Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T16:44:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PGPV13MA127.pdf: 511615 bytes, checksum: 8ea8d8706c74bcaf1ec6542c4f4ef048 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-07-25 / The lack of incentive to production, small crop area and low grain yield are the main factors to annual deficit in Brazilian wheat production. The production can be increased by the area and/or grain yield. The use of nitrogen in wheat can to increase grain yield, but the N excess associated to the weather (rain and wind) can lead the occurrence of lodging and negatively affect the yield and grain quality. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen application during the grain filling, associated with the use of plant growth retardants on the characteristics of plant height, yield and industrial quality of wheat cultivar Mirante. The experiment was carried out under field conditions in the experimental area of the Santa Catarina State University - UDESC in Lages SC, in the 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. The experimental design was a randomized block with four replications. For plant height and yield were used two times of application of nitrogen (at vegetative and vegetative plus reproductive stages) associated with six- growth retardants. For industrial quality evaluations the nitrogen topdressing was used in two application times (at vegetative and vegetative plus reproductive stages) associated with etil-trinexapac retardant. In both experiments the retardants were applied in two doses (stages 31 and 32 first and second visible nodes in the main stem of the plant) plus the control. Treatments were: control (no retardant), mepiquat chloride (25 g a.i. ha-¹), chlorocoline chloride (25 g a.i. ha-¹), chlormequat chloride (25 g a.i. ha-¹), etil-trinexapac (100 g a.i. ha-¹), proexadione-Ca (110 g a.i. ha-¹) and ethephon (110 g a.i. ha-¹), which were applied by sprayer pressurized with CO2 at a rate equivalent to 200 L ha-¹. The use of growth retardant lead to shortest plant height, and the etil-trinexapac and proexadione-Ca were provided to lowest plant height. The use growth retardant plus nitrogen fertilization in the reproductive stage did not affect grain yield. The use of etil-trinexapac positively affected the tenacity, extensibility, extensibility and toughness over falling number. Applying N at reproductive stage of wheat led to an increase in sedimentation, extensibility, protein content, wet gluten, dry gluten and gluten strength in improving the industrial quality of wheat; however the magnitude of the response was dependent manner of the environmental conditions in each crop year / A falta de incentivo à produção, a pequena área cultivada e os baixos tetos produtivos são fatores que contribuem para o déficit anual na produção brasileira de trigo. O aumento da produção pode ser por aumento da área e/ou da produtividade de grãos. O uso de nitrogênio na cultura do trigo visa o aumento da produtividade, porém o excesso deste nutriente aliado ao clima (chuva e vento) pode favorecer a ocorrência de acamamento e diminuir o rendimento e a qualidade final dos grãos. Desta forma, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura durante o estádio vegetativo e reprodutivo, associado ao uso prévio de redutores de crescimento sobre as características de altura de planta, produtividade e qualidade industrial do trigo, cultivar Mirante. O experimento foi conduzido em campo, na área experimental da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina - UDESC, em Lages SC, nos anos agrícolas 2011 e 2012. O delineamento experimental empregado foi o de blocos ao acaso, com quatro repetições. Para altura de plantas e produtividade foram utilizados dois diferentes momentos de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura (estádio vegetativo) e (estádio vegetativo+reprodutivo) associado ao uso prévio de seis redutores de crescimento. Para a qualidade industrial foi utilizado o nitrogênio em dois diferentes momentos de aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura (estádio vegetativo) e (estádio vegetativo+reprodutivo) associado ao uso prévio do redutor de crescimento etil-trinexapac. Em ambos os experimento os redutores foram aplicados em duas doses (estádios 31 e 32 primeiro e segundo nós visíveis no colmo da planta) mais a testemunha. Os redutores utilizados foram: testemunha (sem redutor), cloreto de mepiquate (25 g i.a. ha-¹), cloreto de clormequate (25 g i.a. ha-¹), cloreto de clorocolina (25 g