidae, Otitidae, Drosophilidae, Phoridae, Dolichopodidae, Anthomyiidae, Asilidae e Lauxaniidae (Diptera), Formicidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae e Apidae (Hymenoptera), Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) e Gonyleptidae (Opiliones). As espécies colonizadoras mais abundantes foram Luci/ia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae), bem como as espécies de Sarcophagidae Pec/da (pattonella) intermutans (Walker, 1861) e Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficornis (Fabricius, 1794), as quais são raramente vistas criando-se em carcaças de grandes animais. Este comportamento pode sugerir uma especialização destas espécies em colonizar carcaças pequenas, possivelmente como estratégia de escape à competição com outras espécies de dípteros necrófagos em carcaças de grandes animais / Abstract: Although studies of the post-mortem fate of human corpses are of forensic interest, and in natural environments large animals become available to insect colonization soon after death, the fate of the vast number of small carcasses in some habitats, as well as the parameters that lead this process, are not objective of important investigations. Due to this situation, decomposition studies of small rodent carcasses were conducted in a secondary wood area within the Campus of Campinas State University - UNlCAMP (22°49' 15"S, 47°04'08"W) in the municipality of Campinas (Brazil), fTom August 2003 to June 2004, to analyze the composition of the local carrion visiting and colonizing invertebrate fauna. Four laboratory mouse carcasses (Mus musculus) and four rat carcasses (Rattus norvegicus) were exposed in each season, during the set period. AlI the carcasses were placed in an iron-mesh cage, which was adequate to collect adult and immature insects. In the course of the decomposition of the 32 rodent carcasses, 6514 specimens (820 adults and 5694 immatures) of 53 aqhropod species fTom the families Sarcophagidae, Calliphoridae, Muscidae, Fanniidae, Syrphidae, Richardiidae, Sepsidae, Micropezidae, Otitidae, Drosophilidae, Phoridae, Dolichopodidae, Anthomyiidae, Asilidae and Lauxaniidae (Diptera), Formicidae, Ichneumonidae, Encyrtidae e Apidae (Hymenoptera), Staphylinidae (Coleoptera) and Gonyleptidae (Opiliones) were collected. The most abundant species breeding on the carcasses were Lucilia eximia (Wiedemann, 1819) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and some Sarcophagidae species, such as Pec/da (pattonella) intermutans (Walker, 1861) and Sarcophaga (Liopygia) ruficomis (Fabricius, 1794), which are rarely seen breeding on carcasses of large animals. This behavior can suggest a specialization of these species in colonizing small carcasses, possibly an attempt to avoid competition with other species of necrophagous Diptera in carcasses of large animals / Mestrado / Parasitologia / Mestre em Parasitologia

Poison operations are a widely used technique for rodent control in the indigenous forests of New Zealand. This study examined the bait-take and rat monitoring data obtained for continuous poison operations at Boundary Stream Mainland Island (BSMI), Hawke’s Bay, between 1996 and 2007. Since the beginning of the Mainland Island project at BSMI in 1996, 800 ha of indigenous forest have been treated with an ‘Integrated Pest Management’ approach, in which rodents (primarily ship rats) have been targeted by consecutive ground poison operations. The aim of the intensive pest control was to allow the ecosystem to recover and provide a safe environment for threatened native bird species to recover or be re-introduced. Another important aim of this pest control is to provide experience and expert knowledge in management techniques especially applicable to the protection of indigenous habitat on the New Zealand mainland. This research study had two main aims: to identify spatial patterns of the rodent population at BSMI and to determine the efficacy of the different rodenticides applied for their control. The distribution of the rodent population was investigated by spatial analysis of bait-take across the reserve and through time. Visualisation of high and low bait-take areas revealed that there was a noticeable reinvasion from adjacent unmanaged native forests, but not markedly from exotic forest or pasture. Reinvasion from small and isolated adjacent forests ceased to be noticeable consistently after approximately four years of the poison operation, while a large scenic native reserve, as well as a narrow part of the treatment area surrounded by many native bush patches, were continuously affected by reinvasion through the entire project