Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:55:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Manoel Lemes da Silva Neto.pdf: 1380264 bytes, checksum: f9c4e795fc4345dba2a5f4af30ee32e9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-12-15 / Objectives: To investigate the prevalence of nosocomial infections (NIs) occurring up to 30 days following renal transplant at the Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia in Goiânia and to analyze risk factors for the development of surgical site infection (SSI) in renal transplant recipients and the consequences of the infections. Methods: A retrospective study was performed from January 2004 to June 2006, which determined hospital infections occurring during the first 30 days following renal transplant and the risk factors for the development of SSI and its consequences. A form was designed as an instrument for data collection containing the patients clinical and demographic information from hospital admission to discharge. Result: 108 renal transplants were analyzed, 49 (45.4%) of which were performed in female patients and 59 (54.6%) in male patients. Grafts from live donors totaled 67 (62%) and constituted the majority. Grafts from deceased donors totaled 41 (38%). The mean age was 38.1 years old and the average time of hospital stay was 16 days. The incident rate of bacterial nosocomial infection (NI) in recipients was 35.18% and occurred in 28 (25.9%) patients. Nine of the recipients presented two or more episodes of infection during the time of hospital stay. In this review, 38 episodes of bacterial nosocomial infection were diagnosed, 20 (18.5%) cases of urinary tract infection (UTI), 9 (8.33%) cases of SSI, 3 (2.77%) cases of pneumonias, 5 (4.62%) cases of bloodstream infection (septicemia) and 1 (0.92%) case of other infections. During the first 30 days, no loss of graft or death was observed. The number of infection episodes was directly proportional to the increase in the average and the median time of hospital stay (p< 0.001). UTI was the most prevalent and recipients of grafts from deceased donors were more prone to developing UTI than were recipients receiving grafts from live donors; in addition, the former group had twice as many more chances of developing UTI (p<0.046; OR=2.363). Fifty-four (50%) recipients presented graft dysfunction, thirteen of whom reestablished renal function without the need for dialytic treatment and 41 (38%) of whom underwent it through hemodialysis in the absolute majority of cases. Organs from deceased donors were more susceptible to the occurrence of graft dysfunction (p=0.001), in a ratio almost twenty times higher (OR=19.600). In the multivariate analysis, the following were regarded as risk factors for the development of SSI: time of pre-transplant dialytic treatment, presence of graft dysfunction, need for post-transplant dialytic treatment and number in units in the use of hemoderivatives. Conclusions: The low levels of effective organ donation accounted for a smaller number of grafts from deceased donors during the study. Bacterial nosocomial infections (NI) increased the time of hospital stay. The time of duration of dialysis treatment, graft dysfunction, the need for post-transplant dialytic treatment and an increase in the volume of associated hemoderived infusion represented higher risk of SSI. Graft dysfunction was higher in corpse donors. UTI was the most prevalent, which was regarded as risk for the development of SSI. Recipients of grafts from corpse donors were more susceptible to UTI. Re-operations, urological complications and hematomas of operative wound predisposed to SSI. / Objetivos: Verificar a prevalência de infecções hospitalares (IHs) ocorridas até 30 dias após o transplante renal no Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Goiânia e analisar os fatores de risco para aquisição de infecção de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) em pacientes submetidos a transplante renal(Txr) e as conseqüências das infecções. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo no período que compreende janeiro de 2004 a junho de 2006, determinando as infecções hospitalares ocorridas nos primeiros 30 dias após o Txr, e os fatores de risco para a aquisição de ISC e suas conseqüências. Foi elaborada uma ficha como instrumento para a coleta de dados, contendo informações clínicas e demográficas dos pacientes desde a data da internação até a alta hospitalar. Resultados: Foram analisados 108 transplantados renais 49 (45,4%) do sexo feminino e 59 do sexo masculino (54,6%) e os enxertos de doador vivo foram a maioria, 67 (62%) e de doador cadáver 41 (38%). A média de idade foi de 38,1 anos e do período do tempo de internação hospitalar de 16 dias. A taxa de incidência de IH bacteriana nos receptores foi de 35,18% e ocorreu em 28 (25,9%) pacientes, e nove receptores tiveram dois ou mais episódios de infecção durante a internação. Nessa revisão diagnosticou-se 38 episódios de infecção hospitalar bacteriana, 20 (18,5%) casos de infecção do trato urinário (ITU), 9 (8,33 %) de ISC, 3 ( 2,77%) casos de pneumonias, 5 (4,62%) de infecção de corrente sanguínea (septicemia) e outras infecções 1 (0,92 %) caso. Nos primeiros 30 dias, não ocorreu perda de nenhum enxerto e não houve nenhum óbito. O número de episódios de infecção foi diretamente proporcional ao aumento da média e da mediana de internação (p< 0,001). ITU foi a infecção mais incidente e os receptores de enxerto de doador cadáver foram mais propensos á ITU do que os de doador vivo e tiveram mais do dobro de chance de contraí-la (p<0,046; OR=2,363). Cinqüenta e quatro receptores (50%) apresentaram disfunção do enxerto, treze recuperaram a função renal sem a necessidade do tratamento dialítico e 41 (38%) o realizaram fazendo hemodiálise na maioria absoluta dos casos. Órgãos de doador cadáver foram mais susceptíveis à ocorrência de disfunção de enxerto (p=0,001), numa razão de quase vinte vezes maior (OR= 19,600). Na análise multivariada, representaram risco a ISC; tempo de tratamento dialítico pré-tranplante, presença de disfunção de enxerto, necessidade de tratamento dialítico pós-transplante e quantidade em unidades no uso de hemoderivados. Conclusões: Os baixos índices na doação efetiva de órgãos significaram menor número de enxertos de doador cadáver no período de estudo. As IHs bacterianas prolongaram o período de tempo de internação hospitalar. Tempo de duração do tratamento dialítico, disfunção de enxerto, necessidade de tratamento dialítico pós-transplante e aumento no volume de infusão de hemoderivados associados, representaram maior risco a ISC. A disfunção de enxerto ocorreu em maior incidência nos enxertos de doador cadáver. A ITU foi a infecção mais incidente, significando risco para ocorrência de ISC. Receptores de enxerto de doador cadáver foram mais susceptíveis ITU. Reoperações, complicações urológicas e hematomas de ferida operatória, predispuseram à ISC.

