This degree project examines the question of how Colombian NGOs communicate sexual and reproductive rights issues to the public opinion, and how this has changed over time. The research is carried out through a case study of two Colombian organizations that work with sexual and reproductive rights, particularly the implementation of legal abortion.The analysis parts from a gender perspective, understanding gender as a constitutive element of social relationships as well as a primary way of signifying relationships of power.One of the main findings in the study is that the historical point of departure for this research, the LAICIA campaign that accompanied the strategic litigation that led to the partial legalization of abortion in Colombia in 2006, represents a paradigm shift in how communications were managed by civil society organizations in Colombia. Today, communications is seen as a strategic tool to help obtain a certain objective, and mobilize public opinion support, rather than as a way of convincing opponents to change their positions. LAICIA also changed the terms of the debate, introducing new parameters lifting out the issue from the traditional private sphere – delimited to a moral and religious issue, and into the public sphere, as an issue of general concern for society – not just for individual women.Today, however, much of the communication efforts are directed at impeding backlashes rather than advancing positions, and communicating reactively rather than proactively. The two organizations studied have some convergences in their work with communications, in spite of certain ideological differences, and the impact of their communication efforts could be reinforced if these were coordinated to a greater extent between organizations.

Presumptive fertility is an ideology that leads us to treat not only pregnant women, but all female patients of reproductive age, with the presumption that they could be pregnant. This preoccupation with the possibility that a woman could be pregnant compels medical and social interventions that have adverse consequences on women’s lived experiences. It is important to pause now to examine this ideology. Despite our social realities -- there is a patient centered care movement in medical practice, American women are delaying and forgoing childbearing, abortion is safe and legal -- there is still a powerful medical and social process that subjugates womens’ bodies and lived experiences to their potential of being a mother. Fetoconsciousness, preoccupation with the fetus or hypothetical, not-yet-conceived, fetus privileges its potential embodiment over its mother’s reality. As a set of values that influence our beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors, the ideology of presumptive fertility is contextualized, critiqued, and challenged. / Urban Bioethics

The issue of women's reproductive rights has become an international concern in the recent decade. Ongoing debates on women's reproductive rights in world conferences and conventions have heightened the need for empirical research and theoretical explanations of women's reproductive rights Nevertheless, very few sociological studies have treated women's reproductive rights as a dependent variable. This study examines the effects of family planning programs and the processes of modernization on women's reproductive rights. Several facets of modernization; processes of socioeconomic development, secularization, women's education, and levels of gender equality are considered. The study involves 101 countries identified by the World Bank (1994) as developing countries. It is argued, on the one hand, that variations in women's reproductive rights in developing nations may be explained by the social changes brought about by modernization processes. On other hand, the universality of the anti-natalistic population policies in developing countries in the late 20th century provides a strong state control over fertility rate, which may contribute to the attainment of women's reproductive rights. Using linear structural equation analysis, the study finds that fertility decline due to family planning programs leads to the achievement of women's reproductive rights. The empirical findings support the hypothesis that socioeconomic development has a positive effect on women's education, and that there is no statistically significant relationship between modernization and gender equality. The results of the study, meanwhile, indicate that, in developing societies, women's education is negatively related to women's reproductive rights. The study suggests: first, family planning programs as a social policy in developing countries influence fertility decline, and enhance women's reproductive rights; second, gender equality in society is an important factor that increases the level of reproductive rights for women in developing countries; and finally, the finding that women's education reduces the attainment of reproductive rights may imply the need to develop valid scales for measuring reproductive rights. The findings of this study contribute toward the development of a structural model of reproductive rights.

