Submitted by JOSIANE SANTOS DE OLIVEIRA (josianeso) on 2018-10-03T17:02:52Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Víctor Silva Schroeder_.pdf: 1621111 bytes, checksum: 1bd99e768986a862bc4413e5e1c227e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-03T17:02:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Víctor Silva Schroeder_.pdf: 1621111 bytes, checksum: 1bd99e768986a862bc4413e5e1c227e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-19 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Desde o período colonial, a proteção dos direitos humanos de comunidades indígenas é sistematicamente afetada por violações decorrentes da extração de minério sob o solo da América Latina, uma prática historicamente realizada pelos estados coloniais e cujos principais agentes, contemporaneamente, são as empresas transnacionais. Em razão do crescente aumento do potencial violador destas empresas, discute-se, no âmbito da ONU, a possibilidade de um tratado internacional que vincule diretamente as empresas transnacionais ao cumprimento de regras de direitos humanos internacionalmente reconhecidas. Todavia, no que se refere aos interesses das comunidades indígenas, a possibilidade de adoção de um tratado internacional para empresas e direitos humanos se insere em um campo de disputas. De um lado, os direitos indígenas são protegidos pela Declaração dos Direitos dos Povos Indígenas da ONU (2007) e pela Convenção nº 169 da OIT (1989); de outro, estes direitos são relativizados pela a ausência de mecanismos de responsabilização direta das empresas transnacionais por violações de direitos humanos. Desde a perspectiva decolonial, observa-se que a adoção de um tratado internacional que vincule diretamente as companhias transnacionais a parâmetros de direitos humanos só será emancipatória para os povos indígenas se incorporar as suas reivindicações comunitárias por autodeterminação, em oposição a uma leitura predominantemente liberal acerca dos direitos humanos. Para referida análise, o método de abordagem adotado é tributário da tradição dialética, tendo em vista a contraposição das reivindicações de direitos pelos indígenas com a lógica moderno/colonial. / Since the colonial period, the human rights protection of indigenous communities has been systematically affected by aggressions from the industrial mining activities over the soil of Latin America, historically carried out by colonial states and whose main agents contemporaneously are transnational corporations. In view of the companies increasing potential for violating human rights, the possibility of an international treaty that binds transnational corporations with human rights parameters is being discussed in the UN. Thus, the possibility of adopting an international treaty for companies and human rights is part of a field overgrown by disputes, which resulted in two contradictory positions for the protection of human rights of indigenous communities. On one hand, indigenous people’s rights are protected by the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People (2007) and ILO Convention 169 (1989); on the other, these rights are relativized by the absence of mechanisms about transnational corporations legal accountability. From a decolonial perspective, it is noted that discussions about the adoption of an international treaty will only be emancipatory for indigenous people by incorporating the community demands for self-determination, in opposition to a predominantly liberal reading of human rights. For this analysis, the method of approach adopted is tributary to the dialectical tradition, in view of the contraposition arising from indigenous people’s claims with the western-modern-capitalist logic.

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis analyses the concept of indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination within the international human rights system and explores viable avenues for the fulfilment of indigenous claims to self–determination through the design, implementation and evaluation of development policies. The thesis argues that development policy plays a crucial role in determining the level of enjoyment of self–determination for indigenous peoples. Development policy can offer an avenue to bypass nation states’ political unwillingness to recognize and promote indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination, when adequate principles and criteria are embedded in the whole policy process. The theoretical foundations of the thesis are drawn from two different areas of scholarship: indigenous human rights discourse and development economics. The indigenous human rights discourse provides the articulation of the debate concerning the concept of indigenous self–determination, whereas development economics is the field within which Amartya Sen’s capability approach is adopted as a theoretical framework of thought to explore the interface between indigenous rights and development policy. Foundational concepts of the capability approach will be adopted to construct a normative system and a practical methodological approach to interpret and implement indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination. In brief, the thesis brings together two bodies of knowledge and amalgamates foundational theoretical underpinnings of both to construct a normative and practical framework. At the normative level, the thesis offers a conceptual apparatus that allows us to identify an indigenous capability rights–based normative framework that encapsulates the essence of the principle of indigenous self–determination. At the practical level, the normative framework enables a methodological approach to indigenous development policies that serves as a vehicle for the fulfilment of indigenous aspirations for self–determination. This thesis analyses Australia’s health policy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as an example to explore the application of the proposed normative and practical framework. The assessment of Australia’s health policy for Indigenous Australians against the proposed normative framework and methodological approach to development policy, allows us to identify a significant vacuum: the omission of Aboriginal traditional medicine in national health policy frameworks and, as a result, the devaluing and relative demise of Aboriginal traditional healing practices and traditional healers.