Submitted by Rosivalda Pereira (mrs.pereira@ufma.br) on 2017-05-11T19:12:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JanainaCamara.pdf: 5238566 bytes, checksum: 315196ee1d6c8740cc082be8f0f1de11 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-11T19:12:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JanainaCamara.pdf: 5238566 bytes, checksum: 315196ee1d6c8740cc082be8f0f1de11 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 / The patient safety culture in the hospital environment is listed as one of the phenomena that can provide an effective and safe care. There is a need that the safety culture should be measured in order to determine the strengths and fragile points for patient safety. This study aimed to evaluate the patient safety culture from the perception of the nursing team in a Renal Transplant Unit. It is a descriptiveexploratory with a quantitative approach, conducted with 25 participants in renal transplant unit of a public teaching hospital in the city of São Luís, Maranhão, Brazil. The data collection occurred during the months of May and June 2015, by means of the application of the questionnaire Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture - HSOPSC. Descriptive statistics was used to classify the dimensions in areas of strong and weak, and inferential statistics to test the instrument reliability Cronbach Alpha, to the characteristics of the participants the Chi-Square test, mean and frequency, and the correlation of the dimensions of the Spearman Correlation Coefficient. The study considered fully the ethical and legal precepts of Resolution no. 466/12. The Cronbach Alpha calculated ranged from 0.13 to 0.97, demonstrating the instrument reliability. In relation to the participants the majority were 10 nurses (40%), female 23(92%), 12 (48%) concluded lato sensu graduate, age was 9 (36%) between 36 and 40 years, 11 (44%) worked in the institution from 11 to 15 years, 12 (48%) have between 11 and 15 years in the unit and 20 (80%) work of 20 to 39 hours per week. As far as the classification in variable working unit, the dimension 'team work within units “presented the highest percentage of positive answers in 100 (77%), being considered the single area of strength for patient safety. Already the predominantly fragile area for patient safety was the dimension “Non punitive responses to errors” of 75 (24%) responded positively. In relation to the variable hospital organization, only the dimension “internal transfers and passages on duty” portrayed highest score of 100 (57%) with positive responses. For the variable outcome measures, the two dimensions showed percentages bitterly negative, “general perception of patient safety “with 100 (45%) and “frequency of notified events” was the most negative percentage of all sizes corresponding to 75 (58%). As the most significant correlation was demonstrated between the variables unit of work and organizational structure, in the association of dimension “organizational learning and continuous improvement” with “team work between the units” (r = 0.70453,  - Value = <0. 0001). The study highlights the existence of a culture of punishment and guilt, underreporting of events, work overload which are the main challenges for safe care. / A cultura de segurança do paciente no ambiente hospitalar é elencada como um dos fenômenos que pode proporcionar um cuidado eficaz e seguro. Há necessidade de que a cultura de segurança seja mensurada, a fim de determinar os pontos fortes e frágeis para a segurança do paciente. Objetivou-se avaliar a cultura de segurança do paciente a partir da percepção da equipe de enfermagem em uma Unidade de Transplante Renal. Este é um estudo descritivo-exploratório, de abordagem quantitativa, realizado com 25 participantes, na Unidade de Transplante Renal de um hospital público de ensino, na cidade de São Luís, Maranhão. A coleta de dados ocorreu entre os meses de maio e junho de 2015, por meio da aplicação do questionário Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture - HSOPSC. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva para classificar as dimensões em áreas fortes e frágeis, e a estatística inferencial para testar a confiabilidade do instrumento Alpha de Cronbach. Utilizou-se para as características dos participantes o teste Qui-Quadrado, média e frequência, e na correlação das dimensões o Coeficiente de Spearman. O estudo considerou integralmente os preceitos éticos e legais da Resolução nº 466/12. O Alpha de Cronbach calculado variou de 0.13 a 0.97, demonstrando confiabilidade do instrumento. Em relação aos participantes, a maioria eram enfermeiras - 10 (40%); sexo feminino - 23 (92%); 12 concluíram pós-graduação lato sensu (48%), 9 tinham (36%) entre 36 e 40 anos, 11 trabalham na instituição de 11 a 15 anos (44%), 12 possuem entre 11 e 15 anos na unidade (48%) e 20 trabalham de 20 a 39 horas por semana (80%). Quanto à classificação na variável Unidade de trabalho, a dimensão “Trabalho em equipe dentro das unidades” apresentou o maior percentual de respostas positivas - 100 (77%), sendo considerada a única área de força para a segurança do paciente. Já a área predominantemente frágil para a segurança do paciente foi a dimensão “Respostas não punitivas aos erros”, em que, de 75, 24% responderam positivamente. Em relação à variável Organização hospitalar, apenas a dimensão “Transferências internas e passagens de plantão” retratou resultado mais elevado, de 100 (57%) com respostas positivas. Para a variável Medidas de resultados, as duas dimensões apresentaram percentuais prementemente negativos, “Percepção geral da segurança do paciente” com 100 (45%) e “Frequência de eventos notificados” com o percentual mais negativo de todas as dimensões, correspondendo a 75 (58%). Quanto à correlação mais significativa, foi evidenciada entre as variáveis Unidade de trabalho e Estrutura organizacional, na associação da dimensão “Aprendizado organizacional e melhoria contínua” com “Trabalho em equipe entre as unidades” (r  = 0,70453,  - valor = <0. 0001). O estudo destacou a existência de uma cultura de punição e culpa, subnotificação de eventos e sobrecarga de trabalho, os quais constituem os principais desafios para o cuidado seguro.

