影響選民投票抉擇的變數可以分成長期因子與短期因子，長期因子有政黨認同與對於現任政府施政評價等；短期因子則包括對於候選人的評價以及競選期間所發生的事件等。先前的研究指出，當一個選民的長期因子與短期因子出現衝突，則該選民將可能不會投給較偏好的候選人。和這些研究不同的是，本論文從衝突選民的理論假設出發來分析投票參與行為。本論文認為，長期因子與短期因子若出現衝突，會使得選民產生衝突壓力，無法作出判斷，進而降低選民投票的意願。本論文聚焦「政黨認同」以及「對現任政府的回溯性評價」兩個長期因子，以及「對候選人的偏好」做為短期因子總指標，探討長期因子與短期因子發生衝突時對於選民投票參與的影響。本論文根據政黨認同與候選人偏好一致與否，以及回溯性評價與候選人偏好一致與否，將選民做若干分類進行分析。本論文利用「台灣選舉與民主化調查」 2004年、2008年、2012年與2016年總統選舉調查資料進行實證分析，發現當選民的政黨認同與候選人偏好並非一致時，選民的投票意願降低。其次，回溯性投票與候選人偏好的衝突也有相似的效果，對於執政黨的表現滿意與否，若非與候選人偏好一致，選民的投票參與意願也會下降。整體而言，本論文將衝突選民理論拓展到對於投票參與行為的解釋，除了對於投票行為研究具有若干貢獻外，也對於政黨的選舉策略提供一些啟發。 / Many previous studies have tested the conflicted voter hypothesis that voters will be less likely to vote for their preferred candidate when the voters' issue positions are in conflict with their partisanship. Building on these previous works, this thesis tests the conflicted voter hypothesis on electoral participation. I contend that voters are less likely to vote when they are under pressure generated by conflicts between factors. Using Taiwan's Election and Democratization Study (TEDS) surveys for the 2004, 2008, 2012, and 2016 presidential elections in Taiwan, the empirical analysis demonstrates that voters are less likely to vote when their partisanship is not consistent with their preferred candidate's partisanship. Moreover, the analysis also shows that voters tend to not vote when they identify with the opposition party but are satisfied with the incumbent government's performance, and when they identify with the incumbent party but are dissatisfied with the incumbent government's performance. Overall, this paper not only facilitates a better understanding of conflicted voters' behavior, but also provides implications for the campaign strategies of political parties.

This study outlines the strategies that were employed during the training of Grade 11 Physical Sciences teachers in the use and development of an Electronic Performance Support System (EPSS). The EPSS process involves extended individualised support for teachers through face-to-face training. A purposive sample was utilised and 22 Grade 11 Physical Sciences teachers participated in the study. Teachers’ skills and knowledge before and after the EPSS training process were measured on three measures of satisfaction (course material, the EPSS training process and the trainer’s competencies) and three measures regarding the EPSS (using an EPSS, creating a flowchart and designing an EPSS). A customer satisfaction index questionnaire and retrospective opinionnaire were used to collect data from the participants. Microsoft Excel was used to analyse data collected using the customer satisfaction index questionnaire. Furthermore a Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) program was used to analyse data collected using a retrospective opinionnaire. Significant effects were found on all six measures when comparing the skills of teachers before and after attending the EPSS training programme. The results reveal that teachers who participated in the research are satisfied with the use, design and development of an EPSS in education. / Dissertation (MEd)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Science, Mathematics and Technology Education / unrestricted

