(in English): My diploma work is specifically focused on social workers' task who tried the most to give help and support to tuberculous people and their families between 1930 and 1945. The target of this diploma thesis is to capturing a description of social work activities in the treatment of tuberculosis in our country in years 1930-1945, through the magazine called The Fight Against Tuberculosis published by the Masaryk league against tuberculosis This nagazine dealt with this illness and everything which was related with it. Theoretical part defines key terms like social work, tuberculosis, special depatments focused on treatment of tuberculosis. Other part of work specifically describes history of social workers'education, their practise, social work with families and as well as multidisciplinary cooperation. My work contains practical part too. It is about content analysis.

Bereits im 19. Jahrhundert, besonders mit dem deutsch-französischen Krieg von 1870-1871, nahm die Eisenbahn eine zunehmende Rolle in der militärischen Taktik ein. Als der Erste Weltkrieg anfängt sind die Eisenbahnen und ihre Netze die Hauptwerkzeuge der Kriegsführung in Deutschland wie in Frankreich. Material, Menschen, Verpflegung, Waffen, Post werden per Bahn transportiert. Die militärische Machtübernahme der Eisenbahnnetze waren, im Kriegsfall 1914, schon lange vorher geplant gewesen. Die Eisenbahnräume spielen eine wichtige Rolle beim Abschied von Angehörigen. Die Bahnhöfe stehen sinnbildlich als Mittelpunkt der Mobilmachung im August 1914 und sind in fast jede Zeugenaussage erwähnt. Eisenbahnräume sind Zwischenräume zwischwen Heimatfront und Front. Abschied - Spionfieber - Schwarzmarkt - Schwerverletzte Umtausch - / Major logistical and tactical tool during the war, the railway network is devoted to the war effort and, both in Germany and France, is placed under the authority of the military command who manages and reorganises it, making use of regulatory stations, according to the war needs. From a railway perspective, waging war depends on civilians (railway workers, Red Cross) and soldiers (transports routes guardsmen, stations quartermasters generals), ready to step up and shoulder a massive workload and, for some of them, to risk their lives. Civilians (particularly refugees), soldiers (among which soldiers on leave, sick, wounded, repatriated critically wounded), and the vast majority of war equipment (ammunitions, weapons, food supply, mails, ...) need to be transported. Nothing, not even some of these types of travellers, is to jeopardize the war though. A war implying a greater human presence in the railway space, which, in turn, leads to spying, spymania, bombings, evacuations, constructions and destructions of railway facilities, curiosity, gatherings, groups phenomena, unruliness, prostitution, spreading of writings and words of protest, additional travels for the industry and agriculture, and black market. This railway network must be defended and maintained, while at the same time making sure railway workers and soldiers are disciplined and in good moral and physical conditions. Goals and wishes less and less in tune with the reality of the ground, made worse by a dragging war, always increasing the cost in human resources and railway equipments.

Disaster victims and vulnerable populations are audiences that communications professionals and scholars have ignored. Public relation practices dominate current disaster communication policy. This study examines the disaster communication network, including policy and practice, of the Thai Red Cross, before, during, and after the Asian tsunami. Disaster communication(s) is defined as the sharing and exchange of information with the victims immediately affected by a disaster. This definition focuses specifically on the vulnerable audience and allows response efforts to emerge from multiple disciplines. Focusing response efforts on victims' assessed needs and abilities allows for a multi-disciplinary approach to mitigate further suffering. The disciplines of health, development, and communications converge for efficient disaster management. This case study gives great insight into the cultural chasm between policy making and practical application and also reveals the value of personal initiative. A proposed model of disaster communication is offered. Significantly more research is needed in the area of disaster communications.