time. Bait-take was visibly higher after the bait had either been removed, or left in the field unserviced, over winter. No consistent areas of no bait-take were identified. Further statistical analysis of bait-take data revealed that bait-take was higher in bait stations within 150 m of the treatment edge than interior bait stations. Bait-take in broadleaf/tawa/podocarp forest was significantly higher than in kamahi/kanuka/rewarewa, beech and cloud-cap forest. The second aim of the study was to determine the efficacy of the various bait types with different active ingredients used during the operation. Rat monitoring data, namely rat tracking indices (RTI) obtained from tracking tunnels, were statistically modelled using Generalised Linear Models. Diphacinone cereal pellets (Pestoff® 50D, 0.05g/kg diphacinone) obtained the lowest RTI, followed by pindone cereal pellets (Pindone Pellets®, 0.5g/kg pindone), brodifacoum cereal pellets (Pestoff® 20p and Talon®, 0.02 g/kg brodifacoum), coumatetralyl paste (Racumin®, 0.375 g/kg) and diphacinone bait blocks (Ditrac®, 0.05 g/kg). Cereal pellet baits worked better than any other bait type used at this location. Season had no statistically significant effect on either RTI or bait-take estimates. The overall goal of the poison operation to decrease rat numbers, and to maintain low levels, has been met. However, the results of this study suggest that baiting needs to be done continuously and over the entire treatment area. Edge bait stations – particularly next to adjacent native forests – should be prioritised to target reinvading rodents. Poisons presented in cereal pellet baits should be preferred to other bait types. Both pindone and brodifacoum showed very good results, as well as diphacinone in cereal pellet baits.

Despite extensive international acceptance of the critical role of mammalian post-dispersal seed predation in many plant communities, in New Zealand we have limited knowledge of these predators’ influence on plant recruitment in our forests. The principle objective of my thesis was to determine the importance of exotic mammals as post-dispersal seed predators in a New Zealand conifer-broadleaf forest remnant. To address this goal, I used a series of field-based experiments where the actions of different post-dispersal seed predators were separated by wire-mesh exclosures. My study was conducted at Mount Peel Forest Park Scenic Reserve, South Canterbury, New Zealand. Being a human modified conifer forest currently dominated by broadleaf species, it is typical of forest remnants in New Zealand. This presented an opportunity to study a wide range of both potential post-dispersal seed predators and broadleaf tree species. My findings indicate that exotic mammals are not only post-dispersal seed predators at Peel Forest, but are responsible for the majority of post-dispersal predation events observed. Ship rats (Rattus rattus) were the dominant post-dispersal seed predators, while brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula), house mice (Mus musculus) and native invertebrates were also important post-dispersal seed predators for several tree species. Through use of time-lapse video and cafeteria experiments I found that exotic mammalian seed predators, when compared to native invertebrate seed predators, preyed upon larger-seeded plant species and were responsible for considerable seed losses of several tree species. However, exotic mammalian seed predators do share several foraging characteristics with native invertebrate seed predators, as predators foraged in similar habitats and responded in a similar way to changes in seed density. In investigating if post-dispersal seed predation by mammals had a flow-on effect to plant recruitment, I observed natural seedling densities at Peel Forest were significantly higher in the absence of mammalian seed predators, but I found no evidence that the presence of mammals significantly altered the overall species richness. At the community level, I did not find an interaction between habitat and exotic mammals, however I present evidence that for individual plant species a significant mammal : habitat interaction occurred. Consequently, even though my cafeteria experiment implied there was no significant difference in the overall amount of seed preyed upon within different habitats, the less favourable microsite conditions for germination under an intact continuous canopy allows mammals to exacerbate habitat-related patterns of seed mortality and have a noticeable effect on seedling establishment. In an effort to validate the use of manipulative experiments to predict the long-term effect