Introdução: A isquemia e reperfusão, que ocorre durante cirurgia renal, pode desencadear lesões que são mediadas por radicais livres produzidos na fase de reperfusão. A glutamina exerce propriedades positivas no sistema antioxidante por ação da glutationa. O pré- condicionamento isquêmico aumenta a tolerância a tecidos que sofrem isquemia. Objetivo: Avaliar a ação da glutamina associada ao pré-condicionamento isquêmico na isquemia e reperfusão renal em modelo animal. Métodos: Cinquenta ratos winstar machos foram submetidos à nefrectomia a direita. No oitavo dia de pós-operatório os animais foram randomizados em cinco grupos (n=10) que foram assim divididos: grupo I - grupo Sham, grupo II - grupo isquemia e reperfusão, grupo III - grupo pré-condicionamento isquêmico, grupo IV - grupo glutamina e grupo V- pré-condicionamento isquêmico associado a glutamina. Os grupos IV e V receberam glutamina através de gavagem por sete dias. Ao final do 14º dia da nefrectomia procedeu-se a isquemia renal esquerda por 45 minutos. Após 1 e 7 dias, cinco animais de cada subgrupo foram submetidos a nova cirurgia com coleta de sangue e retirada de tecido renal. Resultados: Após um dia de reperfusão o grupo V apresentou os níveis mais elevados de glutationa reduzida (2,55±0,34mmol/g tecido) quando comparado aos outros grupos. A atividade da enzima superóxido dismutase apresentou-se elevada no grupo V quando comparado ao grupo II (p=0.018). Já no sétimo dia de reperfusão o grupo V apresentou-se com a maior atividade da enzima glutationa peroxidase dentre todos os grupos (p=0.009), bem como a atividade da enzima glutationa reduzida (p=0,001). Neste mesmo dia a superóxido dismutase mostrou-se mais elevada no grupo V quando comparado aos grupos que sofreram intervenção isquêmica (p=0.02). No sétimo dia a caspase-3 e a proteína carbonilada do grupo V se mostraram com maiores valores quando comparados aos grupos restantes. A associação da glutamina ao pré-condicionamento isquêmico elevou a glutationa reduzida e superóxido dismutase no grupo no primeiro dia após a reperfusão. No sétimo dia após a reperfusão se observa uma persistente elevação da superóxido dismutase, enzimas glutationa peroxidase e glutationa redutase bem como os níveis de caspase-3 e proteína carbonilada. Conclusão: Neste modelo de isquemia renal por clampeamento de pedículo seguido de reperfusão se conclui que há uma potencialização do efeito antioxidante da associação da glutamina e pré-condicionamento isquêmico após 24 horas de reperfusão, entretanto tal efeito não é mantido até o sétimo dia após a reperfusão. / Introduction: Ischemia and reperfusion injury that occurs during renal surgery can trigger injuries that are mediated by free radicals generated in the reperfusion phase. Glutamine exerts positive properties in the antioxidant system by the action of glutathione. Ischemic preconditioning increases tolerance to tissue suffering ischemia. Objective: To evaluate the action of glutamine associated with ischemic preconditioning in ischemia and reperfusion in animal models. Methods: Fifty rats Winstar males underwent nephrectomy right. On the eighth day after the operation the animals were randomized into five groups (n = 10) were divided as follows: Group I - sham group, II - ischemia and reperfusion group, III - ischemic preconditioning group, IV - glutamine group and group V- ischemic preconditioning group associated with glutamine. Groups IV and V received glutamine via gavage for seven days. At the end of 14 days nephrectomy proceeded to the left renal ischemia for 45 minutes. After 1 and 7 days, five animals in each subgroup underwent new surgery with blood collection and removal of kidney tissue. Results: After one day reperfusion group V showed higher levels of reduced glutathione (2.55 ± 0,34mmol / g tissue) compared to other groups. The enzyme activity superoxide dismutase showed up high in the V group compared to group II (p = 0.018). In the seventh day of reperfusion group V presented with the increased activity of glutathione peroxidase enzyme among all groups (p = 0.009) as well as the activity of reduced glutathione (p = 0.001). On the same day the superoxide dismutase was shown to be higher in the V group compared to groups who have suffered ischemic intervention (p = 0.02). On the seventh day caspase- 3 and protein carbonyl group V are shown with larger values when compared to the other groups. The association of glutamine to ischemic preconditioning increased the reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase in the group on the first day after reperfusion. On the seventh day after reperfusion is observed a persistent elevation of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase enzymes and glutathione reductase and the levels of caspase-3 and protein carbonyl. Conclusion: In this model of renal ischemia by clamping the pedicle followed by reperfusion is concluded that there is a potentiation of the antioxidant effect of glutamine association and ischemic preconditioning after 24 hours of reperfusion, however this effect is not maintained until the seventh day after reperfusion.