Doctor of Philosophy / This thesis analyses the concept of indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination within the international human rights system and explores viable avenues for the fulfilment of indigenous claims to self–determination through the design, implementation and evaluation of development policies. The thesis argues that development policy plays a crucial role in determining the level of enjoyment of self–determination for indigenous peoples. Development policy can offer an avenue to bypass nation states’ political unwillingness to recognize and promote indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination, when adequate principles and criteria are embedded in the whole policy process. The theoretical foundations of the thesis are drawn from two different areas of scholarship: indigenous human rights discourse and development economics. The indigenous human rights discourse provides the articulation of the debate concerning the concept of indigenous self–determination, whereas development economics is the field within which Amartya Sen’s capability approach is adopted as a theoretical framework of thought to explore the interface between indigenous rights and development policy. Foundational concepts of the capability approach will be adopted to construct a normative system and a practical methodological approach to interpret and implement indigenous peoples’ right to self–determination. In brief, the thesis brings together two bodies of knowledge and amalgamates foundational theoretical underpinnings of both to construct a normative and practical framework. At the normative level, the thesis offers a conceptual apparatus that allows us to identify an indigenous capability rights–based normative framework that encapsulates the essence of the principle of indigenous self–determination. At the practical level, the normative framework enables a methodological approach to indigenous development policies that serves as a vehicle for the fulfilment of indigenous aspirations for self–determination. This thesis analyses Australia’s health policy for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples as an example to explore the application of the proposed normative and practical framework. The assessment of Australia’s health policy for Indigenous Australians against the proposed normative framework and methodological approach to development policy, allows us to identify a significant vacuum: the omission of Aboriginal traditional medicine in national health policy frameworks and, as a result, the devaluing and relative demise of Aboriginal traditional healing practices and traditional healers.

[pt] Esse trabalho visa compreender como a ideia de direito de autodeterminação foi mobilizada nas obras de Kwame Nkrumah, entre as décadas de 1940 e 1960. Considera-se que o autor fez uso de uma linguagem de direitos disponível ao longo do século XX e, ao priorizar a noção de direito de autodeterminação, conferiu a essa um sentido específico de crítica à colonização e reivindicação de independência para o continente africano. Problematiza-se os significados atribuídos por Nkrumah ao direito de autodeterminação a partir da consideração que essa linguagem de direitos estava em circulação e fora mobilizada por outros grupos pan-africanos e organizações internacionais como a ONU. Nesse sentido, também são analisados a Declaration to the Negro peoples of the World, as Resoluções Finais do Congresso de Manchester, as Resoluções Finais da Conferência de Bandung, a Declaração de Concessão de Independência para os países e povos Coloniais, o Pacto Internacional de Direitos Civis e Políticos e o Pacto Internacional de Direitos Econômicos, Sociais e Culturais. / [en] This work seeks to understand how the idea of right of self-determination was mobilized in the works of Kwame Nkrumah, between the decades of 1940 and 1960. It is acknowledge that this author made use of a language of rights available through the twentieth century and prioritized the notion of self-determination to criticize the colonization and to claim independence for the African continent. The meanings attributed to the notion of self-determination by Nkrumah are discussed considering that this language of rights were in circulation and had been mobilized by other pan-African groups and international organizations such as UN. So, during this work, it is also analyzed the documents: Declaration to the Negro peoples of the World, Final Resolutions of Congress of Manchester, Final Communiqué of Afro-Asian Conference of Bandung, International Convention on civil and political rights, International Convention on economic, social and cultural rights.