Objectifs : Pour les parents, vivre le deuil d'un enfant atteint d'un cancer est un cheminement complexe et douloureux dont il est difficile de comprendre tous les enjeux, en particulier ce qui influence la santé psychologique et la qualité de vie à long terme. Les objectifs étaient 1/ de décrire la qualité de vie, la détresse psychologique et les symptômes de deuil de parents endeuillés, 2/ d'explorer l’influence du sexe et du temps écoulé depuis le décès sur les résultats aux tests de santé psychologique, et 3/ d’identifier des prédicteurs de la santé psychologique actuelle des parents. Méthode : Une analyse quantitative rétrospective a été effectuée auprès de 32 mères et 14 pères d'enfants décédés du cancer au CHU Sainte-Justine. Ceux-ci ont rempli un questionnaire en ligne comportant le Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-12), le Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) et l’Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG-19). Résultats : Les symptômes de deuil des parents demeurent très présents, jusqu'à 18 ans après le décès. La majorité (58 %) des parents rapportent un deuil compliqué rétrospectivement. La plupart des mères rapportent des symptômes de deuil importants, ainsi qu’un changement significatif entre la première année après le décès et maintenant comparativement aux pères. Enfin, les prédicteurs de la qualité de vie et de la détresse psychologique nous renseignent sur des modèles de vulnérabilité de la santé psychologique des parents, tel qu’être père, avoir des symptômes élevés de deuil et peu de temps écoulé entre le décès et la complétion du questionnaire. Conclusion : Cette étude permet de nous informer sur les effets du deuil. Les résultats suggèrent qu'un suivi des parents endeuillés est nécessaire, même longtemps après le décès de leur enfant. / Objectives: For parents, grieving the loss of a child from cancer is a complex and painful journey for which we do not understand all the issues, in particular, what influences psychological health and long-term quality of life and more specifically the situation of fathers. This study was conducted with parents two to twenty years after the death of their child. The objectives are 1/ to describe the quality of life, psychological distress, and bereavement symptoms of bereaved parents, 2/ to explore the influence of gender and time since death on psychological health test results, and 3/ to identify predictors of parents' current psychological health. Methods: A retrospective quantitative analysis carried out was conducted with 32 mothers and 14 fathers of children who died of cancer at Sainte-Justine UHC between 2000 and 2016 were recruited and completed a self-reported online questionnaire using Medical Outcomes Study Short Form (SF-12), Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI-18) and Inventory of Complicated Grief (ICG-19). Results: Parents’ symptoms of grief continue to be very present, even up to 18 years after death (58%). Mostly mothers recall very significant symptoms of grief. They report a significant change between the first year after death and now which is less true for fathers. Finally, the predictors of Quality of Life and distress provide us with information on vulnerability patterns: being a father, having high symptoms of grief, and short time elapsed since death. Conclusion: Understanding the differences between fathers’ and mothers’ grief is important for health professionals to better support both bereaved parents efficiently. The results suggest that a follow-up of bereaved parents is needed, even long after the death of their child.

The diploma thesis is focused on the basics of legal awareness of pupils. Its aim is to examine children's conceptions of responsibility and the processes associated with it in pupils at the beginning of the secondary school, to identify gaps and misconceptions with which pupils come to teaching and to propose recommendations for teaching. The theoretical part introduces the concept of responsibility, especially from the point of view of law, the psychological foundations of children's concepts and research devoted to children's concepts in the field of law. The practical part consists of a probe into children's conceptions of responsibility. The probe is implemented on pupils before the transition to the secondary school and on pupils in the 6th grade. The probe is based on two situations, which pupils can meet in their daily lives. The situations take place in two familiar environments - school and park. We focused on these situations in semi-structured interviews, which were then qualitatively evaluated. Based on the probe, it was found that students at the beginning of the 2nd grade understand responsibility, but have difficulty identifying the rules according to which it is attributed and do not understand the relationships and powers of the institutions associated with responsibility. Also...

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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Ecological momentary assessment (EMA) has been asserted by proponents of the technique as being superior to standard paper-and-pencil measurements in terms of the reliability and validity of the information obtained; however, this claim has not yet been fully evaluated in the literature. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to evaluate one aspect of this assertion by comparing the utility of EMA and retrospective measures of depressive symptoms in predicting health-relevant biological and behavioral outcomes. It was hypothesized that (1) the EMA measure will have better predictive utility when examining objective sleep quality (a biological outcome), and that (2) the retrospective measure will have better predictive utility when examining blood donation intention (a behavioral outcome). Ninety-six undergraduate females participated in this 2-week study. Depressive symptoms were measured momentarily and retrospectively using the Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale (CES-D). The biological outcome was assessed by actigraphy, whereas the behavioral outcome was measured via a self-report questionnaire. Unfortunately, it was not possible to fully test these hypotheses due to the failure to observe relationships between the predictor variables and the outcomes. The reported results, although limited, did not provide support for the hypotheses. Supplemental analyses revealed a moderate to high amount of shared variance between the EMA and retrospective measures, a similar extent of random error in both measures, and potentially a greater degree of systematic error in the retrospective measure. Due to the paucity of literature examining the claim of superior reliability and validity of EMA versus retrospective measures, as well as the failure of the current study to evaluate this assertion sufficiently, it appears that this claim remains unfounded. Therefore, suggestions for future research are provided.

As many as one in five children and adolescents may suffer from a mental health disorder, yet there are barriers that often prevent children from receiving optimal treatment. The current study explores the influence of practitioner license type, therapy modality, diagnosis, age, and gender on mental health therapy for children and adolescents. Data was provided by Cigna, a leading health care insurance provider in the United States. Participants include 106,374 boys (53.2%) and 93,753 girls (46.8%) ages 3 to 18 (M = 12.1, SD = 3.9) who were treated in outpatient facilities throughout the United States of America. Results indicate that there are differences in dropout, recidivism, cost, and treatment length by provider license, therapy modality, diagnosis, age, and gender. Specifically, results suggest that marriage and family therapists have the lowest percent recidivism and are among the lowest in terms of dropout and cost effectiveness. The results also suggest that family therapy is more cost effective than individual or mixed therapy and that mixed therapy has a much lower percent dropout than individual or family therapy. Analysis by diagnosis suggests a potential severity scale based on dropout, recidivism, and number of sessions. There are also significant differences in dropout and recidivism by age suggesting that younger children are more likely to dropout of treatment. These results provide valuable information about mental health treatment of children and adolescents. Specifically, utilizing a family based approach may help reduce the total length of treatment while utilizing a mixed mode approach to therapy may help reduce the risk of dropout from treatment. Also, some diagnoses appear to be more difficult to treat, with higher percentages of dropout and requiring more time and money for successful treatment. Limitations and future directions are discussed.