Introdução A participação dos pais e companheiros afetivos no processo de parto e nascimento vem crescendo desde a década de 1960. Este fenômeno tem marcado a história das famílias e da Obstetrícia nos mais diversos contextos. Ouvir os pais é uma estratégia importante para melhorar a atenção à saúde das mães e dos bebês, assim como para prover um melhor acolhimento ao acompanhante. Objetivo Descrever e analisar a perspectiva paterna acerca do processo reprodutivo, buscando conhecer os elementos de preparação para o parto, se há implicações para o desfecho da gravidez, assim como as percepções sobre os riscos e benefícios da assistência obstétrica em diferentes modelos de atenção. Métodos Pesquisa qualitativa realizada por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas presenciais, via Skype e e-mail, com amostra auto-selecionada a partir de divulgação institucional e em mídias sociais. Dados analisados a partir de categoriais iniciais propostas pelo roteiro, e novas categorias temáticas advindas do conjunto dos dados. Resultados 23 sujeitos foram incluídos na pesquisa, todos estiveram presentes no momento do nascimento, em partos normais hospitalares, em partos domiciliares planejados, cesáreas intraparto e cesáreas agendadas. Os dados evidenciam que os pais têm desejo para participar do parto como parte essencial de sua experiência reprodutiva, e usufruem de benefícios subjetivos para o exercício da paternidade. Durante o parto, os pais qualificam sua presença com elementos de proteção e companheirismo. O modelo de assistência de conduta expectante só é possível após negociação com o provedor do parto normal, o que depende ainda da qualidade do preparo dos pacientes em termos de informações sobre direitos reprodutivos e recomendações de boas práticas. Nos hospitais, descrevem também os diferentes constrangimentos para o cumprimento estrito da Lei do Acompanhante, assim como para a vivência do nascimento como evento familiar. Conclusões Garantir a presença irrestrita do acompanhante no parto traz benefícios não só para a saúde do binômio mãe-bebê, mas ainda para a experiência subjetiva dos homens com o processo reprodutivo e a paternidade. No entanto, a participação paterna ainda é um desafio imposto por muitos serviços de saúde, sendo valorizada somente em espaços restritos, mais comumente se extra-hospitalares. Em grande parte, os constrangimentos são da ordem do controle e restrição da autonomia dos sujeitos nas instituições de saúde, contrariando as melhores evidências que apóiam o cuidado efetivo centrado na mulher, e valorização do parto como experiência familiar. / Introduction Fathers and husbands attendance to chilbirth is an increasing trend since 1960s. This phenomenon has marked the history of families and Obstetrics in various contexts. Listening to fathers is an important strategy to improve the mother\'s and babies\' health care, as well as to provide better support to the labour companion. Goals To describe and analyze paternal perspective about the reproductive process, getting to know the elements of childbirth prepare, whether there are implications for the outcome of pregnancy, as well as perceptions about the risks and benefits of obstetric care in different care models. Methods Qualitative research conducted through semi-structured interviews in person, via Skype and e-mail, with a self-selected sample from institutional publicity and social media. Data analyzed from pre-determinates categories, and new themes arising from the data set. Results 23 men were included in the study, all were present at childbirth, attending vaginal birth at hospitals, planned home births, cesarean section intrapartum and scheduled cesarean section. Data show that parents have the desire to attend childbirth as an essential part of their reproductive experience, as well as they enjoy subjective benefits for their fatherhood. During childbirth, fathers qualify their presence with elements of protection and companionship. The expectant management model of care is possible only after negotiation with the birth provider, which also depends on the quality of pacient\'s preparation in terms of information on reproductive rights and best practice recommendations. At the hospital, they also describe the different constraints for the strict compliance of brazilian \'Attendance Childbirth Law\', as well as for the experience of birth as a family event. Conclusions Ensure the unrestricted presence of companion during childbirth brings benefits not only to the health of both mother and baby, but also to the subjective experience of men with the reproductive process and fatherhood. However, fathers involvement is still a challenge posed by many health services being valued only in restricted spaces, more commonly outside hospitals. In large part, the constraints are of the order of control and restriction of personal autonomy in health institutions, contrarying best evidence on effective support and women centered care, which values childbirth as a family experience.