Introduction: Renal transplantation is the treatment of choice for patients with end stage renal disease [ESRD]. An increased risk of ESRD has been demonstrated when comparing donors to age matched healthy non-donors. There are no outcome data in Africa on long term donor renal function or mortality. Therefore, this study aimed to assess long term health complications in the living donor population and evaluate risk factors associated with poor health outcomes of the donors. Methods: This was a retrospective review with prospective follow up of persons undergoing living related donor nephrectomy for renal transplantation, at Groote Schuur Hospital (GSH) from January 2005 to November 2017. We retrospectively analysed baseline demographics, clinical information including blood pressure and renal function (creatinine, eGFR and proteinuria) and compared them with follow up blood pressure and renal function. Results: The majority of the donors were of mixed ancestry 94/154(61%) and 1st degree relatives 111/154 (72%) of which 63/111 (56.8%) donors were siblings. Hypertension developed in 16/31 (51.6%) donors at follow-up. Those developing hypertension had a higher mean baseline blood pressure (systolic blood pressure 139±11.3 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure 85.5±7.3 mmHg). 21/49(42.9%) developed chronic kidney disease [CKD], of which, 16 donors had an eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73m2 . In those that developed CKD there was a higher percentage of males (p=0.018) and they were older (p=0.048) at baseline. Baseline systolic and diastolic blood pressures was not statistically different in those that developed CKD. 3/31(9.6%) donors developed diabetes. Conclusions: In South Africa, CKD is on the rise and the need for kidney donors for patients with ESRD is therefore also increasing. This study demonstrates that our living donors are at increased risk of CKD and hypertension and therefore need to be followed up more rigorously.

To sustain the health and viability of renal transplants, adherence to immunosuppressant therapy (IST) medications is critical. Studies continue to identify decreased adherence rates as time from transplant increases (Chisholm-Burns, Kwong, Mulloy & Spivey, 2008; Chisholm, Lance, Mulloy, 2005; Chisholm, Mulloy, & DiPiro, 2005; Nivens & Thomas, 2009). While previous research has explored the effect of variables known to influence IST adherence in adult renal transplant recipients, limited studies have explored these variables in a population of renal transplant recipients with longer time posttransplant intervals. The purpose of this study was to examine demographic variables, time posttransplant, immunosuppressive agents, health beliefs, social support, and symptom experience and test their relationship to adherence in a population of long-term renal transplant recipients. A cross-sectional correlational design was used to collect data from a convenience sample of 98 adult renal transplant recipients who were three or more years from transplant. Participants completed five instruments: 1) demographic survey, 2) the Beliefs About Medicines Questionnaire (BMQ), 3) the Medical Outcomes Study (MOS) Modified Social Support Survey (MSSS), 4) the Basel Assessment of Adherence with Immunosuppressive Medication Scales (BAASIS), and 5) the Modified Transplant Symptom Occurrence and Symptom Distress Scale- 59R (MTSOSD-59R). A composite adherence score (CAS) consisting of a self-report measure of adherence (BAASIS), nontherapeutic serum drug assay, and collateral report of adherence as provided by two transplant clinic professionals was used to determine final adherence group classification (adherent/nonadherent). Analysis of the relationship between all independent variables and adherence was conducted using Spearman’s rho correlation coefficient. Mean scores for medication complexity, health beliefs, social support, and symptom experience were 4 compared between age, gender, and time posttransplant groups using independent-samples t tests. A logistic regression prediction of probability was conducted to determine which of the variables that demonstrated a significant relationship to adherence were most predictive of adherence. Of the total sample population (N = 98), 39.8% (n = 39) were classified as adherent and 60.2% (n = 59) were nonadherent. Results demonstrated no significant relationship between age (continuous variable), time posttransplant, immunosuppressant medications (measured by a medication complexity index), health beliefs, symptom experience, and adherence. Weak, but significant relationships between age groups (r = -.213, p=.035), tangible social support (r = .215, p =.017), emotional informational social support (r = .274, p = .003), positive social interaction support (r = .199, p = .025), total overall social support (r = .274, p =.003) and composite adherence group classification were found. Older participants ( > 55 yrs) were significantly less adherent than younger ( < 54 yrs) participants. Mean scores for emotional / informational (EMI), positive social interaction (POS), and total social support (MSSS) were significantly lower in nonadherent participants. Regression results indicated the overall model of two predictors (age grouped [ < 54 yrs; > 55 yrs] and EMI social support subscale) was statistically reliable in distinguishing between adherent and nonadherent participants (-2 Log Likelihood 116.244; Goodness-of-Fit x 2 (2) = 13.664, p = .001), correctly classifying 69.1% of the cases. Findings from this study contribute to the body of research exploring predictors of immunosuppressant adherence in long-term renal transplant recipients. Data suggest both younger age (< 55) and categories of social support predict adherence in long-term renal transplant recipients. Healthcare providers caring for renal transplant recipients long-term 5 should consider annually assessing older participants for adherence as well as for changes in social networks.