[pt] A pandemia da COVID-19 se espalhou rapidamente pelo mundo. No Brasil, várias organizações, como a Cruz Vermelha Brasileira (CVB), atuaram em diversas ações contra a disseminação do vírus e de apoio às populações mais vulneráveis. Em resposta às emergências de saúde pública, os suprimentos de socorro imediatos são essenciais para reduzir danos. Para assegurar a distribuição dos donativos aos beneficiários no tempo certo, é fundamental uma gestão adequada da cadeia de suprimentos (CS). Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal a revisão dos processos da CVB, à luz da literatura, visando promover condições reais de transformação nos referidos processos, com vistas à melhoria do desempenho organizacional e da eficiência e eficácia na distribuição dos itens de alívio. Baseando-se em uma Revisão de Escopo da literatura, identificar o estado da arte sobre os Fatores Críticos de Sucesso da Logística Humanitária em situações de crise epidemiológicas, como a COVID-19, e as melhores práticas para alcançá-los. Neste trabalho, é conduzido um Estudo de Caso sobre a cadeia logística da CVB em que, através de entrevistas com especialistas e análise documental de publicações oficiais, foi diagramado o fluxograma dos macroprocessos atuais (captação e recebimento de doações, distribuição das doações, recebimento nas filiais, distribuição de última milha). Em seguida, à luz da literatura, identificou-se 10 oportunidades de melhoria, resultando na revisão de seus processos, reformulando e validando os macroprocessos logísticos da CVB, onde foi possível concluir que as melhorias propostas são viáveis e apresentam um potencial significativo de impacto positivo nas atividades humanitárias da organização. / [en] The COVID-19 pandemic has rapidly spread throughout the world. In Brazil, various organizations, such as the Brazilian Red Cross (CVB), have engaged in several actions against the spread of the virus and in support of the most vulnerable populations. In response to public health emergencies, immediate relief supplies are essential to reduce harm. To ensure the timely distribution of donations to beneficiaries, proper supply chain management (SCM) is fundamental. This dissertation aims to review CVB s processes in light of the literature, in order to promote real conditions for transformation in these processes, with a view to improving organizational performance and effectiveness in distributing relief items. Based on a Scoping Review of the literature, the state of the art on Critical Success Factors of Humanitarian Logistics in epidemiological crisis situations, such as COVID-19, and the best practices to achieve them were identified. In this work, a Case Study was conducted on CVB s logistics chain, in which, through interviews with experts and documentary analysis of official publications, the flowchart of current macro-processes (donation capture and receipt, donation distribution, branch receipt, last-mile distribution) was diagrammed. Next, in light of the literature, 10 opportunities for improvement were identified, resulting in the revision of its processes, reformulating and validating CVB s logistics macro-processes, where it was possible to conclude that the proposed improvements are feasible and present significant potential for positive impact on the organization s humanitarian activities.

På grund av antropogena utsläpp av växthusgaser sker stora förändringar i klimatet. Dessa kan leda till förödande konsekvenser för både människor, djur och natur. För att olika företag och verksamheter ska kunna mäta, hantera och eventuellt reducera sina växthusgasutsläpp används Greenhouse Gas Protocol som standard för växthusgasrapportering. Röda Korset Sverige har påbörjat ett klimatbokslut enligt Greenhouse Gas Protocol men inte inkluderat sina cirka 600 lokalföreningar runt om i landet. Syftet med detta arbete är därför att identifiera och kategorisera vilka aktiviteter Röda Korsets lokalföreningar bedriver som är av relevans i en växthusgasrapportering. Detta sker enligt Greenhouse Gas Protocol Scope 3, som är uppdelat i 15 olika kategorier och innefattar de indirekta växthusgasutsläppen genererade av den rapporterande verksamheten. Arbetet ämnar även leda till en enkät med generella frågor som ska kunna ställas till olika lokalföreningar för att mäta deras utsläpp av växthusgaser.  För att besvara syftet studerades inledningsvis Greenhouse Gas Protocol. Vidare genomfördes ett studiebesök inkluderat en intervju med ansvarig vid Röda Korsets lokalförening i Örebro samt en intervju med ansvarig vid Röda Korsets lokalförening i Piteå. Informationen om lokalföreningarnas aktiviteter som anskaffades kategoriserades sedan enligt kategorierna som Scope 3 innefattar, vilket sammanställdes i en tabell. En enkät utformades baserat på de kategoriserade aktiviteterna.  Resultatet visar att lokalföreningen i Örebro bedriver aktiviteter som platsar i Scope 3 kategorierna 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 och 11, medan lokalföreningen i Piteå bedriver aktiviteter som platsar i kategorierna 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 och 9. Frågeenkäten som skapades innehåller frågor baserade på de aktiviteter som platsade i någon av kategorierna som ingår i Scope 3, det innebär alltså att aktiviteter som inte tagits i beaktande i samband med kategoriseringen inte heller behandlats i frågeenkäten. Slutsatsen är att det saknas mycket information för att göra en fullständig Scope 3 rapportering. Förbättringar som behövs göras är bland annat att kartlägga verksamheterna mer noggrant. Det borde också undersökas huruvida lokalföreningarna bör ingå i Scope 1 och 2 som innefattar de direkta växthusgasutsläppen, i stället för Scope 3. / Due to anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases, major changes are taking place in the climate. These can lead to devastating consequences for both humans, animals, and nature. For various companies and businesses to be able to measure, manage and possibly reduce their greenhouse gasemissions, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol is used as a standard for greenhouse gas reporting. The Red Cross Sweden has started a greenhouse gas accounting according to the Greenhouse Gas Protocol but has not included its approximately 600 local associations around the country. The purpose of this report is to identify and categorize which activities the Red Cross local associations carry out that are relevant in a greenhouse gas accounting. This was done according to the Greenhouse Gas protocol, Scope 3 which is divided into 15 different categories that includes indirect greenhouse gasemissions generated by the reporting companies. The report also intends to lead to a questionnaire with general questions that can be asked to local associations to measure their greenhouse gasemissions.  To answer the purpose of the report, the Greenhouse Gas Protocol was initially studied. Furthermore, a study visit including an interview at the Red Cross Örebro was done and an interview with the Red Cross Piteå. Information about the local associations' activities that were acquired was then categorized according to the categories included in Scope 3, which were summarized in a table. The questionnaire was then designed based on the categorized activities.  The results show that the activities of the Red Cross Örebro fit in categories 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 11, while the activities of Red Cross Piteå fit in categories 1, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 9. The questionnaire that was created contains questions based on the activities that were placed in at least one of the categories included in Scope 3, which means that activities not taken in account during the categorization were not included in the questionnaire. However, it can be stated that there is a lack of information in order to make a complete greenhouse gas accounting. Further improvements that need to be made are to map the activities more accurately. It should also be examined whether the local associations should be included in Scope 1 and 2, instead of Scope 3.