Le traitement juridique de la procréation est volontiers présenté, en France et en Allemagne, comme servant à limiter les dérives, à garantir les valeurs fondatrices de la société tout en assurant la protection du corps humain, de la personne et de la dignité humaine. Cet encadrement apparaît comme nécessaire pour lutter contre les abus que la consécration d’une liberté procréative rendrait possibles. Mais est-ce réellement le principe de protection de la vie et de la personne qui constitue le paradigme principal du droit de la procréation ? En prenant notamment pour cadrage théorique les réflexions de Michel Foucault et de Giorgi Agamben sur la biopolitique, il apparaît que ce n’est pas la protection de la vie biologique, zoe, la vie nue, c'est-à-dire le seul fait de vivre, commun à toutes les espèces vivantes, que l’État entend protéger mais seulement certaines de ces formes : la vie bonne - c'est-à-dire la vie bonne, celle qui est axiologiquement et politiquement significative. Les diverses réglementations du champ procréatif - contraception, avortement, procréation médicalement assistée et gestation pour autrui - entendent mettre en œuvre des processus de normalisation de la vie, particulièrement visibles en ce qui concerne la famille et le handicap physique et mental. / How Law addresses procreation is often presented, both in France and Germany, as a way to limit abuses, to guarantee founding values of the society while ensuring at the same time the protection of the human body, the human person and its personal dignity.This legal framework seems to be necessary to prevent any abuse that may arise from procreative freedoms’ enshrinement.The question is thus the following : Is this principle of protection really constitutive of the main paradigm of reproductive rights ? Is the protection of life and of the human person the base of this paradigm ? Taking Michel Foucault’s and Giorgi Agamben’s work on biopolitic as a theoretical frame, it seems that the State does not intend to protect zoe (biological life), the « bare life », i.e. the simple fact of living, encompassing all living species.It appears that the State aims to only protect some forms of life : the « good » life, i.e. the life which is meaningful both axiologically and politically.Via various regulations on procreation - birth control, abortion, medically-assisted procreation or surrogate motherhood - the State implement processes that lead to normalize the life per se. These processus are especially visible when relate to the family as well as physical or mental disability.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:18:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 16 / Nenhuma / O tema dos direitos reprodutivos, tal como grande parte das demandas da atualidade, reveste-se de complexidade, seja por sua ligação com a biociência e tecnologia com sua dinâmica peculiar e seus ambíguos efeitos , seja por ter sua origem ligada às demandas feministas o que lhe predispõe a interpretações parciais e ou “partidárias”. A presente dissertação propõe-se, assim, a enfrentar o tema dos direitos reprodutivos levando em conta a complexidade que lhe é inerente, e que se manifesta de maneira explícita no exemplo adotado, do projeto monoparental feminino no qual a mulher solteira, utilizando-se de técnica de inseminação artificial com sêmen de doador, pretende formar uma família monoparental, composta apenas por mãe e filho, sem o estabelecimento de vínculo afetivo ou sexual com um homem. Na busca das repercussões éticas e jurídicas que emanariam do projeto monoparental feminino, a pesquisa parte de duas análises centrais: uma bioética, no primeiro capítulo, com o estudo dos modelos principialista e / The subject concerning reproductive rights, as most of the demands nowadays, is very complex, not only because of its links with biosciences and biotechnology with its particular dynamics and ambiguous effects , but also because of its origins in feminism which makes it very likely to partial and/or partidary interpretations. Therefore, the present dissertation intends to face the issue of reproductive rights taking into consideration its inherent complexity, which is very clear in the chosen example of the single woman project of parenthood in which a single woman, addopting the use of artificial insemination with a donor’s semen, has the intention to form a family composed only by a mother and a child, without establishing affective or sexual bonds with a man. Searching the ethical and juridical consequences that would arise from the single woman project of parenthood, this research starts from two main analysis: a bioethical one, in the first chapter, with emphasis in the principalist and personalist m