The aim of the master thesis is to determine factors that contribute to peace settlement of separatist conflicts. It compares two separatist conflicts with different forms of termination. The Indonesian government signed a peace agreement with separatists in province of Aceh and offered them greater autonomy, whereas the government of Sri Lanka decided on military suppression of Tamil separatists. The analysis of the conflicts is based on six factors that are built on the study of Barbara Walter about the concept of reputation building. According to the concept, governments are less likely to go for peace settlement when facing more imperilling separatist groups, seeing that governments have to invest in reputation building. The comparative case study is based on following factors: potential future separatists, value of land currently under dispute, proportion of total population and territory, balance of power between separatists and government, political system with focus on democracy, degree of centralization/ federalism. The evidence seems to be strong that the theory of reputation building does not apply to selected cases because the peace settlement was achieved in Indonesia which has far more potential separatist groups than Sri Lanka. In conclusion, the thesis identifies following factors...

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Abstract  Western Sahara’s history is marked by Spanish colonization until 1976 followed by Moroccan invasion and nearly 50 years of occupation. The right to self-determination, applicable to territories under colonial or occupational rule, remains unrealized in Western Sahara. Despite Morocco’s occupation, the EU maintains a robust relationship to its neighbor, notably through the Euro-Mediterranean Association Agreement. This study scrutinizes the EU-Moroccan fisheries trade, focusing on the EU-Morocco Fisheries Partnership Agreement, and EU-Morocco Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement. Despite the Court of Justice of the EU consistently nullifying or declaring these agreements inapplicable to Western Sahara due to public international law violations, the EU persists in trade negotiations with neighboring Morocco.  Reflecting on the dilemma, the purpose of this thesis is to examine the responsibility of the EU in relation to Western Sahara’s right to external self-determination, by scrutinizing the EU-Morocco fisheries trade with specific focus on the aforementioned agreements. Upon scrutinizing the EU’s stance on its neighboring conflict, five key conclusions are drawn. Firstly, that Western Sahara holds the right to self-determination on dual grounds – as a non-self-governing territory awaiting decolonization and due to unlawful annexation by Morocco. The right includes an economic and a political aspect. However, the political right to self-determination through a referendum remains unrealized. Secondly, the EU, bound by international law, has obligations to respect Western Sahara’s right to self-determination and to not recognize serious breaches of this right as lawful. Thirdly, the EU falls short in respecting Western Sahara's economic right to self-determination, violating both respect and non-recognition obligations through entering into the aforementioned fisheries agreements with Morocco. Fourthly, these violations invoke international organization responsibility. Lastly, while the agreements do not impact the theoretical applicability of the right to self- determination, they are exploitative and hinder the realization of Western Sahara's permanent sovereignty over natural wealth and resources. Even with amendments of the fisheries agreements to adhere to international law, the likelihood of realizing the right remains minimal, partially due to criticisms towards the self-determination regulation.

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka biståndshandläggares upplevelser av bedömningsmöten för äldre med demenssjukdom, vilka eventuella utmaningar som uppstår samt hur dessa hanteras. Vidare syftar studien även till att utifrån begreppen empowerment, advocacy och paternalism skapa förståelse för hur biståndshandläggarnas beskrivna arbetssätt förhåller sig till uppdraget om värnandet av den enskildes självbestämmanderätt. Detta undersöktes genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med biståndshandläggare i en mellanstor kommun i Sverige, varefter empirin analyserades utifrån en tematisk analys samt beskrivna teoretiska begrepp. Studien visar att biståndshandläggarna möter en rad utmaningar vid dessa möten i form av kommunikationssvårigheter, bristande sjukdomsinsikt och motstånd samt utmaningen att som biståndshandläggare finna en balansgång mellan brukar- och anhörigperspektivet och att biståndshandläggarna tillämpar kommunikationsanpassning, strategier för samtycke, strategier vid motstånd och samverkan, för att hantera utmaningarna. En övergripande slutsats är att biståndshandläggarnas arbetssätt inrymmer tendenser av såväl empowerment som paternalism, vilket i viss mån kan anses stärka den enskildes egenmakt men i viss mån även motverka detta genom att professionella och anhöriga övertar beslutsansvaret för den demenssjuke på grund av nedsatt beslutsförmåga. Av analysen framkommer det även att biståndshandläggarna, i enlighet med begreppet advocacy, ofta intar positionen att företräda den äldre med demenssjukdom i syfte att värna om dennes självbestämmanderätt. / The purpose of this study is to investigate case managers experiences of assessment meetings for old people with dementia, which challenges arise and how these are handled. The study also aims to create an understanding of how the case managers described working methods relate to the task of protecting the individual's right to self-determination, based on the concepts of empowerment, advocacy and paternalism. This was investigated through semi-structured interviews with case managers in a medium-sized municipality in Sweden. The interviews were then analyzed based on a thematic analysis and described theoretical concepts. The study shows that the case managers face a series of challenges in terms of communication difficulties, lack of disease insight and resistance, as well as finding a balance between the perspective of the user and the relatives, and that the case managers apply communication adaptation, strategies for consent, strategies for resistance and cooperation to deal with these challenges. An overarching conclusion is that the working methods of case managers contain tendencies of both empowerment and paternalism, which to a certain extent can be considered to strengthen the individual's empowerment but to a certain extent also counteract this by having professionals and relatives take over decision-making responsibility for the person with dementia due to reduced decision-making capacity. The analysis also shows that the case managers, in accordance with the concept of advocacy, often take the position of representing the person with dementia to protect their right to self-determination.