Magistro darbo objektas – reputacijos valdymas ir komunikacija. Darbo tikslas – nustatyti reputacijos valdymo ir komunikacijos teorines prielaidas bei įgyvendinimą ne pelno organizacijose. Darbo uždaviniai: aptarti reputacijos sampratos problemą, matavimo bei valdymo poreikį ir galimybes, reputacijos komunikacijos principus; aptarti organizacijų reputacijos valdymo ir komunikacijos poreikį bei galimybes; nustatyti verslo ir ne pelno organizacijų reputacijos valdymo ypatybes ir galimybes taikyti bendrą reputacijos matavimo modelį; nustatyti, kaip ne pelno organizacijos suvokia reputaciją ir kaip ją komunikuoja savo internetinėse svetainėse. Išanalizavus mokslinę literatūrą, prieita prie išvados, kad organizacijos reputaciją galima matuoti ir valdyti, yra kuriami reputacijos matavimo modeliai, pagal kuriuos matuojama ir valdoma organizacijų reputacija. Pastebimas glaudus ryšys tarp organizacijos identiteto, įvaizdžio ir reputacijos, tačiau šie elementai atskiriami. Atkreiptas dėmesys, kad reputacija yra santykinis dydis, priklausantis nuo lūkesčių ir konteksto. Analizuojant matavimo modelius bei praktikas, prieita prie išvados, kad nors ir esant kriterijų variacijų galimybei, matavimo modelių pagrindas lieka tas pats (Fombruno Reputacijos koeficientas). Remiantis trečiojo sektoriaus organizacijų ir jų susivienijimų įžvalgomis, pagrįstas ne pelno organizacijų reputacijos aktualumas bei aptartos verslo reputacijos matavimo modelio pritaikymo galimybės ne pelno organizacijoms... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of this thesis is to define the theoretical precondition of reputation management and communication and to determine the implementation of reputation management and communication in non-profit organizations. The objectives are to discuss the problem of conception, the needs and opportunities of reputation management and communication; to determine the features of the reputation of profit and non-profit organization; to define the abilities to apply common reputation measurement model; to determine how do the non-profit organizations understand the concept of reputation, what knowledge do they have about the managing and communicating the reputation and how do the organizations communicate the reputation through their internet sites. After analysis of scientific literature, the conclusion is that reputation of organization is measurable, one can manage it. There are measurement models created. There are connections between identity, image and reputation of organization. Nevertheless these are three different concepts. It was noted, that reputation is related with the expectations of stakeholders and all kinds of context. Analyzing the models of reputation measurement was noted that one of them is used as a basis. It’s Ch.Fombruns’ Reputation quotient, which is composed from six elements. Furthermore according to the leaders and authorities of the third sector, the necessity for non-profit organizations to manage their reputation was justified and the opportunities to... [to full text]