i.a. ha-¹), etil-trinexapac (100 g i.a. ha-¹), proexadione-Ca (110 g i.a. ha-¹) e o etefom (110 g i.a. ha-¹); os quais foram aplicados via pulverizador costal pressurizado com CO2, com uma vazão equivalente a 200 L ha-¹. O emprego dos redutores de crescimento reduziu a altura das plantas, sendo que o etil-trinexapac e o proexadione-Ca foram os que proporcionaram plantas de menor altura. O uso dos redutores de crescimento e da adubação nitrogenada no estádio vegetativo+reprodutivo não afetou o rendimento de grãos. O emprego do etil-trinexapac afetou positivamente a tenacidade, extensibilidade, relação tenacidade/extensibilidade e o número de queda. A aplicação de N na fase reprodutiva do trigo propiciou um aumento na extensibilidade, teor de proteína, glúten úmido, glúten seco e na força do glúten melhorando a qualidade industrial do trigo, entretanto a magnitude da resposta foi dependente do ano agrícola

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-08T17:19:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Samoel Schwaab.pdf: 4150224 bytes, checksum: b93ca1d3f7705404e7be4d35e1525060 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / The use of retardant plasticizer additive in concrete has been used in last years. This work investigates the effect of the incorporation of retardant plasticizer additive on concrete mixtures on the mechanical and microstructural properties of mixtures of construction concrete. To better understand the effects and a more detailed analysis of the results, the investigation was performed using a fractional factorial design 33-1 for planning and analyzing of experiments. Three factors were selected for the project, and for each factor three levels: the content of the additive relative to the cement weight (0.60, 0.80 and 1.00 wt. % by weight), water-cement ratio (W/C ratio of 0.6, 0.7 and 0.8 by weight) and aggregate-cement (A/C of 5.8, 6.3 and 6.8 by weight). Properties in the fresh state (slump and setting time) and hardened (7-day and 28-day compressive strength) were evaluated. Mixtures were selected for the physical-chemical and microstructural characterization, using X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopic. The statistics analysis showed that the retardant plasticizer additive affects the workability and setting time of concrete mixtures. However, it does not influence the compressive strength after 28 days. The microstructural characterization revealed ordinary morphologies in concrete, such as, amorphous and crystalline phases, the interfacial transition zone and porosity. The additive did not changethe behavior related to the phase formation, however, it affected changed the morphological characteristics of portlandite, related to its decomposition temperature, this explains the effects on setting time. / O uso de aditivos plastificantes retardadores em concretos tem sido muito utilizado nos últimos anos. Este trabalho investiga o efeito da incorporação de aditivo plastificante retardador de pega nas propriedades mecânicas e micro estruturais de misturas de concretos para construção. Para uma melhor compreensão dos efeitos e uma análise mais detalhada dos resultados, a investigação foi realizada utilizando um projeto fatorial fracionado 33-1 para o planejamento e análise dos experimentos. Foram selecionados três fatores para o projeto, e para cada fator três níveis: teor do aditivo em relação à massa de cimento (0,6, 0,8 e 1 %, em massa), relações água-cimento (W/C, de 0,6, 0,7 e 0,8 em massa) e agregado-cimento (A/C, de 5,8, 6,3 e 6,8 em massa). Propriedades no estado fresco (abatimento e tempo de pega) e no endurecido (resistência à compressão aos 7 e 28 dias de cura) foram avaliadas. Misturas foram selecionadas para a caracterização físico-química e micro estrutural, por meio de técnicas de difratometria de raios X, analise térmica diferencial e termogravimétrica, espectroscopia de infravermelho e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. As análises estatísticas mostraram que o aditivo retardador afeta o abatimento e o tempo de pega das misturas de concreto. Porém, praticamente não influencia a resistência à compressão após 28 dias de cura. A caracterização micro estrutural revelou morfologias comuns em concretos, tais como, fases amorfas e cristalinas, a zona de transição interfacial e porosidade. O aditivo não apresentou mudanças na formação das fases finais do concreto, entretanto afetou as características morfológicas da portlandita, quanto à sua temperatura de decomposição, o que explica o efeito do mesmo no tempo de pega.