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-29T14:16:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ademar Sales Macaubas.pdf: 2396066 bytes, checksum: f561c58bea5a00cd82f68b9eb454a146 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-06-10 / Fundação Ford / The objective of this work is to identify and analyze the repercussions and meanings of the female sterilization in the life trajectory of the women and their husbands/partners attended by the Family Planning Service-SPF of the Policlínica Dr. Henrique de Aquino CPA I, in Cuiabá (MT). The main strategy of the investigation was the analysis centered in the decision process for the surgery of tubal ligature, among the set of contraceptives currently made available for men and women. With the execution of a exploratory examination, of quali-quantitative nature, on the social conditions and the motivation for seeking the SPF, of a group of 130 women, between the years 2006 and 2008, we started from the basic point that it is the woman who takes the initiative of seeking the intervention and, for the most part, assumes the burden of the decision, besides the risk of the surgical process in her own body. The listening to these women was privileged among the set of procedures of data collecting, through the use of qualitative techniques, specially the oral history resources. Focusing the interview on the moment of decision, significant and correlated situations were approached: infancy, teenage; work and income; maternity; sexuality and conjugality; knowledge, attributed meanings and use of contraceptives methods; main changes perceived after the surgical procedure; besides, specially, of the description and meaning attributed to what determined it, impacts and consequences of the sterilization. Men were also heard, as co actors in the reproductive process, standing out the importance of their comprehension of the option for the vasectomy as a method. As for the results, are outstanding: the diversified consequences on the sexual activity and self image of their performance, from living with more liberty and better enjoyment of the pleasure to the decrease and disappearance of the sexual desire; clear misinformation about the STDs/Aids and the need and possibility of safe sex; the strong desire to be a mother, of personal and cultural basis, also among the efficient factors of taming of the bodies, delaying sterilization, even in limit situations of risks; the recognized importance of the SPF, with a negative evaluation of the attendance, in terms of confidence and tranquility in the processing of the demands and the carrying out of the surgical intervention; difficulties pointed out between the comprehension of the legislation and the singular demands. Thus, the conclusions are towards that, even if the knowledge, by the studied population, can be characterized as of low control and mistakes of interpretation, the decision to make the ligature is, for the most part, connected to a conscious and coherent life project with the exit from the minimum level of survival and of the accomplishing of impossible aspirations, at least in the short term horizon of work pay and of the structures of social protection. Therefore, the objective is to significantly change the trajectories of the women, children and husbands/partners lives, with the overcoming of many obstacles / O trabalho tem como objetivo identificar e analisar as repercussões e significados da esterilização feminina na trajetória de vida das mulheres e de seus maridos/companheiros atendidos pelo Serviço de Planejamento Familiar-SPF da Policlínica Dr. Henrique de Aquino CPA I, em Cuiabá (MT). A principal estratégia de investigação foi a análise centralizada no processo de decisão pela cirurgia de laqueadura tubária, dentre o conjunto de recursos contraceptivos atualmente disponibilizados para homens e mulheres. Com a realização de um estudo exploratório, de natureza quali-quantitativa, sobre as condições sociais e a motivação para a procura do SPF, de um grupo de 130 mulheres, entre os anos de 2006 a 2008, partiu-se do dado básico de que é a mulher que toma a iniciativa da busca da intervenção e, em grande parte, assume o ônus da decisão, além do risco do processo cirúrgico em seu próprio corpo. A escuta dessas mulheres foi privilegiada no conjunto dos procedimentos de coleta de informações, mediante a utilização de técnicas qualitativas, especialmente dos recursos da história oral. Focalizando a entrevista no momento da decisão, foram abordadas situações a ele correlatas e significativas: infância e adolescência; trabalho e renda; maternidade; sexualidade e conjugalidade; conhecimento, significados atribuídos e uso dos métodos contraceptivos; principais mudanças percebidas depois do procedimento cirúrgico; além, especialmente, da descrição e da significação atribuídas aos determinantes, impactos e consequências da esterilização. Os homens foram também assim ouvidos, como coadjuvantes do processo reprodutivo, destacando-se a importância de sua compreensão sobre a opção da vasectomia como método. Quanto aos resultados, destacamse: as consequências diversificadas sobre a atividade sexual e a autoimagem em seu desempenho, desde a vivência com maior liberdade e melhor usufruto do prazer até a diminuição e desaparecimento do desejo sexual; nítida desinformação a respeito das DSTs/Aids e da necessidade e possibilidade de sexo seguro; o forte desejo de ser mãe, de bases pessoais e culturais, também entre os fatores eficientes de docilização dos corpos, retardando