of post-dispersal seed predation on plant dynamics, I attempted to link results of my cafeteria experiment with observed seedling abundance at Peel Forest. Seven tree species were used in this comparison and a strong correlation was observed. This result shows that the level of post-dispersal seed predation determined in the cafeteria experiment provided a good predictor of the effect of mammalian post-dispersal seed predation on seedling establishment. To fully gauge the impact of mammalian post-dispersal seed predators on seedling establishment, the relationship between these seed predators and the type of recruitment limitation experienced by a plant species was also investigated. By using a combination of seed addition, plot manipulations and seed predator exclusion I was able to investigate this relationship. I found evidence that seed limitation at Peel Forest is positively correlated with seed size, and that while mammalian post-dispersal seed predators can further reduce plant recruitment of plant species experiencing seed limitation, the influence of mammals in determining plant recruitment was limited for plant species experiencing microsite limitation. My study has proven that exotic mammals are now the dominant post-dispersal seed predators at Peel Forest, the amount of seed preyed upon varies among plant species, and post-dispersal seed predation by mammalian species can lead to differences in seedling richness and abundance. I proved that the influence of exotic mammals on seedling establishment is also linked to habitat structure and recruitment limitations. When combined these observations suggest that exotic mammalian post-dispersal seed predators may play an important role in determining landscape abundance and distribution of plants at Peel Forest.

Submitted by Irvana Coutinho (irvana@ufpa.br) on 2012-06-15T13:23:04Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_ PatriciaModuloExperimentalImunosupressao.pdf: 783105 bytes, checksum: cddee06ca44579bf2f2997fea8ab0143 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Irvana Coutinho(irvana@ufpa.br) on 2012-06-15T13:23:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_ PatriciaModuloExperimentalImunosupressao.pdf: 783105 bytes, checksum: cddee06ca44579bf2f2997fea8ab0143 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2012-06-15T13:23:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese_ PatriciaModuloExperimentalImunosupressao.pdf: 783105 bytes, checksum: cddee06ca44579bf2f2997fea8ab0143 (MD5) license_rdf: 23898 bytes, checksum: e363e809996cf46ada20da1accfcd9c7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Foi estabelecido um modelo de imunossupressão em roedores por inoculação do agente alquilante Ciclofosfamida (CY). A administração de 50 mg/kg de CY em ratos Wistar provocou uma significante diminuição dos parâmetros de celularidade e peso relativo dos órgãos linfóides. Pela análise da titulação de anticorpos, do ensaio sobre as células formadoras de placa e do teste de hemólise foi comprovada que a imunidade humoral dos roedores sofreu supressão. Foram realizadas quatro inoculações desse imunossupressor e a periodicidade entre as inoculações foi determinada pela recuperação dos níveis de normalidade dos parâmetros supracitados. A alteração na contagem diferencial de células sanguíneas brancas representou o maior efeito adverso da CY, observado nos parâmetros de laboratório analisados nos Cebus apella. Nas duas vezes que foi administrada a droga houve redução no número de linfócitos e posteriormente diminuição de neutrófilos, porém somente na segunda foi observada a imunossupressão. Visto a proximidade filogenética dos primatas não humanos, este desenho experimental será de suma importância para o estudo de tumores em diversas fases do desenvolvimento e principalmente para testes de novos fármacos e esquemas terapêuticos. Com relação às análises de genotoxicidade da CY podemos concluir que em ratos Wistar, as administrações de CY aumentaram significativamente a freqüência de micronúcleos em eritrócitos policromáticos (MN PCEs) e provocaram efeito citotóxico (P<0.05). Em C. apella, os linfócitos do sangue periférico, após o tratamento com CY apresentaram um aumento significativo da media de MN/1000 células em relação aos linfócitos controle (P<0.05). A concentração de CY de 50mg/kg, em C. apella, corresponde à concentração DL50 da droga, visto que 50% desses animais morreram durante o experimento de imunossupressão. Até o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, não se conhecia a concentração correspondente ao DL50 nessa espécie. Ao comparamos as duas espécies de animais utilizadas