Bakgrund: Trauma är en av de mest bidragande orsakerna till skada och död globalt. För att minska lidande och död hos patienter samt kostnader för samhället krävs en välfungerande traumavård. Tiden på dygnet, kön och ålder kan påverka utfallet för patienter som inkommer till sjukhus efter ett trauma. Eftersom forskningen inte är enig är detta ett område som ytterligare måste undersökas. Syftet med studien var att undersöka skillnader mellan traumapatienter vid en traumaenhet beroende på om patienten inkommer dagtid respektive jourtid, kön och ålder. Metod: Studien är en retrospektiv icke-experimentell tvärsnittsstudie där redan insamlade från en traumakoordinator vid ett sjukhus i norra sjukvårdsregionen analyserats. Studiepopulationen bestod av 115 patienter som blivit inskrivna som trauma nivå 1 eller 2 på akutmottagningen under år 2022. Data har analyserats med T-test och Chi-2 test för att undersöka eventuella skillnader och för att undersöka samband har Pearson’s korrelationstest använts. Signifikansgränsen sattes till P<0,05. Resultat: I denna studie kunde inga signifikanta skillnader identifieras mellan de trauman som inkom på dagtid och på jourtid gällande tid till vård eller allvarlighetsgrad av skadan. Kvinnor hade signifikant kortare tid mellan larm och ankomsttid till sjukhus. Det fanns ingen signifikant skillnad i allvarlighetsgrad beroende på tid på dygnet. Det fanns inte heller någon skillnad i allvarlighetsgrad mellan könen men det fanns ett positivt samband mellan hög ålder och allvarlighetsgrad. Slutsats: Vården vid det valda sjukhuset skiljer sig inte signifikant i traumaomhändertagande på dagtid och jourtid eller mellan könen vilket utifrån studerade variabler kan indikera en jämlik vård. Vidare studier skulle vara av intresse för att med andra variabler och infallsvinklar studera eventuella skillnader. Det finns också ett behov av jämförande analyser mellan sjukhus för att undersöka närmare hur jämlik vård som bedrivs i landet. Kunskapen är av vikt för anestesisjuksköterskan för att bedriva jämlik vård.

This project explores the impact of a mobile website (MWS) designed to enhance knowledge and interest in local history among residents of Eberswalde as a sample for an Eastern German post-communist city. It aims to strengthen the sense of regional identity and attachment, potentially affecting their decision to remain in or leave the region. The MWS features digitised old postcards, new images, audio memories, short films, and text about historical locations preceding communism in East Germany. Building on previous research showing that interest and engagement in local history can raise, i.a., individuals 'place attachment', 'local identity', and 'regional pride', the research's theoretical frame joins Stefaniak et al.'s (2017), Twells et al.'s (2018) and Pearson and Plevyak's (2020) research outcomes. It groups them into six spheres of effects (SoEs) and reorders them into six individual personal growth dimensions (IPGDs). While the SoEs represent a researcher's bird's-eye view, the IPGDs aim to understand individuals from a frog's-eye viewpoint. The MWS was developed using WordPress with the Divi Editor. A local choir of approximately 35 members critically accompanied the development process, from naming the domain to creating and initial testing a prototype for a location page, which then served as a template for subsequent locations. Subsequently, the MWS was evaluated on-site by five participating local individuals who were not part of the initial testing by the choir members and had at least one family member who experienced the region under communist rule. They were observed during this process, and audio notes were taken. Approximately one to two weeks later, each participant was interviewed using a retrospective semi-structured interview exploring their experiences and any possible perceptual changes regarding their local history. The results show that despite the temporal and scope limitations of the project, the short engagement with local history via the MWS has enriched participants' attachment to the city. It shows further that the worth of local history in this process lies in that sites and monuments of local history are perceived as accomplishments of the local community. This perception fosters an emotional connection and a sense of pride in being part of the locality. In contrast, the presence of natural beauty, as exemplified by the surroundings of Eberswalde, elicits appreciation. Even though nature, not being a human achievement, is admired by participants, it does not evoke the same emotional expressions or pride in belonging to the location. Both are essential for establishing a lasting bond and participation in the city's public and social life.

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