Medical interventions such as interventions in the physical integrity of the patient are some of the most important interventions in the personal rights of individuals guaranteed by constitutional laws and international conventions. The basis for criminal law investigation of physician's procedure is an issue of professionally correct procedure (procedure called lege artis). The healthcare provision - including the interventions in the physical integrity of the patient - is perceived in Czech law as a law qualified activity undertaken for the purpose approved by the legal order. As a result of the constitution of informed consent of the patient with a medical procedure this fact must be taken into account when defining a new criminal characteristics of medical intervention. The dissertation aims to provide a comprehensive legal analysis of the criminal aspects related to decisions made by physicians and to the medically indicated care provision in the context of legislative changes in healthcare, recodification of criminal law as well as civil law. Issues related to active intentional termination of life on request of the patient (euthanasia) were not subject to the processing of this matter. The dissertation analyzes in detail the individual institutes of healthcare legislation, medico-legal...

À la faveur d’un long processus coutumier, les peuples autochtones comptent aujourd’hui parmi les peuples titulaires du droit des peuples à l’autodétermination. Si l’existence du droit des peuples autochtones à l’autodétermination (la norme) comme principe de lege ferenda a fait son apparition vers 1980, ce droit a aujourd’hui achevé son passage dans la lex lata et constitue une norme du droit international coutumier, ce qui est attesté par l’examen des deux éléments du processus coutumier. Le processus coutumier à l’étude puise ses racines dans un passé lointain et s’est accéléré à partir des années 1970 à la faveur de son institutionnalisation au sein de l’Organisation des Nations Unies. Le processus d’élaboration de la Déclaration des Nations Unies sur les droits des peuples autochtones puis son adoption par l’Assemblée générale en 2007 constituent autant d’étapes importantes dans le processus d’accession de la norme à l’étude à la normativité, dont le cadre institutionnel des Nations Unies a contribué à renforcer la cohérence. L’examen du processus coutumier permet également de déterminer les fondements, le contenu et la portée de la norme coutumière ainsi que ses principes d’application. Il s’agit notamment d’examiner la spécificité de la norme à l’étude par rapport aux droits des minorités nationales ainsi que sa relation avec la question de la sécession. Ces dimensions témoignent de l’émergence des peuples autochtones comme segment particulier de la catégorie des peuples, donnant lieu à une application contextuelle du droit des peuples à l’autodétermination de nature à sauvegarder ou à restaurer leur intégrité autochtone. / As a result of a long customary process, indigenous peoples today count as one of the holders of the right of peoples to self-determination. The existence of the right of indigenous peoples to self-determination (the norm or standard) as a principle de lege ferenda first appeared around 1980, and this right has now completed its path into lex lata as a norm of customary international law, as suggested by an in-depth analysis of the two elements of the customary process. The customary process under examination here has its roots in a distant past. It accelerated from the 1970s onwards due to its institutionalization within the United Nations. The drafting process of the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples and its final adoption by the UN General Assembly in 2007 constitute important steps in the accession of the standard under consideration to full normativity. The UN institutional framework contributed to consolidate the consistency of this process. Analyzing the customary process also compels to determining the foundations, content and scope of the customary norm as well as it principles of application. In particular, this involves an examination of the specificity of the standard under consideration in comparison with the rights of national minorities as well as its relation with the question of secession. These aspects are indicative of the emergence of indigenous peoples as a particular segment of the category of peoples in international law, resulting in a contextual application of the right of peoples to self-determination in order to safeguard or restore indigenous integrity.