neste trabalho, os primatas não humanos têm uma recuperação imune mais rápida em relação aos ratos Wistar. Provavelmente a capacidade de metabolização da droga seja mais eficaz em C. apella. Nossos resultados apóiam, portanto, que os primatas não humanos constituem os melhores modelos experimentais devido a sua grande proximidade evolutiva e filogenética com o ser humano. / We established a model of immunosuppression in rats by inoculation of the alkylating agent Cyclophosphamide (CY). The administration of 50 mg/kg CY in Wistar rats caused a significant decrease in the parameters of cellularity, and relative weight of lymphoid organs. For analysis of antibody titre of the test on the plaque forming cells and hemolysis test was proven that the humoral immunity of rodents suffered suppression. Four inoculations were carried out and this immunosuppressive intervals between inoculations was determined by recovery of normal levels of the aforementioned parameters. The change in differential counts of white blood cells represented the greatest adverse effect of CY, observed in laboratory parameters analyzed in Cebus apella. Both times it was administered the drug decreased the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils subsequently decreased, but only in the second was observed immunosuppression. Since the phylogenetic proximity of nonhuman primates, this experimental design is of paramount importance for the study of tumors at various stages of development and mainly for testing new drugs and therapeutic regimens. With respect to genotoxicity analysis of CY can conclude that in Wistar rats, the administration of CY significantly increased frequency of micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes (MN ECPs) and caused a cytotoxic effect (P <0.05). In C. apella, the peripheral blood lymphocytes after treatment with CY showed a significant increase in media MN/1000 lymphocyte cells compared to control (P <0.05). The concentration of 50mg/kg of CY in C. apella, LD50 is the concentration of the drug, whereas 50% of these animals died during the trial of immunosuppression. Until the development of this work, do not know the concentration corresponding to the LD50 in this species. In comparing the two species of animals used in this work, non-human primates have a more rapid immune recovery compared to rats. Probably the ability to metabolize the drug is more effective in C. apella. Our results support, therefore, that non-human primates are the best experimental models due to its great evolutionary and phylogenetic proximity to humans.

Invasive species are generally problematic where they occur, especially in terms of ecology, economy and disease. Members of the genus Rattus Fischer, 1803 particularly, are known as one of the most destructive invasive species to date since they cause widespread damage on terrestrial and island ecosystems. Two Rattus species have historically been reported as invasive species in South Africa, Rattus rattus Linnaeus, 1758, which has a widespread distribution throughout the country and Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769 which is primarily distributed along the coast of South Africa. A third species, Rattus tanezumi Temminck, 1844 (which forms part of the R. rattus species complex), a south-east Asian endemic, was first reported in 2005 to also occur in South Africa (and Africa). As this species is morphologically similar to R. rattus, its identification is reliant on molecular typing approaches. In the current study, molecular, morphological and disease aspects of South African Rattus were assessed. The nature and extent of variation between the three species was investigated using cytochrome b sequences and extensive mitochondrial d-loop database for comparative purposes. D-loop data identified one, four and two haplotypes for R. tanezumi, R. rattus and R. norvegicus, respectively whereas cytochrome b data identified additional haplotypes for R. rattus and R. tanezumi. Pairwise sequence divergence was highest between R. norvegicus and R. tanezumi (12.5% for D-loop and 12.0% for cyt b). Rattus norvegicus was recovered in the central parts of South Africa for the first time and occurred sympatrically with R. tanezumi at one locality, whereas Rattus rattus and R. tanezumi occurred sympatrically at three localities. The external and qualitative cranial morphology of all three species was compared in an attempt to find differences that could be used to morphologically differentiate between these Rattus species. Whereas R. norvegicus can easily be distinguished from R. rattus and R. tanezumi, there are no discernible morphological