Introdução: A gestação após transplante de órgãos tem se tornado cada vez mais comum, especialmente após avanços das técnicas em relação ao transplante e novos imunossupressores adotados na terapêutica. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados maternos e perinatais das pacientes gestantes submetidas a transplante renal prévio. Método: No período de 1995 a 2007, foram avaliados restrospectivamente todos os casos de pacientes submetidas a transplante renal, que tiveram parto na Clínica Obstétrica do HCFMUSP. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 31 gestações em 22 pacientes. A idade média foi de 29 anos (18-39). Em 52% dos casos (16 casos) a gestação ocorreu 5 anos após o transplante. Em 21 pacientes (68%) o esquema imunossupressor utilizado foi composto por ciclosporina, azatioprina e prednisona. A incidência de abortamentos foi de 22% (7 casos). A hipertensão esteve presente em 21 casos (87,5%), seguida de anemia 17 (70,83%) e prematuridade 15 (71%). A função renal no início do pré-natal teve o seguinte comportamento: uréia no início 45±7,1 mg/dl (28-105) e no parto 68±27,6 (35-128); creatinina no início do pré-natal 1,28±0,55 mg/dl (0,9-3,6) e no parto 2,06±1,16 mg/dl (1,12-6,4); ácido úrico no início 6,1±1,5 mg/dl (3,5-9,2) e no parto 8,54±2,79 mg/dl (2-14) e a proteinúria de 24 horas no início 0,19±0,09 g/vol.24h (0,03-0,31) e no parto 1,34±0,96 g/vol.24h (0,11-3,65). A via de parto: oito (33%) partos por via vaginal e 16 (66%) foram cesarianas. A idade gestacional média ao nascimento foi de 34,8±2,29 semanas (28-38) e o peso ao nascimento foi 2366,5±261,6g (1100-4650). As complicações neonatais foram: icterícia 15 (71,5%); desconforto respiratório 10 (47,6%); hipoglicemia 5 (23,8%); anemia 4 (19%), intubação orotraqueal 3 (14,3%), utilização NPP 3 (14,3%), hipocalcemia 3 (14,3); pneumonia 2 (9,5%); hemorragia intracraniana 1 (4,8%) e sepse 1 (4,8). Ocorreram 3 óbitos fetais. Conclusão: a taxa de sobrevida neonatal no estudo de foi de 88%, a hipertensão foi a intercorrência materna mais freqüente, a utilização da terapêutica imunossupressora utilizada não levou a malformação fetal e a morbidade neonatal esteve associada a complicações inerentes da prematuridade 15 casos (71%). / Introduction: The pregnancy after organ transplant has become very common, especially after the technical advance related to new immunosuppressive therapy on the transplant. Objective: Analysis of the maternal and pregnancy outcomes of the patients that has renal transplant. Method: During the period between 1995 and 2007, it was analyzed retrospectively all the patient submitted on renal transplant, and also has had delivery in the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School. Results: We have obtained a total of 31 pregnancies in 22 patients. The average age was 29 years of age (18- 39). In 52 % of the cases (16 cases) the pregnancy occurred 5 years after the transplant. In 21 patients (68%) the immunosuppressive treatment used was based on ciclosporine, azatioprine and prednisone. The incidence of abortion was 22% (7 cases), that was excluded. The hypertension was present in 21 cases (87,5%), followed by anemia 17 (70,83%) and prematurity 15 (71%). In the beginning of the pre-natal the renal function presented the following: serum urea in the beginning of prenatal care was 45±7,1 mg/dl (28-105)and the time of delivery was 68±27,6 (35-128); serum creatinine in the beginning was 1,28±0,55 mg/dl (0,9-3,6) and the time of delivery was 2,06±1,16 mg/dl (1,12- 6,4);serum uric acid in the beginning of prenatal care was 6,1±1,5 mg/dl (3,5-9,2) and the time of delivery was 8,54±2,79 mg/dl (2-14). The proteinuria 24 hours at the beginning of prenatal care was 0,19±0,09 g/vol.24h (0,03-0,31) and the time of delivery was 1,34±0,96 g/vol.24h (0,11-3,65). Cesarean section was performed in 16 (66%) cases, vaginal delivery in 8 (33%). The mean gestational age at delivery was 34,8±2,29 weeks (range: 28-38) and the mean birthweight at delivery was 2366,5±261,6g (range 1100-4650). The neonatal complications were observed during the study: ictericia 15 (71,5%); respiratory distress 10 (47,6%); hipoglicemia 5 (23,8%); anemia 4 (19%), orotracheal intubation 3 (14,3%), use of NPP 3 (14,3%), hipocalcemie 3 (14,3); pneumonie 2 (9,5%); intracranial hemorrhage 1 (4,8%) e sepses 1 (4,8). Occurred 3 fetal deaths. Conclusion: in the study the statistics of neonatal success was 88%, the most frequent maternal complication was the hypertension. The immunosuppressive therapy utilized didn\'t cause fetal malformation and the neonatal morbid was associated with prematurity complications itself in 15 cases (71%).

Introdução: O transplante renal é amplamente reconhecido como a melhor forma de tratamento para os pacientes que necessitam de terapia de substituição renal. Frequentemente a equipe transplantadora se depara com a difícil questão de determinar se órgãos, provenientes de doadores falecidos e limítrofes ou em parada cardíaca, estão aptos para serem transplantados. É difícil quantificar a intensidade do dano provocado pela isquemia no enxerto a ser utilizado, especialmente se o doador apresentou quadro de instabilidade hemodinâmica com queda significativa da perfusão tecidual e aumento do risco de diminuir a função do enxerto e afetar adversamente sua sobrevida. Desta forma torna-se justificável a utilização da técnica de espectroscopia de fluorescência induzida pelo laser, na tentativa de se avaliar a correlação entre os seus achados e o grau de lesão histológica renal experimental, uma vez que se trata de um método objetivo, não invasivo, rápido e em tempo real que, futuramente, pode ser aplicada nos transplantes renais em humanos. Objetivos: Avaliar a correlação entre os dados da espectroscopia de fluorescência induzida pelo laser e alterações histológicas na isquemia e reperfusão renal em ratos, e se existe diferença significativa na leitura da espectroscopia entre os polos superior, inferior e o terço médio. Materiais e Métodos: Foram utilizados 33 ratos (Rattus norvegicus) machos adultos da linhagem Wistar que, depois de anestesiados, tiveram seus rins esquerdos abordados. Inicialmente os rins foram submetidos à detecção da espectroscopia de fluorescência dos pólos superiores, inferiores e terços