La durabilité des matériaux employés en génie civil est remise en question par le vieillissement physico-chimique de ces matériaux pouvant engendrer des dégradations significatives qui peuvent mettre en péril la stabilité des structures du génie civil. Pour pallier à certains inconvénients des bétons hydrauliques, l'utilisation des matériaux composites à l'instar des bétons de résine, qui possèdent des qualités remarquables par rapport aux matériaux de construction conventionnels, s'avère très intéressant.À l'heure actuelle, les freins majeurs quant aux développements des bétons résines sont d'une part le coût de la résine dont le taux varie, selon l'application industrielle, de 5% à 25% et d'autre part leurs comportements aux températures élevées et au feu puisque les liants dans ces bétons sont des substances organiques qui résistent beaucoup moins à la chaleur que les matières inorganiques. L'objectif de l'étude est de favoriser le développement des bétons résines par la diminution du taux de la résine en optimisant les constituants du béton et l'amélioration de leurs ténues aux températures élevées par l'ajout des additions tout en assurant des performances mécaniques raisonnables. L'optimisation de la formulation du béton est menée sur deux étapes ; la première vise à optimiser le squelette granulaire (sable 0/4 et Gravier 4/10, silico-calcaires) expérimentalement en confrontant les résultats à ceux issus du modèle d'empilement compressible. La deuxième étape vise à optimiser la fraction massique du liant époxydique (6%, 9%, 13% et 16%) sur la base des essais de caractérisation mécaniques et physiques. Le deuxième objectif de l'étude a était menée par l'ajout des ignifugeants appartenant à deux familles différentes c'est-à-dire les hydroxydes de métal et les produits phosphorés inorganiques. Les propriétés physiques, thermiques et mécaniques des bétons additionnées et témoins, avant et après exposition à un cycle de chauffage-refroidissement de la température ambiante à une température de consigne de 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 225°C et 250 °C avec une vitesse de montée fixée à 0.5°C/min, ont été évaluées par les techniques de caractérisation usuelles en plus des essais d'analyses chimiques et thermiques.Cette étude aboutit à la formulation d'un béton optimal en terme de composition et à évaluer l'effet de l'addition des ignifugeants surtout sur les propriétés thermiques et mécaniques.Mots clés : béton de résine, optimisation, température élevée, ignifugeants, propriétés mécaniques, propriétés physiques, propriétés thermiques. / The material used in civil engineering applications must be re-evaluated because of their physicochemical ageing which can generate significant damages and hence put the stability of civil engineering structures in danger.The replacement of the hydraulic concrete by composite materials as the polymer concrete which offer higher properties compared to conventional construction materials seems to be very interesting. At the present time, the major restrain for the development of polymer concrete are on one hand the cost of the polymer whose ratio varies according to the industrial applications between 5% and 25%, and on the other hand their behaviour when exposed to high temperatures or fire since the resin acting as binder in these polymer concretes are organic substances which are more sensitive to heat than the inorganic matters as cement.The aim of this study was to help the development of polymer concrete by optimizing the formulation and improving their behaviour when exposed the high temperatures by incorporating additions while keeping acceptable mechanical performances.The optimisation of the formulation is done in two steps; the first step consists of optimising the aggregates content (Natural River sands 0/4 mm and crushed gravels 4/10 mm). Experimental results are compared to those given by means Compressible Packing Model. The second step consists of optimizing the amount of polymer (6%, 9%, 13% et 16%) based on mechanical and physical tests.The second aim of this work was fulfilled by the incorporation of two flame retardants belonging to metal hydroxide and phosphorous components types. Physical, thermal and mechanical properties of concretes with or without flame retardant, before and after heating-cooling cycle from ambient temperature to exposure temperature of 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 225°C et 250 °C with a rate of 0.5°C/min, are evaluated by common characterisation tests besides chemical and thermal ones. This study has leading to obtaining an optimum polymer concrete and evaluates the effect of flame retardant particularly on the thermal and mechanical properties.Keywords: polymer concrete, optimization, high temperatures, flame retardant, mechanical properties, physical properties, thermal properties.