differences to distinguish R. rattus and R. tanezumi. A taxonomic synthesis and an identification key of the three species of Rattus based on qualitative morphology, molecular and cytogenetic data using genetically-identified individuals is provided. Members of South African Rattus were also found to be carriers of the bacteria Bartonella Strong et al., 1915 and Helicobacter Goodwin et al., 1989 emend. Vandamme et al., 1991. Bartonella elizabethae (Daly et al., 1993) Brenner et al., 1993, occurring in Rattus around the world was for the first time recovered from South African Rattus. This bacterium has been associated with infective endocarditis in humans and may pose a threat to immuno-compromised individuals in rural South African communities where Rattus occurs commensally. Two Helicobacter species, H. rodentium Shen et al., 1997 and H. muridarum Lee et al., 1992, were identified neither of which have known zoonotic potential. Apart from contributing to general small mammal studies in Africa, the present study may have implications in epidemiological, agricultural, biological conservation, and invasion biology research associated with problem rodents in the southern African subregion and beyond. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Zoology and Entomology / unrestricted

Human adolescents exhibit higher levels of sensation seeking behaviour than younger or older individuals, and sensation seeking is higher in males than females from adolescence onwards. Data suggest that changes in gonadal hormone levels during adolescence and differences in the dopamine neurotransmitter system are the bases for why some people exhibit sensation seeking behaviour while others do not. However, causal relationships between physiology and behaviour have been difficult to establish in humans. In order to explore the physiological influences on novelty-seeking behaviour, we looked at response to novelty in a laboratory rodent. This research examined responses to novelty in the conditioned place preference (CPP) task and the novel object recognition (NOR) task in Lister-hooded rats, and assessed the benefits and limitations of each methodology. While the CPP task was not found to provide a reliable measure of response to novelty, the NOR task was more successful. In order to understand the ontogeny of sex differences in novelty responses, both males and females were tested from adolescence through to adulthood. While no sex difference was found in adults in the NOR test, mid-adolescent males exhibited higher novelty preference behaviour than either younger or older males, or females at each stage of development. Since gonadal hormones levels rise during adolescence, a pharmacological agent (a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist) was used to suppress gonadal hormone levels from early adolescence before again examining responses on the NOR test at mid-adolescence. Gonadal hormone suppression from early adolescence onwards eliminated the sex difference in the NOR test at mid-adolescence by reducing the male response to novelty, while no difference was measured in the female animals. These findings suggest that gonadal hormones play a significant role in the development of response to novelty, especially in males, and the implications for our understanding of human sensation-seeking behaviour are discussed.

Made available in DSpace on 2011-03-23T21:19:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Item created via OAI harvest from source: http://www.bdtd.ufpa.br/tde_oai/oai2.php on 2011-03-23T21:19:14Z (GMT). Item's OAI Record identifier: oai:bdtd.ufpa.br:66 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Learning psychology was characterized by the debate of if learning is a gradual or a sudden process. While associassionists defended the first proposal, gestaltist stated the existence of abrupt learning situations. Among the main authors to defend this possibility was Wolfgang Köhler. This author work has been pointed out as evidence of learning as a sudden process. Although these works are relevant for showing the existence of situations when sudden learning occurs, it has been questioned frequently about his conclusions about why this kind of behavior phenomena occurs. Among many of the criticism made, the most debated one is the lack of history control of his experimental subjects, nevertheless the disregard of the role of that history over data obtained. Studies that investigated this role (Epstein et al., 1984 and Epstein & Medalie 1983, 1985) show that the typical insight response could be the result of previously learned repertoire combined. Epsteins works were