médios. As excitações foram geradas por lasers com comprimentos de onda de 408, 442 e 532 nm. Em seguida os pedículos renais esquerdos foram dissecados, isolados e clampeados com auxílio de mini-pinça vascular. Então, os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos isquêmicos de 30, 60 e 120 minutos de isquemia quente. Em cada um dos grupos, os rins foram novamente analisados pela espectroscopia de fluorescência, bem como após 5 minutos de reperfusão, utilizando novamente feixes excitatórios com os mesmos comprimentos de onda, nas mesmas regiões renais. Posteriormente os rins esquerdos foram coletados e enviados para estudo histológico. Resultados: O tempo de isquemia mostrou forte influência com a graduação histológica. Com 30 minutos de isquemia, nenhum comprimento de onda (408, 442 e 532 nm) apresentou correlação com a graduação histológica (p = 0,81; p = 0,11; p = 0,21, respectivamente). Com 60 minutos de isquemia, o laser de excitação de 532 nm (na fase de reperfusão) apresentou coeficiente de correlação negativa significativa (r = - 0,61) com a graduação histológica. Na isquemia de 120 minutos, o laser com 442 nm de comprimento de onda (na fase de reperfusão) mostrou o coeficiente de correlação negativa significativa (r = - 0,73) com a graduação histológica. O terço médio renal apresentou média estatística superior à dos polos (p < 0,001) na leitura da espectroscopia de fluorescência. Conclusões: Há correlação entre os dados da espectroscopia de fluorescência induzida pelo laser e as alterações histológicas na isquemia renal em ratos, sendo necessário, durante a investigação, analisar apenas o terço médio renal. / Introduction: Renal transplantation is widely recognized as the best form of treatment for patients who require renal replacement therapy. Often, the transplant team is faced with a difficult question, if organs from deceased marginal donors or non-heart beating donors are able to be transplanted. It is difficult to quantify the intensity of damage caused by ischemia in the graft to be used, especially if the donor had hemodynamic instability with a significant decrease of the tissue perfusion and an increased of the risk of diminishing the graft function which could affect adversely its survival. Thus it is justified to use the technique of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy, to assess the correlations between its results and the histological grade in experimental renal injury, since it is an objective, non-invasive, fast and in real-time analysis, which can be applied, in the future, in human kidney transplants. Objectives: To evaluate the correlation between the data of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and histological changes in kidney ischemia and reperfusion in rats, and if there are significant differences of reading between the upper and lower poles and the middle area of such kidneys. Materials and Methods: We used 33 adults male rats (Rattus norvegicus) of Wistar strain, which after anesthetized, had their left kidney addressed. Initially such kidneys were submitted to detection of the fluorescence spectroscopy of the upper pole, lower pole and the middle area. Excitations were generated by lasers having wavelengths of 408, 442 and 532 nm. Then the left renal pedicles were dissected, isolated and clamped. Then the animals were randomized into three ischemic groups of 30, 60 and 120 minutes. In each group, the kidneys were analyzed by fluorescence spectroscopy for the second time, and again after 5 minutes of reperfusion, using excitatory beam with same wavelength, at the poles (upper and lower) and the middle area of the kidneys. Later, the left kidney were collected and sent for histological examination. Results: The ischemia time showed a strong influence on the histological grade. With 30 minutes of ischemia, no wavelength (408, 442 and 532 nm) was correlated with the histological lesions (p = 0.81, p = 0.11, p = 0.21, respectively). With 60 minutes of ischemia, the laser excitation of 532 nm (in the reperfusion phase) showed a significant negative correlation coefficient (r = - 0.61) with the histological grading. In 120 minutes of ischemia, laser with 442 nm wavelength (in the reperfusion phase) showed a significant negative correlation coefficient (r = - 0.73) with the histological grade. The middle area of the kidneys showed a higher average statistically (p< 0,001) than the poles in the reading of fluorescence spectroscopy. Conclusions: There is a strong correlation between the data of laser-induced fluorescence spectroscopy and the histological changes in rats renal ischemia, being necessary, during the investigation, to analyze only the middle area of the kidneys.

Introdução: A gestação após transplante de órgãos tem se tornado cada vez mais comum, especialmente após avanços das técnicas em relação ao transplante e novos imunossupressores adotados na terapêutica. Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados maternos e perinatais das pacientes gestantes submetidas a transplante renal prévio. Método: No período de 1995 a 2007, foram avaliados restrospectivamente todos os casos de pacientes submetidas a transplante renal, que tiveram parto na Clínica Obstétrica do HCFMUSP. Resultados: Foram selecionadas 31 gestações em 22 pacientes. A idade média foi de 29 anos (18-39). Em 52% dos casos (16 casos) a gestação ocorreu 5 anos após o transplante. Em 21 pacientes (68%) o esquema imunossupressor utilizado foi composto por ciclosporina, azatioprina e prednisona. A incidência de abortamentos foi de 22% (7 casos). A hipertensão esteve presente em 21 casos (87,5%), seguida de anemia 17 (70,83%) e prematuridade 15 (71%). A função renal no início do pré-natal teve o seguinte comportamento: uréia no início 45±7,1 mg/dl (28-105) e no parto 68±27,6 (35-128); creatinina no início do pré-natal 1,28±0,55 mg/dl (0,9-3,6) e no parto 2,06±1,16 mg/dl (1,12-6,4); ácido úrico no início 6,1±1,5 mg/dl (3,5-9,2) e no parto 8,54±2,79 mg/dl (2-14) e a proteinúria de 24 horas no início 0,19±0,09 g/vol.24h (0,03-0,31) e no parto 1,34±0,96 g/vol.24h (0,11-3,65). A via de parto: oito (33%) partos por via vaginal e 16 (66%) foram cesarianas. A idade gestacional média ao nascimento foi de 34,8±2,29 semanas (28-38) e o peso ao nascimento foi 