This thesis is a result of more than a three year long ethnographic research of a resuscitation unit of a Czech hospital where I have been employed as a general nurse. I describe the character of provided care and show that medical care is not simply an answer to patient's needs and interests but it is shaped by wide range of different motives and factors which are often in mutual conflict. Not infrequently it is the case that interests of health care providers are preferred to patient's interests. I discuss situations when doctors are forced to act more as good accountant managers than physicians, which might often be in conflict with the idea of good care, and I show how care is negotiated in these situations. I also focus on relationship of medical technologies and its users, some ritualized elements of care and in conclusion explain an apparent paradox that care can be evaluated as successful even if it didn't lead to improvement of the patient's condition or her survival. Keywords: health care, medical technologies, objectification, medicine, rituals in health care

Summary in German and English / Text in German / Diese Arbeit ist eine detaillierte Analyse von Gottesdiensten und Predigten, die im Rahmen öffentlicher Gedenkveranstaltungen nach katastrophalen Krisenereignissen gehalten wurden. Untersucht wurde die Frage, wie angesichts einer heterogenen Ge-sellschaft und einer breiten Öffentlichkeit, in öffentlichen Trauergottesdiensten Trost gegeben und von Hoffnung geredet wurde. In Thesen werden mögliche Kriterien ge-geben, wie in ähnlichen Situationen angemessen von der christlichen Hoffnung gere-det werden kann. Die Schlussfolgerung ist, die Predigt als Teil des Gesamtgeschehens wahrzunehmen und den Gottesdienst, mit der Musik, den Liedern, Lesungen und Ri-tualen, als eine Art Gesamtkunstwerk und auch als kontextualisiertes Antwortgesche-hen an die Teilnehmenden unterschiedlichen Hintergrunds zu verstehen. Die Predigt, profiliert in der christlichen Botschaft, soll respektvoll die Unterschiede in Gesell-schaft, Glaube und Person achten. Der reiche Schatz des biblischen Kanons kann in der Predigt, im Gebet, Gesang und in den Ritualen reflektiert werden, insbesondere durch die Psalmen mit ihrer formulierten Klage, und mit der christlichen Hoffnung ins Gespräch gebracht werden. / This work is a detailed analysis of worship services and sermons delivered during pub-lic commemoration events after catastrophic events of crisis. The question is explored how, in the face of a heterogeneous society and a broad public presence, comfort was given in public commemoration services and how hope was reflected. In closing the-ses, possible criteria are given for adequately speaking of Christian hope in similar sit-uations. The conclusion is that the sermon should be perceived as part of the whole process and that worship, with its music, songs, readings and rituals, should be under-stood as a kind of Gesamtkunstwerk and also as a contextualized response to the par-ticipants of different backgrounds. The sermon, profiled in the Christian message, should respect the differences in society, faith and person. The rich treasure of the biblical canon can be reflected in preaching, prayer, song and ritual, in particular through the psalms, with their formed lament, and brought into conversation with the Christian hope. / Philosophy, Practical and Systematic Theology / D. Phil. (Theology)

Tv-spel är något som en signifikant andel av populationen ägnar mycket tid åt. Idag är inte tv- spel enbart något som personer har som fritidssyssla, utan kan även spelas professionellt. Vissa aspekter av tv-spel har det forskats kring, men det tycks finnas en del outforskade områden. Syftet var att beskriva och diskutera interaktionsritualer i förhållande till ”video game literacy”, genom att undersöka hur individer beskriver att de har lärt sig att spela tv-spel samt genom att diskutera kring hur spelandet kan förstås som en social interaktionsritual. Metoden har varit av kvalitativ karaktär, med semi-strukturerade intervjuer som metod för empiriinsamling. Resultatet från studien visade att spelandet av tv-spel tillsammans med andra individer kan förstås som interaktionsritualer, om de innehåller vissa element. Vidare visade studien att individer kan utveckla sina kunskaper kring tv-spel genom att delta i denna typ av interaktioner, men även att det är möjligt för individer att utveckla sina kunskaper enskilt. / Video games are something a significant portion of the population spend a lot of time playing. Today, video games aren’t something people solely play in their spare time, but also something played professionally. Some aspects of video games have been researched, however a few unexplored areas still appear to exist. The aim of this study was to describe and discuss interaction rituals in relation to “video game literacy” through examining how individuals describe how they’ve learned to play video games, as well as through discussing how playing video games can be considered an interaction ritual. This essay has utilized a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews as the method for gathering empirical data. The results from this study suggest that the playing of video games together can be considered a form of interaction ritual, if the interaction contains certain elements. Furthermore, the study showed that it is possible for individuals to develop their understanding of video games through participating in these types of interactions, however it is also possible for individuals to increase their knowledge individually.