important in showing that insight would be the combination of repertoires in appropriated situations through a process known as Functional Generalization. The present study aims to investigate if Functional Generalization is really responsible for repertoires interconexion that results into task resolution in a considered sudden way. To achieve that, Epsteins experiments were replicated, using rats as subjects. The results show that Functional Generalization seems to be a necessary requirement, but not enough to sudden problem resolution in a way considered as insight. / A psicologia da aprendizagem foi marcada pelo debate sobre se a aprendizagem seria um processo gradual ou súbito. Enquanto os associacionistas defendiam a primeira proposta, os gestaltistas afirmavam a existência de situações de aprendizagem abruptas. Dentre os principais autores a defenderem esta possibilidade estava Wolfgang Köhler. Os trabalhos deste autor têm sido apontados como evidência de que a aprendizagem seria um processo súbito. Apesar da relevância destes trabalhos em demonstrar a existência de situações em que uma forma súbita de aprendizagem ocorra, muito se tem questionado sobre as conclusões apresentadas por ele para o porquê da ocorrência deste tipo de fenômeno comportamental. Dentre as muitas críticas feitas, a que tem recebido mais atenção refere-se à ausência de controle da história dos seus sujeitos experimentais, bem como à desconsideração do papel que esta história teria nos resultados encontrados. Estudos que investigaram este papel (Epstein et al., 1984 e Epstein & Medalie 1983, 1985) demonstraram que a resposta típica de insight podia ser o resultado da junção de repertórios aprendidos previamente. Os trabalhos de Epstein foram importantes em demonstrar que o insight seria uma junção de repertórios que se combinam em situações apropriadas pelo possível envolvimento de um processo conhecido como Generalização Funcional. O presente trabalho se propôs a investigar se a Generalização Funcional era realmente responsável pela interconexão dos repertórios que culminariam na resolução da tarefa de um modo considerado como súbito. Para tal foi feita uma replicação dos experimentos de Epstein, utilizando-se ratos como sujeitos. Os resultados mostraram que a Generalização Funcional parece ser um requisito necessário, mas não suficiente para a resolução súbita de problemas, de um modo considerado como insight".

Submitted by Cássio da Cruz Nogueira (cassionogueirakk@gmail.com) on 2017-03-27T14:02:09Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseImunologicaGenotoxica.pdf: 1336666 bytes, checksum: 4e5571e62941a2f1f595da14f8696549 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2017-04-06T12:47:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseImunologicaGenotoxica.pdf: 1336666 bytes, checksum: 4e5571e62941a2f1f595da14f8696549 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-06T12:47:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertacao_AnaliseImunologicaGenotoxica.pdf: 1336666 bytes, checksum: 4e5571e62941a2f1f595da14f8696549 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-08-11 / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / O desenvolvimento deste trabalho, deu-se devido a necessidade de se compreender melhor o sistema imune, levando-se em consideração a diversidade dos modelos experimentais de imunossupressão, bem como a variedade de respostas imunológicas e genotóxicas, diferenças estas, relacionadas às espécies, ao medicamento e doses utilizadas. Desta maneira, objetivo do presente estudo foi analisar os efeitos no sistema imunológico e os efeitos genotóxicos em Rattus norvegicus da linhagem Wistar, após a inoculação do agente alquilante Ciclofosfamida (CY). A administração de 50 mg/kg de CY nos roedores, possibilitou observar uma significativa diminuição dos parâmetros de celularidade e peso relativo dos órgãos linfóides. A imunidade humoral dos roedores sofreu supressão, visto que foi realizada a análise da titulação de anticorpos, o ensaio sobre as células formadoras de placa e o teste de hemólise. Foram realizadas quatro inoculações desse imunossupressor e a periodicidade entre as inoculações foi determinada pela recuperação dos níveis de normalidade dos parâmetros supracitados. Nas duas vezes que foi administrada a droga, houve redução no número de linfócitos e posteriormente diminuição de neutrófilos, porém somente no segundo contato com a CY foi observada a imunossupressão. A análise da genotoxicidade da ciclofosfamida (CY) foi analisada através do ensaio cometa e foi de suma importância, pois dectamos danos genômicos ocorridos no DNA , expostos às diferentes