Flamskyddsmedel i textila material används för att förhindra eller fördröja brand. Lagar och standarder ställer krav på att textila varor i offentliga miljöer har ett flamskydd. Flamskyddade textilier används också av de yrkesgrupper som utsätts för brandrisk på arbetsplatsen. Användningen av flamskydd har ökat sedan 1970-talet. På 1980-talet började hälso- och miljöriskerna med användningen av dessa att uppmärksammas. Detta har lett till reglering för användning av de flamskydd som innehåller klor och brom. Utveckling av halogenfria flamskyddsmedel som hälso- och miljövänliga alternativ pågår. Även möjligheten att integrera flamskyddsmedlet i textilfibern ses som ett hälso- och miljövänligt alternativ. Integrering av ett inherent flamskydd sker antingen i form av sampolymerisation med den textila polymeren eller vid extrudering av garnet. Inherent flamskydd i textila material marknadsförs som hälso- och miljövänliga då det inte avges från det textila materialet vid tvätt och slitage. Dessa aspekter innefattar endast den del av det textila materialets livslängd som innebär användning av textilen. Information om påverkan på hälsa och miljö vid produktion och bortförskaffande av ett inherent flamskyddade textilier är bristfällig. Resultatet visar att ämnen och föreningar som ger det textila materialet ett inherent flamskydd kan vid dessa steg i materialets livscykel orsaka skada på både människa och natur. Vid framställning och hantering av dessa ämnen kan en felaktig sådan leda till utsläpp. Dessa utsläpp kan orsaka luftföroreningar och försurning i mark och vatten. Vid bortförskaffande av inherent flamskyddade textilier är deponi vanligt vilket i sin tur leder till förbränning av avfallet. Vid förbränning avges deponigaser som är toxiska för hälsa och miljö. / Flame retardants in textile material is used to prevent or delay fire. Laws and standards require that textile goods used in public environments are flame protected. Flame retardant textiles are also used by the occupational groups exposed to the risk of fire in the workplace. The use of flame retardants has increased since the 1970s. In the 1980s, the health and environmental risks associated with their use began to receive attention. This had led to regulations for the use of flame retardants containing chlorine and bromine. The development of halogen-free flame retardants as health and environmentally friendly alternatives is ongoing. The possibility of integrating the flame retardant into the textile fiber is also seen as a health and environmentally friendly alternative. Integration of an inherent flame retardant can be done either during copolymerization of the textile polymer or by adding an additive by the extrusion of the yarn. Inherent flame retardants in textile materials are marketed as health and environmentally friendly as they’re not emitted from the textile material during wash and wear. These aspects include only the part of the lifespan of the textile material that involves the use of the textile. Information of the impact on health and environment during the production and disposal stage of an inherently flame-retardant textile is insufficient. The results show that substances and compounds giving the textile material an inherent flame protection can at these stages in the material life cycle cause damage to both humans and nature. An incorrect handling in the production phase of these substances can lead to emissions. These emissions can cause air pollution and acidification in soil and water. Landfill is common at disposing of inherently flame-retardant textiles which later leads to combustion of the materials. During combustion toxic landfill gases are released into the environment.