a esterilização, mesmo em situações-limite de riscos; a reconhecida importância do SPF, acompanhada de uma avaliação negativa quanto ao atendimento, em termos de confiança e tranquilidade no processamento das demandas e realização da intervenção cirúrgica; dificuldades apontadas entre a compreensão da legislação vigente e as demandas singulares. Enfim, as conclusões vão no sentido de que, mesmo que o conhecimento, pela população estudada, dos contraceptivos se caracterize por baixo domínio e equívocos de interpretação, a decisão de fazer a laqueadura está, em grande parte, articulada a um projeto de vida consciente e coerente com a saída do nível mínimo de sobrevivência e da realização de aspirações impossíveis, ao menos no horizonte da remuneração do trabalho e das estruturas de proteção social de curto prazo. O objetivo, portanto, está em mudar significativamente as trajetórias de vida das mulheres, filhos e maridos/companheiros, a partir da superação de muitos obstáculos

[pt] A tese investiga o ativismo em prol da humanização do parto na cena contem-porânea, analisando as ações e as narrativas relativas ao parto humanizado e ao corpo junto aos sujeitos políticos da Rede Parto do Princípio (PP), que agenciam práticas e modos de existência no âmbito desse ativismo. O coletivo em questão tem no ambien-te sócio comunicacional digital da internet seu principal locus de composição, discussão e deliberação. Locus que escapa de frágeis antinomias como real versus virtual, tal espaço abre-se como um potencial ambiente comunicacional onde um comum é possível para o compartilhamento de experiências entre mulheres que ativam outros modos possíveis de pensar os direitos reprodutivos e sexuais. Leva-se em conta questões teóricas que atravessam a comunicação nas últimas décadas tais como: sociedade em rede e as novas modalidades de ação coletiva e de ativismo. São expostos tensões, dissensos e controvérsias comunicacionais em torno de uma problemática: o que dizem tais mulheres, quando falam parto humanizado? E quando falam meu corpo, minhas regras? Procura-se entender: 1. os processos comunicacionais que agenciam a construção de pautas e discussões; 2. as articulações entre experiências pessoais de assistência à gravidez e parto e o ativismo; 3. as formas de ação, engajamento e tomadas de decisões; 4. as negociações de sentidos e pertinências entre humanização do parto e direitos sexuais e reprodutivos; 5. as controvérsias entre direitos à saúde reprodutiva e sexual e as demandas do crescente mercado da humanização do parto e do nascimento. Metodologicamente, recorremos a uma etnografia virtual, com participação ativa da pesquisadora nos diversos ambientes da Rede Parto do Princípio e com a produção de entrevistas diretas e posterior análise de conteúdo, além de um estudo crítico sobre os documentos produzidos. Desse compósito, a pesquisa estipulou cinco categorias de análise: ação cívica; mercado/consumo; compartilhamento de experiências; gestão em rede; motivações/pautas. / [en] The dissertation investigates the activism in favor of the humanization of birth in the contemporary scene, analyzing the actions and narratives related to humanized birth and the body along with the political subjects of Rede Parto do Princípio (PP), who assemble practices and modes of existences within the scope of this activism. The investigated collective has in the socio-communicational digital environment of Internet its main locus of composition, discussion and deliberation. Locus that escapes from fragile antinomies as real versus virtual, such a space opens up as a potential communicational environment where a common is possible for sharing experiences among women that activate other possible ways of thinking about reproductive and sexual rights. It takes into account theoretical issues that cross communication in the last decades such as: network society and the new modalities of collective action and activism. We expose tensions, dissensions and communicational controversies around an issue: what do such women say when they speak of humanized childbirth? And when they say my body, my rules? We try to understand: 1. the communicational processes that assemble the construction of political repertory and discussions; 2. the articulations between personal experiences of assistance to pregnancy and childbirth and activism; 3. forms of action, engagement and decision-making; 4. the negotiations of meanings and pertinences between the humanization of childbirth and sexual and reproductive rights; 5. the controversies between rights to reproductive and sexual health and the demands of the growing market of the humanization of childbirth. Methodologically, we carried out a virtual ethnography, with active participation of the researcher in the different environments of Rede Parto do Princípio and with the production of direct interviews and later analysis of content, as well as a critical study on the documents produced. From this composite, the research stipulated five categories of analysis: civic action; market / consumption; sharing of experiences; network management; motivations / guidelines.