La Direction générale responsable de l’aide humanitaire de la Commission européenne(DG ECHO) est un acteur particulier des relations internationales. Sa singularité est marquée par une institutionnalisation progressive et par un fonctionnement distinct au sein des institutions européennes.L’étude de la stratégie qu’elle a élaborée pour lutter contre la malnutrition au Sahel révèle tout particulièrement les forces, les faiblesses, mais aussi les opportunités et les contraintes de l’aide humanitaire de la Commission européenne. À la lumière de cette stratégie, la DG ECHO est parvenue à promouvoir une approche crédible et reconnue afin de combattre la malnutrition. Néanmoins, l’enjeu sécuritaire que représente ce phénomène expose les vulnérabilités de la Commission européenne, à plus forte raison dans le contexte volatil du Sahel. Le manque de cohérence des actions extérieures et l’administration de l’Union européenne se révèlent particulièrement contraignants.Pourtant, l’autorité et la maturité dont fait preuve la DG ECHO, notamment dans la dimension nutritionnelle de l’aide, lui offrent la légitimité d’exister et le privilège d’être devenu un acte urfondamental, voire incontournable, du système humanitaire. La plus-value qu’elle apporte repose sur l’expertise de son personnel mais aussi sur un partenariat original avec des opérateurs spécialisés. Au terme de deux décennies d’existence, la DG ECHO s’affirme et exerce une influence croissante sur la scène européenne, où elle contribue à la construction de l’identité de l’Union, mais aussi internationale. / The European Commission Directorate-General for Humanitarian Aid (ECHO) has become a unique actor in international relations. Its singularity is defined by a progressive institutionalisation and a proper functioning within the European institutions. In particular, the study of the strategy ECHO has developed to fight malnutrition in the Sahel reveals the strengths, the weaknesses, the opportunities and the constraints of the European Commission humanitarian aid system. Indeed, ECHO has succeeded in promoting a credible and recognized policy to combat malnutrition. However, the security challenge posed by malnutrition exposes the European Commission’s vulnerabilities, which are heightened in the volatile environment of the Sahel. The lack of coherence of the EuropeanUnion external actions and administration are particularly constraining. Though, the authority and maturity displayed by ECHO, specifically in the nutritional dimensions of aid, has increased its legitimacy to exist and to be a key player in the humanitarian aid system. The added value it provides is based on the expertise of its staff,but also on a unique system of partnerships with specialized operators. Twenty years after its creation, ECHO has asserted itself and has a growing influence on the international and European scene, where it contributes to the construction of the EU identity.

Luis Calandre Ibáñez (Cartagena 23/3/1890-Madrid 29/9/1961), estudió Medicina en Madrid, siendo discípulo de Cajal, Achúcarro y Madinaveitia en Madrid y de Nicolai y Benda en Alemania. Realizó estudios de Histología sobre la esructura de la fibra cardiaca, para comprender mejor la fisiopatología del corazón, campo de su especial dedicación, siendo uno de los introductores de la electrocardiografía en España, estudiando especialmente los trastornos del ritmo basándose en ella.Fundó y dirigió el Laboratorio de Anatomía Microscópica de la Residencia de Estudiantes (1914-1931). Fue Jefe del Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Central de la Cruz Roja y Director del Hospital de Carabineros durante la guerra civil (1937.1939). Publicó más de setenta artículos en revistas especializadas y ocho libros de contenido científico. Fundó y dirigió la revista "Archivos de Cardiología y Hematología" (1920-1936). Desarrolló una intensa labor social, política y cultural y al finalizar la guerra civil fue procesado y condenado padeciendo el exilio interior y el olvido científico. / Luis Calandre Ibáñez (Cartagena 1890-Madrid 1961), studied medicine in Madrid, where he was a disciple of Cajal, Achúcarro and Madinaveitia and then of Nicolai and Benda in Germany. He specialised in cardiac physiopathology, and studied histology on the struc Civil war. He published more than seventy articles in specialist journals and eightscientificbooks. He founded and directed the journal "Archivos de Cardiología y Hematología" (1920-1936). Intensely involved in social, political and cultural activities, he was tried and sentenced at the