2366,5±261,6g (1100-4650). As complicações neonatais foram: icterícia 15 (71,5%); desconforto respiratório 10 (47,6%); hipoglicemia 5 (23,8%); anemia 4 (19%), intubação orotraqueal 3 (14,3%), utilização NPP 3 (14,3%), hipocalcemia 3 (14,3); pneumonia 2 (9,5%); hemorragia intracraniana 1 (4,8%) e sepse 1 (4,8). Ocorreram 3 óbitos fetais. Conclusão: a taxa de sobrevida neonatal no estudo de foi de 88%, a hipertensão foi a intercorrência materna mais freqüente, a utilização da terapêutica imunossupressora utilizada não levou a malformação fetal e a morbidade neonatal esteve associada a complicações inerentes da prematuridade 15 casos (71%). / Introduction: The pregnancy after organ transplant has become very common, especially after the technical advance related to new immunosuppressive therapy on the transplant. Objective: Analysis of the maternal and pregnancy outcomes of the patients that has renal transplant. Method: During the period between 1995 and 2007, it was analyzed retrospectively all the patient submitted on renal transplant, and also has had delivery in the Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo Medical School. Results: We have obtained a total of 31 pregnancies in 22 patients. The average age was 29 years of age (18- 39). In 52 % of the cases (16 cases) the pregnancy occurred 5 years after the transplant. In 21 patients (68%) the immunosuppressive treatment used was based on ciclosporine, azatioprine and prednisone. The incidence of abortion was 22% (7 cases), that was excluded. The hypertension was present in 21 cases (87,5%), followed by anemia 17 (70,83%) and prematurity 15 (71%). In the beginning of the pre-natal the renal function presented the following: serum urea in the beginning of prenatal care was 45±7,1 mg/dl (28-105)and the time of delivery was 68±27,6 (35-128); serum creatinine in the beginning was 1,28±0,55 mg/dl (0,9-3,6) and the time of delivery was 2,06±1,16 mg/dl (1,12- 6,4);serum uric acid in the beginning of prenatal care was 6,1±1,5 mg/dl (3,5-9,2) and the time of delivery was 8,54±2,79 mg/dl (2-14). The proteinuria 24 hours at the beginning of prenatal care was 0,19±0,09 g/vol.24h (0,03-0,31) and the time of delivery was 1,34±0,96 g/vol.24h (0,11-3,65). Cesarean section was performed in 16 (66%) cases, vaginal delivery in 8 (33%). The mean gestational age at delivery was 34,8±2,29 weeks (range: 28-38) and the mean birthweight at delivery was 2366,5±261,6g (range 1100-4650). The neonatal complications were observed during the study: ictericia 15 (71,5%); respiratory distress 10 (47,6%); hipoglicemia 5 (23,8%); anemia 4 (19%), orotracheal intubation 3 (14,3%), use of NPP 3 (14,3%), hipocalcemie 3 (14,3); pneumonie 2 (9,5%); intracranial hemorrhage 1 (4,8%) e sepses 1 (4,8). Occurred 3 fetal deaths. Conclusion: in the study the statistics of neonatal success was 88%, the most frequent maternal complication was the hypertension. The immunosuppressive therapy utilized didn\'t cause fetal malformation and the neonatal morbid was associated with prematurity complications itself in 15 cases (71%).

IntroducciónEn la actualidad se buscan marcadores para identificar pacientes trasplantados que alcancen cierto grado de tolerancia. El más estudiado recientemente se engloba como células T reguladoras (Tregs), capaces de controlar la respuesta alogénica in vitro y con capacidad tolerogénica en modelos animales. En este trabajo se ha estudiado el comportamiento de Tregs en trasplantados renales y la implicación de procesos inflamatorios y fármacos inmunosupresores más comunes en estos pacientes. Material y MétodosSe midieron las Tregs sanguíneas en los pacientes trasplantados renales mediante citometría de flujo y su función in vitro en cultivos mixtos linfocitarios cada 6 meses post-trasplante hasta los 2 años. Resultados y conclusionesLos pacientes con enfermedad renal terminal presentan un número similar de Tregs que donantes sanos. A los 6 meses del trasplante se observa un descenso de Tregs, recuperándose posteriormente. Se observó una mayor frecuencia de Tregs en los pacientes tratados durante un año con inhibidores de mTOR que los tratados con inhibidores de calcineurina (CNI). Así mismo se observó cómo los niveles sanguíneos de los CNI tenían un efecto deletéreo sobre la función de las Tregs. / IntroductionKidney transplantation has become a therapeutic option choice in patients with chronic renal failure. With the advance of new immunosuppressive agents has been a lower incidence of acute rejection, but still persist long-term problems, largely associated with chronic treatment with immunosuppressive agents. Currently, are looking for markers to identify patients who reach a certain degree of tolerance in order to reduce immunosuppressive load avoiding side effects long term. The most studied biomarker in the last decade includeswith the name of regulatory T cells (Tregs), these cells are able to control allogeneic response in vitro and has tolerogenic capacity demonstrated in many transplant models. Prior to validate this biomarker of transplant tolerance, this work has studied the behavior of Treg cells in renal transplant recipients and their coexistence in the most common inflammatory processes in these patients. In addition, we assess the role of drugs immunosuppressants on these cells.ObjectivesMonitor the levels of Tregs in renal transplant patients and consider the involvement of different events inflammatory on the number of Tregs and to determine the involvement of different immunosuppressive treatments on the number and Tregs function.Material and MethodsThere were two parallel studies, one prospective, in which Treg cells were measured in kidney transplants patients by flow cytometry and theirfunction in vitro by mixed lymphocyte cultures. The samples were collected every 6 months post-transplant until 2 years. In another retrospective study enrolled 64 patients transplantation with a follow-up exceeding one year, dividedin terms of maintenance therapy with calcineurin inhibitors (CNI) or mTOR inhibitors.Results and conclusions At the time prior to transplantation, patients with ESRD have a similar number of Treg cells circulating than healthy donors, excluding retransplantated patients. At 6 months after transplantation there is a dramatic