doses da ciclofosfamida (CY), que foram de 50 mg/kg nas duas primeiras fases e de 25 mg/kg nas duas últimas fases do experimento. Além disso, foi verificado que os efeitos genotóxicos são cumulativos a cada dose de CY aplicada, pois mesmo sendo administrado na terceira fase, a metade da concentração (25 mg/kg) das duas inoculações inicias CY, o índice de danos não correspondeu a metade dos índices de danos da primeira e da segunda administração. Entretanto, ao analisarmos imunologicamente e genotoxicamente os roedores, nosso trabalho possibilitará testar novos esquemas terapêuticos de imunossupressão. / The development of this work has given up due to the need to better understand the immune system, taking into account the diversity of experimental immunosuppression models as well as the variety of immunological responses and genotoxic differences these, related species, the drug and doses used. Thus, aim of this study was to analyze the effects on the immune system and genotoxic effects in Rattus norvegicus Wistar, after inoculation of the alkylating agent cyclophosphamide (CY). The administration of 50 mg / kg in rodents CY, possible to observe a significant decrease in the parameters of cellularity and relative weight of lymphoid organs. The humoral immunity of rodents has undergone deletion, since the analysis of the antibody titration was performed on the test plate forming cells and hemolysis testing. four inoculations that immunosuppressant and the intervals between the inoculations was determined by recovery of normal levels of the above parameters were performed. Both times the drug was administered, there was a reduction in the number of lymphocytes and neutrophils subsequently decreased, but only the second contact CY was observed immunosuppression. The analysis of the genotoxicity of cyclophosphamide (CY) was analyzed using the comet assay and was of paramount importance because dectamos genomic damage occurring in DNA exposed to different doses of cyclophosphamide (CY), which were 50 mg / kg in the first two phases and 25 mg / kg during the last two phases of the experiment. Furthermore, it was found that the genotoxic effects are cumulative with each CY dose applied, because even being administered in the third phase, the middle concentration (25 mg / kg) of the two inoculations initial CY the damage index does not correspond to half damage indices of the first and second vaccination. However, the analysis and immunologically genotoxicamente rodents, our work will enable testing new therapeutic immunosuppression regimens.

Bibliography: leaves 168-187. / viii, a-f, 187, [51] leaves, [12] leaves of plates : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Investigates the environmental control of seasonal reproduction and the role of the pineal in the transmission of multiple environmental signals to the reproductive axis. The principle species studied was the highly seasonal native Australian bush rat, Rattus fuscipes greyi. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, 1994

Longtemps considérés en Thaïlande comme simple gibier mais souvent destructeurs des cultures, les rats et les souris (Murinae) se sont révélés d'importants vecteurs de germes pathogènes pour l'Homme, depuis l'émergence soudaine de la leptospirose en 1996. Ils sont aussi responsables de la transmission du typhus des broussailles et probablement d'hantaviroses dont l'incidence reste suspectée. Cette thèse a pour objectif d'analyser la géographie de ces zoonoses afin d'en mesurer le risque de transmission à l'Homme.<br />Un important travail de terrain a permis de collecter et d'étudier les rongeurs murins dans différents milieux représentatifs de leur diversité. Parallèlement, une enquête conduite dans la province de Phrae a montré la variabilité du système de soins et des comportements de santé. Un Système d'Information Géographique « Rongeurs et santé » centralise l'intégralité des données sur l'ensemble du territoire pour une analyse spatio-temporelle.<br />Cette recherche a permis de mettre à jour la description et la distribution par télédétection des principaux rongeurs murins thaïlandais ainsi que leur implication dans la transmission de germes pathogènes. La géographie de ces zoonoses reflète des différences de niveau de vie : l'exposition de l'Homme à ces maladies résulte de la chasse et de la consommation de rongeurs mais aussi d'un accès et d'un recours aux soins limités, traduisant ainsi la pauvreté des populations touchées.<br />Ce travail offre une approche critique des méthodes alliant les outils de la géomatique, l'analyse spatiale et la télédétection, pour l'étude des zoonoses.