The aim of this essay is to observe how the pre-Christian mythology of Scandinavia, commonly known as Norse mythology, is depicted during the first season of the History Channel TV-series Vikings from 2013, and to analyze how well those depictions correspond with modern day knowledge of that mythology. More specifically this essay studies how the pre-Christian gods, myths and rituals are depicted. To accomplish this the essay uses a modified version of a method called structured observation, a method otherwise associated with observing people. Roland Barthes theory of a primary- and secondary meaning of language is used as the theoretical framework for this essay.  The results show that many Christian themes can be detected in Vikings. For example, in the depictions of the god Odin who sometimes becomes a symbol for the Christian God. This is shown by depicting Odin being able to have decided people’s destinies, he is not tied to a specific task, and is prayed to in a manner that looks like a Christian prayer. Modern norms of equality between genders, a linear perception of time, and a distaste for human sacrifice can be detected in the Series’ depictions of Valhalla, Ragnarök and rituals of sacrifice. The myths depicted in Vikings can be divided into three categories: how humans understand the world, what happens after you die in battle and what will happen during the end of the world. The rituals depicted all happen during one of two ceremonies: funerals and sacrifice.

Rock-a-Buy Baby: Consumerism by New, First-Time Mothers, is the first known sociological exploration of need-based consumption for babies, despite the baby gear industry being a $6-billion-dollar business (whattoexpect.com). Data stemmed from qualitative, semistructured interviews with new, first-time mothers (3 months – 1 year postpartum) conducted within participants‘ households. The insights gained from the present study tell us a great deal about the ―needs‖ that predominantly white, middle-class mothers socially constructed in anticipation of their first child, and the consumptive behaviors used to accomplish these "needs." Respondents had turned to similar resources (other mothers, online forums, consumer reports, books, magazines, etc.) to help them construct ―need‖ and formulate decisions among commodities. Provided they were relying on comparable, if not overlapping, bodies of knowledge, mothers‘ narratives about consumer ―need‖ were often congruent. Additionally, the ways expectant mothers accumulated items are ritualized and made tradition. The baby shower and gift registration process (which all of my respondents participated in to some variation) are social constructions; these practices, which are so strongly tied to consumption, also constituted reality for mothers, and inevitably, their babies.

In some organizations four generations work together creating a unique culture. Millennials are the second largest generation currently in the workforce. Organizational culture is affected by interpersonal communication. Interviews were conducted with 17 workers between the ages of 19 and 30. Interviews consisted of 22 open-ended questions regarding daily tasks, organized activities, and interpersonal interaction. The perspective of organizational culture was evaluated through personal, task, social, and organizational rituals. Membership categorization was used to determine common vocabulary used to identify with coworkers. Duck’s theory on attraction was used to evaluate interpersonal behavior seeking to determine psychological attractors acting as catalysts for relationship building. Data found suggests that Millennials create a culture similar to the tribal example suggested in previous research. Rituals act as forms of cultural dissemination and strengthening. The use of membership categorization devices reflected the structure of the organization and relationships between coworkers. Using Duck’s attraction theory, an analysis reflected the identification factors that act as catalysts for relationships. Psychological attraction was linked to common interests

The thesis consists of autobiographical soma research-oriented design for bringing somatic attention to the feet by the concept of micro-opportunities embedded in external artifacts to defamiliarize experiences. There is a growing body of work within the HCI community reporting on pressure-sensitive prototypes for raising bodily awareness alongside heat as a positive embodied response. Informed by these, I lead by questioning: How could the feet as the eyes of the body open a space for design estrangement and micro opportunities? Through Research through Design (RtD), I explore where these applications make sense in everyday living. I provide an overview of my somatic explorations within physiotherapy, foot analysis, and physical engagements of materials depicting bodily adjustments, materials, prompts, and objects as tools for estrangement. Lastly, I offer the Soma Design Bodystorming Foot-kit humo encapsulating these insights and drawing on the given premise, seeing feelingly through the feet, to speculate around potential applications and outcomes in everyday living granted by micro-opportunities. Through humo, I provide designers with an open-ended kit for sparking an awakening out of familiar bodily experiences towards somaesthetic (strange) reflections of the being of the feet.