decrease in Treg cell numbers, when the immunosuppressive load is higher. Later the levels of Tregs were recovered. Within the immunosuppressive used in maintenance treatment, there was a higher frequency of Tregs in patients treated for one year with mTOR inhibitors when compared with patients received in the same period calcineurin inhibitors (CNI). Also it was observed that blood levels of the CNI had a deleterious effect on the function of Treg cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:46:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 AnaEOM.pdf: 604292 bytes, checksum: 3065fdef9063126e0fc42becc6d45626 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-10-05 / Exploratory descriptive study, prospective with quantitative approach, performed in the nefrology outpatient service from the Onofre Lopes University Hospital (HUOL), Natal/RN, aiming to identify aspects that concern Quality of Life (QOL) on transplanted and hemodialysis patients, as measured by WHOQOL-bref and describe the aspects that differentiate QL between the two groups as measured by the same instrument. The population was of 62 renal patients in hemodialysis and 58 transplantd, with data collected from february to march 2006. The instrument used was WHOQOL-bref, translated to and validated for Portuguese by the multicentric group of the World Health Organization (WHO) in Brazil. The results show predominance of the masculine gender both in the post-transplant group (55,17%), as well as in the hemodialysis group (51,61%); the age strip of 28 to 43 prevailed, among which were 53,45% transplanted and 48,99% hemodialysis patients; 79,93% of the hemodialysis patients and 62,07% of the transplanted were provenient from ouside the capital of the state; from the hemodialysis population, 59,68% were married, while among the transplanted 48,28% were single; 58,06% of the hemodialisys patients had 1 to 3 children, while the majority of the transplanted, 44,83%, had no children; regarding scholarity level on both groups, there was a predominance of incomplete fundamental school, representing 62,9% of the hemodialysis patients and 46,6% of the transplanted; regarding work status, 98,39% of those in hemodialysis informed not to be working, and the same applied to the transplanted, with 75,86%; regarding treatment time, most patients of both populations were in the 1- to 4-year interval, of which were 62,9% of the hemodialisys patients and 53,45% of the transplanted. The analysis of WHOQOL-bref reliability through Crobach s Alpha coefficient had a value of 0,8816, demonstrating good internal consistency for the instrument. Regarding description of QOL tests, the average scores of the post-transplant were (Q-1) 18,14 e (Q-2) 18,69, and 12,3 (Q-1) and 11,29 (Q-2) for the group in hemodialisys. Regarding the aspects that differentiate QOL on the two groups observed through average scores from the Domains: Physical, 15,91 for the post-transplant group and 12,71 for the hemodialisys group; Psychological, 16,75 for the post-transplant group and 14,84 for the hemodialisys group; Social Relations, 17,79 on the post-transplant group and 16,58 on the hemodialisys group; Environment, 14,16 on the post-transplant group and 12,38 on the hemodialisys group. On every evaluated item, the post-transplant group achieved higher scores when compared to the hemodialisys group. The diference in QOL for both populations was significant on all items evaluated with a p<0,005 / Estudo explorat?rio descritivo, prospectivo com abordagem quantitativa, realizado no ambulat?rio de nefrologia do Hospital Universit?rio Onofre Lopes (HUOL) Natal/RN, com vistas a identificar, entre pacientes transplantados e em hemodi?lise, aspectos que digam respeito a sua Qualidade de Vida (QV) medida pelo WHOQOL-bref e descrever os aspectos que diferenciam a QV entre os dois grupos, medida pelo mesmo instrumento. A popula??o foi de 62 pacientes renais em hemodi?lise e 58 transplantados, com dados coletados de fevereiro a mar?o de 2006. Utilizamos o instrumento WHOQOL-bref, traduzido e validado para o portugu?s pelo grupo multic?ntrico da Organiza??o Mundial de Sa?de (OMS) no Brasil. Os resultados mostram que houve predomin?ncia do sexo masculino tanto no grupo p?s-transplante (55,17%) quanto no grupo em hemodi?lise (51,61%); prevaleceu a faixa et?ria de 28 a 43 anos, sendo 53,45% de transplantados e 48,99% de indiv?duos em hemodi?lise; 79,03% dos pacientes em hemodi?lise e 62,07% dos transplantados eram procedentes do interior do Estado; na popula??o em hemodi?lise 59,68% eram casados, enquanto que entre os transplantados 48,28% eram solteiros; 58,06% dos pacientes em hemodi?lise possu?am de 01 a 03 filhos, enquanto a maioria dos transplantados, 44,83%, n?o possu?a filhos; quanto ao n?vel de escolaridade nos dois grupos, houve predomin?ncia do ensino fundamental incompleto, representando 62,9% dos pacientes em hemodi?lise e 46,6% dos transplantados; quanto ao status de trabalho, 98,39% daqueles em hemodi?lise informaram n?o estar trabalhando e o mesmo ocorreu com os transplantados, com 75,86%; quanto ao tempo de tratamento, a maioria dos pacientes das duas popula??es ficou no intervalo entre 01 a 04 anos, sendo 62,90% dos pacientes em hemodi?lise e 53,45% dos transplantados. A an?lise da confiabilidade do WHOQOL-bref pelo coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach teve valor de 0,8816, demonstrando uma boa consist?ncia interna do instrumento. Quanto ? descri??o dos dados de QV, os escores m?dios do grupo p?s-transplante foram (Q-1) 18,14 e (Q-2) 18,69, e 12,39 (Q-1) e 11,29 (Q-2) para o grupo em hemodi?lise. Quanto aos aspectos que diferenciam a QV dos dois grupos observadas por meio dos escores m?dios dos Dom?nios: F?sico, 15,91 para o grupo p?s-transplante e 12,71 para o grupo em hemodi?lise; Psicol?gico, 16,75 para o grupo p?s-transplante e 14,84 para o grupo em hemodi?lise; Rela??es Sociais, 17,79 no grupo p?s-transplante e 16,58 no grupo em hemodi?lise; Meio Ambiente, 14,16 no grupo p?s-transplante e 12,38 no grupo em hemodi?lise. Em todos os itens avaliados, o grupo p?s-transplante obteve escores maiores quando comparado ao grupo em hemodi?lise. A diferen?a na QV das duas popula??es estudadas foi significativa em todos os itens avaliados com um p< 0,005