No Brasil, a saúde, como direito do cidadão e dever do Estado, é garantida pela constituição de 1998. Em 1983 foi criado o PAISM, propondo a perspectiva de atendimento integral à saúde da mulher, com o objetivo de considerar, no âmbito da saúde, também o entorno social, emo cional e psicológico da mulher, bem co mo as questões relacionadas à contra cepção. No entanto, sua implantação ainda não se realizou efetivamente até o momento atual, o que pode ser observa do pela alta prevalência de gestações indesejadas, dificuldade de acesso a informações sobre planejamento familiar, predomínio da esterilização cirúrgica feminina como método contraceptivo e da cesárea como via de parto, aspectos que ferem os direitos sexuais e reprodu tivos das mulheres. Um novo contexto tem se desenhado a partir da implanta ção da Lei 9 263, que regulamenta o planejamento familiar, e pela qual a este rilização cirúrgica é aprovada e passa a ser ofertada pelo sistema público de saúde, o que,por sua vez, permite a desvinculação da esterilização com o parto. O presente estudo tem por objeti vo conhecer as características das mu lheres que se esterilizaram pelo SUS, em Ribeirão Preto, entre 2000 e 2004, segun do o tipo de parto, cesárea e parto vagi nal. A amostra foi composta por 235 mulheres esterilizadas nos primeiros cinco anos de oferta da esterilização cirúrgica (2000-2004). Os dados foram coletados através de entrevistas domici liares, utilizando-se questionário estrutu rado. Os resultados demonstraram que a maioria das mulheres esterilizadas era branca, casada, com escolaridade até o ensino fundamental e pertencia à catego ria socioeconômica C e D. A maioria foi esterilizada entre 30 e 39 anos de ida de, com média de 33,3 e mediana de 33 anos, 52,3% faziam uso da pílula como método contraceptivo antes da esteriliza ção. Elas têm, em média, 3,2 filhos e 51,7% teve o primeiro filho entre 13 e 19 anos de idade. Este estudo indicou que as mulheres esterilizadas, em sua maioria, têm mais filhos, começaram a ter filhos mais cedo, usaram mais contra ceptivos enquanto esperavam pela cirurgia e se esterilizaram mais tarde quando comparadas aos resultados de outros estudos. Em relação ao tipo de parto, 71,2% dos partos ao longo da trajetória reprodutiva dessas mulheres foram vaginais, enquanto 28,8% cesáre as, o que aponta para o importante aspecto da desvinculação da esteriliza ção com a cesárea, como objetiva a Lei, e que essas mulheres que tiveram, em sua maioria, partos vaginais, estão tendo melhor acesso à esterilização. / The Brazilian Constitution of 1998 guarantees that health is a citizen right and a duty of the State. The PAISM (Women Health Comprehensive Program) was created emphasizing a comprehensive approach aiming to consi der the social, emotional and psychologi cal issues as part of health condition as well as contraception. However its imple mentation has not been completed up to now. This can be observed by the high prevalence of unwanted pregnancies, difficult access to family planning information, predominance of female surgical sterilization as a contraceptive method and the cesarean section. All these aspects are obstacles to sexual and reproductive rights. Since the implementation of the Federal Legal Act 9263 which regulates Family Planning Provision and approves surgical steriliza tion offering it in the public health system it is possible a disconnection between birth delivery and the surgical procedu re of sterilization. The objective of this study is to know the characteristics of women sterilized by SUS (Unified Health System) in Ribeirão Preto, betwen 2000 and 2004, according to the type of delive ry, cesarean or vaginal. The sample in cludes 235 sterilized women during the first five years of the surgical sterilizati on provision (2000-2004) Data was col lected through household interviews using a structured questionnaire. The results showed that the most sterilized women were white, married, with 8 years of schooling or less and belonged to socioeconomic category C or D. They were sterilized between 30 and 39 years old, with the average of 33.3 years old and median age of 33, 52.3% were using oral contraceptives before sterilization. They were found to have an average of 3,2 children and 51.7% had the first child between 13 and 19 years old. This study indicated that steri lized women had more children, started giving birth earlier and used contracepti ves while they waited for the surgery, and were sterilized later when compa red to the results of other studies. As to delivery types, 71,2% of deliveries along the reproductive history of these women were vaginal while 28% were cesarean what points out the important aspect of the disconnection between sterilization and the cesarean, as deter mined by law, and that these women who had mostly vaginal deliveries are having a better access to sterilization.

Healthy Women, Healthy Families is a survey collection and story sharing project spearheaded by NARAL Pro Choice Texas. The reproductive justice based project asks survey respondents to rate how urgently their community needs a variety of health care services. While all Texas women are invited to participate, special attention was paid to targeting low income and minority women. In this report, I analyze the survey data and make both policy and internal recommendations for NPCT. Overall the survey results show that while all of the services in question are needed by women in Texas, there are differences in the strength of this need based on race and income. General health care services were most valued by all demographics, but NARAL’s priority services were valued most by upper class white women, while low income and minority women were more likely to support services aimed at specific populations (non-English speakers, women in prison, undocumented immigrants, those without transportation, etc.). Based on these survey results, I recommend that NARAL conduct follow up surveys as a way of illuminating some still unanswered questions. In addition, I recommend that NARAL reach out to coalition partners who advocate for the most needed services, expand outreach into low income and minority communities, and use outreach and messaging to try and frame NARAL’s services in a larger, more general health care context. / text