The paper argues that the distinction between religious and secular realms of society is not as clear-cut in modern societies as it appears in theories of functional and institutional differentiation. The data used are mainly from China with a short excursion to the United States. The starting point is ancestor worship, which is a central element of traditional Chinese religion. The significance of ancestor worship in Chinese history and culture is briefly explained to illustrate on the one hand its central importance as a ritual practice and on the other hand the ambiguities of interpretation. On this basis, some theoretical considerations about the existence of ancestors are presented. This is followed by a report on contemporary temple festivals focusing on the worship of Fuxi, a mythic figure considered to be the first ancestor of the Chinese people. The next step is the description of official state rituals devoted to the worship of the very same mythological hero in contemporary China. Against this backdrop, the last part of the paper discusses the theoretical questions of classification and distinguishing between the religious and the secular. / Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt des Beitrages ist die Unterscheidung zwischen Religion und säkularen Bereichen der Gesellschaft. Es wird argumentiert, dass diese Unterscheidung auch in modernen Gesellschaften weniger klar ist, als es Theorien der funktionalen und institutionellen Differenzierung unterstellen. Die empirische Basis der Überlegungen bilden Beobachtungen zu kollektiven Formen von Ahnenkult im heutigen China. Dazu werden zunächst die Bedeutung und verschiedene Interpretationen von Ahnenkult in China historisch erläutert. Daran anschließend folgen einige theoretische Überlegungen zur Existenz von Ahnen. Die nächsten Abschnitte beschreiben die heutige kollektive Verehrung von Fuxi als Ahn des chinesischen Volkes in zwei verschiedenen Formen: im Rahmen eines populären Tempelfestes und im Rahmen eines offiziellen staatlichen Rituals. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird im letzten Abschnitt gezeigt, dass bei der Verehrung von Toten die Grenze zwischen religiösen und säkularen Ritualen verschwimmt.

Five graduate students from the Marital and Family Art Therapy Program at Loyola Marymount University (LMU) conducted a research study to explore the characteristics and attributes of collective art practices and how they contribute to healing. A survey including quantitative measures and qualitative responses were administered on the Qualtrics platform, allowing for a wide geographic reach and rapid data collection. The subsequent qualitative analysis involved the creation of visual artworks by the researchers, utilizing the arts as data to identify additional common themes contributing to healing attributes. The data revealed three major themes, or characteristics, of how art contributes to healing: (1) shared collective experience, (2) validation and space for emotional expression, and (3) art as a conduit of healing. These three themes were recurrent throughout the responses and emerged from participants' responses to three specific questions, driven by a curiosity about the attributes and experiences involving art and community. The results gathered not only provided parallel alignment with significant deviation from those gathered during the literature review, but also shed light on the profound impact of creative expression in fostering well-being, cultivating interpersonal connections, and promoting emotional healing within collective settings. This insight offers valuable guidance for future researchers and art therapists, emphasizing the importance of incorporating collective healing elements into their practice and theoretical frameworks.

The ancient Egyptians were famous for their exotic and luxury perfumes in the ancient world, even having cities that specialised in perfume production in the Ptolemaic Period, when they exported these perfumes all over the Mediterranean. They produced these perfumes, and other scented preparations, from aromatic plants, fats and oils. The deities were fragrant beings, imbued with the divine essence, and perfume was considered by the Egyptians to be the sweat of the god Ra. Some deities were specially linked to perfume, one of the most important being Nefertem, god of perfume and of the primordial fragrant blue lotus flower. Incense was to the Egyptians the ‘eye of Horus’, burnt as an offering to the deities in temples. Aromatic plant material was stored in perfume/unguent ‘laboratories’, and perfumers’ workshops produced the precious perfumed oils and unguents, used in the funerary context, rituals, ceremonies, festivals and banquets. / History / M.A.