While aiming to reach results (such as improved health status) humanitarian workers in aid organizations such as Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement (RCRCM)[1], make use of outcomes in related global forums, standards and networks. Common concepts discussed related to humanitarian action are the following ones: effectiveness, local ownership and mutual accountability. In addition, concepts such as Results Based Management (RBM), highlighting the importance of delivering and accounting for results influences humanitarian organizations. Donors such as governments are pushing for RBM. The RBM reform impacts Swedish aid policy and RCRCM in Sweden, represented by Swedish Red Cross. However researchers and civil society actors find that RBM is not a silver bullet to facilitate results.   Dialogue with beneficiaries goes back to the beginnings of humanitarian action, but dialogue using social media to capture beneficiaries’ views started only around a decade back.   In this case study, I investigate RCRCM and focus on Swedish Red Cross. In particular I explore the following research problem: how does beneficiary communication and accountability using social media contribute to reaching and measuring results?   My data includes individual and focus group interviews and RCRCM guiding documents. Conclusions include that: indeed beneficiary communication and accountability contributes to reaching results and have potential to better capture results. Direct RCRCM organizational benefits are potentially huge given RCRCMs extensive worldwide community level network. The benefits include better access, more relevant activities and funding opportunities. However challenges include perceived lack of expertize, management commitment and generally slow change of mind set with regards to downward accountability. [1] A) The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC), B) the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) and C) national societies in 189 countries around the world (see section 2.1) / När biståndsarbetare i hjälporganisationer som rödakorsrörelsen (RCRCM)[1], arbetar för att nå resultat (såsom bättre hälsa för utsatta människor) använder de sig ofta av de ambitioner som vuxit fram i biståndsrelaterade globala fora, nätverk och standards såsom: effektivitet, lokalt ägarskap samt ömsesidigt ansvarsskyldighet och ansvarsutkrävande. Samtidigt har begrepp som ”result based management” (RBM) fått stort inflytande på humanitära organisationer när det gäller vikten av att nå och visa på konkreta resultat. Finansiärer, såsom regeringar, ställer allt tuffare krav på RBM metodik används genom ett starkt inflytande på svenskt bistånd och därmed på RCRCM i Sverige, företrätt av Svenska Röda Korset. Dock finns både forskare och humanitära organisationer civila som hävdar att RBM knappast är någon patentlösning vare sig för att nå eller visa på resultat. Medan dialog med biståndsmottagare funnits så länge bistånd funnits har systematisk dialog med hjälp av sociala medier för att få förmånstagarnas synpunkter bara skett ett tiotal år. I denna fallstudie undersöker jag RCRCM med fokus på Svenska Röda Korset. I synnerhet studerar jag följande forskningsproblem: hur bidrar dialog med och ansvarighet gentemot förmånstagare som sker med sociala medier till att nå och mäta resultat?Mitt material inkluderar individuella- och fokusgruppsintervjuer samt studier av RCRCMs styrdokument. Slutsatser inkluderar att: direkta organisatoriska fördelar för RCRCM av dialog med mottagare är potentiellt enorma givet RCRCM världsomspännande lokala nätverk. Fördelarna inkluderar ökad möjlighet att nå de mest utsatta, mer relevanta insatser och bättre finansiering. Bland utmaningarna som lyfts är brist på expertis och ägarskap hos organisatio-nens ledning och svårighet till byte av ’mind set’ vad gäller nedåtgående ansvarighet. [1] A) Internationella rödakorskommittén (ICRC), B) Internationella rödakors-och rödahalvmånefederationen (IFRC) och C) nationella föreningar in 189 länder i världen (se sektion 2.1)

Unmanned aircraft vehicles were primarily used for military purposes and are still used for them. Not only for this reason is their introduction for humanitarian aims disputable, raising various dilemmas. Supporters of humanitarian drones put emphasis on/emphasize their speed, security, data amount and the possible employment of new technology in extreme environments. Critics of humanitarian technologization stress the loss of neutrality and impartiality, politicization and militarization of humanitarian aid. Consensus does not even exist amongst academics in the field. Contemporary literature is primarily targeted on the controversy of dual-usage of UAVs and on potential technical advantages with emphasis on immediate assistance. The literature dealing with ethical issues of humanitarian drones in connection to humanitarian and development practice outside the conflict zone is almost absent, and only marginally or indirectly treats the issue. The aim of this paper is to analyse potential advantages and disadvantages of humanitarian drones' proliferation within the theoretical framework of The Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations in Disaster Relief, which deals with basic dilemmas in humanitarian aid. This thesis does not...