Polypropylene (PP) has excellent mechanical and chemical properties. Thus, it is used in a wide range of applications. However, like for most polymers, the high flammability of PP limits its application in various fields requiring specific flame-retardant standards. Some of halogenated flame retardants are restricted by European Community directives ROHs, WEEE and REACH. Now metallic hydroxides flame retardants are widely used in industry, but the high loading (about 60 wt %) seriously destroys the mechanical properties of polymeric materials. To improve the performance of flame retardant polymers, an environment-friendly electron beam (EB) technology has been successfully used in modifying flame retardant and polymer matrix. In this work, high efficient functional intumescent flame retardants and functional surfactant are designed and prepared for EB technology. In-depth studies the thermal stability, fire behavior and mechanical properties of these flame retardant PP composites have been studied. The possible graft-linking and cross-linking mechanisms of such EB modified composites can be well established. Specially, it is shown that the novel surfactant has better thermal stability in comparison to traditionally used modifiers. Another part of this work deals with the exploration of novel allylamine polyphosphate (AAPP) as flame retardant crosslinker for PP by electron beam (EB) treatment. Multifunctional AAPP showed unique efficient intumescent flame retardant properties. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and the effective melt drop resistance in UL-94 test of multifunctional flame retardant PP composites is greatly enhanced. In the cone calorimeter test, a reduction of peak heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production is achieved. Moreover, EB treatment increased the thermal stability of these designed flame retardant PP composites. Furthermore, AAPP provided an excellent quality of char residue in the combustion stage due to P−N−C and P−O−C structure. In addition, synergistic mechanism of AAPP with montmorillonite (MMT) was explored. Finally, different EB parameters have been used to modify fire retardant polymer nanocomposites. The effects of EB treatment on thermal stability, fire behavior and mechanical properties of fire retardant PP nanocomposites have been discussed. The heat release, the production of toxic gases and the mass loss of EB modified fire retardant PP nanocomposites are delayed in accordance to the result of cone calorimeter test. Based on these results high performance fire retardant polymer nanocomposites can be developed for industrial applications such as insulated material of wire, cable, etc.

The current Swedish building code (Boverkets Byggregler, BBR) is very strict regarding fire-safety in high-rise timber structures because of the heightened risk of fast flame spread or structural failure in case of fire. Fire safety solutions, that are used in timber structures must therefore be optimal to contain flames from spreading in the event of fire. The current building code requires that load-bearing elements must withhold their load-bearing capacity for 60 minutes under fire. The purpose of this study was to research the effect that different fire-retardant surface treatments, have on fire protection of a load bearing, laminated timber element. Thereafter, a short analysis was made on the environmental impact of the fire-retardant surface-treatments in question and finally, a cost analysis and comparison were conducted with regard to different fire-safety solutions such as fire-resistant gypsum board and a combination of fire-resistant gypsum board and stone-wool. The methods used in this study are a combination of theoretical reviews and theoretical calculations. A theoretical review was conducted in order to collect the information needed to understand the behavior of timber under fire, the impact of fire-resistant surface treatments on fire protection, and the environmental impact of the actual surface treatments. Therefore, a series of theoretical calculations were made in accordance with European standards (Eurocodes) in order to present the impact in numbers. The calculations made were concerning a laminated timber beam with the dimensions of 145 x 450 x 6000 [mm] and took into account the remaining cross-section of the timber element under various timestamps during fire with regard to fire-stage, charring-rate, and fire coating. The results of this study indicate that the moment-capacity and shear-capacity of an untreated beam decrease constantly under fire and does not fulfill the requirements of the Swedish building code. Thereafter, in case that the same timber beam is fire-treated with a fire-retardant surface treatment. The moment-capacity is observed to increase in the first stage of fire, were the fire-protection of the surface-retardant treatment is still in action. Therefore, after fire-protection ceases, the moment-capacity of the timber beam is calculated to decrease in different rates with regard to fire-stage. The shear capacity of the treated beam is calculated to decrease under fire with a time-displacement of 30 & 60 minutes in comparison to the untreated element. The conclusions are that the studied surface treated timber beam and the actual fire treatments fulfill the requirements of the Swedish building code. Have insignificant environmental impact and are in comparison to other solutions cheaper.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第23183号 / 工博第4827号 / 新制||工||1754(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院工学研究科都市環境工学専攻 / (主査)教授 酒井 伸一, 教授 田中 宏明, 准教授 平井 康宏 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

E PVC est l'un des polymères les plus employés dans les matériaux actuels et l'adjonction de plastifiants permet de modifier ses propriétés (température de transition vitreuse, module…) permettant ainsi l'utilisation de ce polymères dans des applications où de la souplesse est requise (textiles enduits, par exemple). Actuellement, les phtalates sont les plastifiants les plus utilisés même s'ils sont de plus en plus décriés du fait de leur toxicité. Le développement de nouveaux agents plastifiants est un domaine de recherches intenses et les matières premières bio-sourcées s'avèrent être une alternative intéressante aux plastifiants pétro-sourcés. Le travail de cette thèse se propose d'investiguer le développement de plastifiants du PVC bio-sourcés de type lipidique possédant de surcroit des propriétés ignifugeantes évitant ainsi l'ajout d'additifs supplémentaires dans les formulations de PVC devant résister au feu. Dans un premier temps, l'oléate, le linoléate de méthyle et le diacide (D18 : 1) ont été fonctionnalisés par modification chimique de leurs groupements ester et/ou de leurs insaturations pour mener à des dérivés lipidiques phosphorés. Cinq candidats plastifiants bio-sourcés ont ainsi pu être synthétisés et le scale up de la synthèse de l'un des candidats à l'échelle du kilogramme a pu être réalisé dans le cadre de cette thèse. Dans un deuxième temps, des tests de plastification du PVC avec divers candidats ont été réalisés en collaboration avec la société Serge FERRARI. L'étude des propriétés thermiques, mécaniques et thermomécaniques des films de PVC plastifiés obtenus, comparativement au plastifiant phtalate DINP et au plastifiant bio-sourcé commercial RADIA 7295, a permis d'éliminer différents candidats pour n'en finalement retenir que deux. Des profils de dégradation thermique satisfaisants, des basses valeurs de Tg, des allongements à la rupture importants (320 et 365 % respectivement) et proches de ceux obtenus avec le DINP, ont confirmé l'efficacité plastifiante de ces deux composés phosphorés bio-sourcés. Les tests au feu LOI et au cône calorimètre ont également prouvé le caractère ignifugeant de ces deux composés qui conduisent à des résultats du même ordre de grandeur que ceux atteints avec le plastifiant phosphonate commercial de référence S141 / Poly(vinyl chloride) is one of the most manufactured and consumed thermoplastics in the world. The addition of plasticizers allows modifying its properties (glass transition temperature, modulus…) and then to use this polymer for applications where flexibility is needed (coated textiles, for instance). Nowadays, phthalates are the main candidates for PVC even if they have been more and more controversed due to their possible toxicity. To substitute these petro-based plasticizers, researches are focused on alternative plasticizers based on bio-based raw materials. This PhD work proposes to investigate the development of new bio-based plasticizers for PVC, from lipidic derivatives, and having simultaneously flame retardant properties, avoiding the addition of any other additives in PVC during compounding. In the first part, methyl oleate, methyl linoleate and diacid D18 : 1 have been functionalized by modification of their ester groups and/or their doubles bonds to give phosphorylated lipidic derivatives. Thus, five bio-based plasticizers have been synthesized and the synthesis of one candidate on the scale of the kilogram has been successfully performed during this PhD work. Secondly, the plasticizing efficiency of several candidates with PVC has been evaluated in collaboration an industrial company. Thermal, mechanical and thermomechanical properties of the obtained soft PVC films were studied, in comparison with those obtained with the phthalate plasticizer DINP and the commercial bio-based plasticizer RADIA 7295. These analyses allowed the disposal of some of the bio-based plasticizers to finally keep only two candidates. Satisfying thermal degradation profiles, low Tg, and important elongation at break values (320 % and 365 % respectively) close to those obtained with DINP, confirmed the plasticizing efficiency of these two bio-based phosphorylated plasticizers. Fire tests like the LOI test and the cone calorimeter also proved the flame retardant properties of these two candidates, leading to similar results than the ones reached with the phosphonate plasticizer S141

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