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This thesis describes the morphology and lexicon of the dialect of Romany spoken in Kotel, Bulgaria. The introduction shows the position of the dialect within Bulgarian Romany and gives brief details of its speakers (pp 12-15). A phonological transcription is used for the morphology and lexicon. This reveals the relationship between Kotel and other dialects, a relationship normally concealed by its phonetic system. The paradigmatic affixes added to nominals are listed with their variants and specimen paradigms are given (pp 16-31) . Verbs are similarly treated, with special notes on medio-passives and impersonal verbs (pp 32-42). The affixes used in building compound-words are listed with their variants and numerous examples (pp 43-59) o A brief note is included on some non-productive methods of word-formation (p. 60). The changes undergone by loan-words from Turkish and Bulgarian are summarized, together with the paradigmatic affixes used with loans from these languages and Greek (pp 61-66). Two texts are given in phonological transcription with a translation and notes, to illustrate the morphology (pp 67-94). A Romany-English lexicon follows, together with some shorter word-lists(pp 95-202) . The lexicon excludes those loan-words which are freely formed by stated rules from Turkish and Bulgarian, languages with which the people are familiar. Finally phonological rules are given which conver the symbols used up to this point into a broad phonetic transcription (pp 203-211), and a text in parallel phonological and phonetic transcription illustrates the application of these rules (pp 212-219). A concise bibliography concludes the study.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Linguística, Português e Línguas Classicas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Linguística, 2005. / Submitted by Elna Araújo (elna@bce.unb.br) on 2010-09-14T13:00:41Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_FabioJoséDantasMelo.pdf: 3360089 bytes, checksum: aa0e1a5a75d3dbd7ad6dac632d0b09b4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Guimaraes Jacqueline(jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2010-09-15T14:44:56Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_FabioJoséDantasMelo.pdf: 3360089 bytes, checksum: aa0e1a5a75d3dbd7ad6dac632d0b09b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2010-09-15T14:44:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2005_FabioJoséDantasMelo.pdf: 3360089 bytes, checksum: aa0e1a5a75d3dbd7ad6dac632d0b09b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / O objetivo principal deste trabalho foi proceder à análise do estado de obsolescência do dialeto calon falado pela comunidade cigana do município de Mambaí, nordeste de Goiás, e, subsidiariamente, ao exame dos resquícios de Romani no dialeto dos Calon desta região, que, embora sejam considerados um subgrupo dos gitanos da Espanha, apresentam em seu repertório lingüístico um parentesco mais remoto e inequívoco com o Romani-Vlax: sendo este, historicamente, mais próximo, no tempo e no espaço, do proto-Romani. Tive a preocupação de ir além do estudo descritivo do calon deteriorado, buscando inferir algumas peculiaridades do contato entre línguas que provocaram mudanças no dialeto deste grupo cigano, como, por exemplo, o acréscimo da vogai [i] no fim de palavras terminadas em consoantes, ilustrando assim uma tendência comum nas línguas mistas de produzir sílabas CV a fim de desfazer encontros consonantais e/ou evitar consoantes na fronteira final de palavras. Em meu corpus de palavras, tenho exemplos desta modificação: bal, que significa 'cabelo' em hindi, evoluiu para bali em calon, plal, 'irmão'em calo, converteu-se, no calon, em prali. Encontrar-se-á ainda, neste estudo, uma inquirição sobre os fatores sócio-históricos (a rejeição do modo de vida cigano por outros povos; as diásporas, os códigos tradicionais, dentre outros), psicológicos (o bilingüismo; a atitude de manter viva a língua, ou o que resta dela, etc.) e ecológicos (a situação de enclave; o tamanho da população de falantes; as alterações genéticas no sistema lingüístico calon quando de sua transmissão; a vitalidade da língua...) que foram determinantes na reestruturação deste dialeto. ___________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / The main purpose of this paper is to analyse the obsolescence of calon dialect spoken by the gypsy community located in Mambaí district, Northeast of Goiás. In addition, to examine Romani remains in Calon's dialect of that region which, although considered as a Spain guanos' subgroup, present in their linguistic repertoire a more remote and non-mistaken relationship with Romani-Vlax: being this one, historically speaking, closer in time and space, to proto-Romani. It was my deep concern to go beyond the descriptive study of deteriorated calon, attempting to infer some peculiarities of the languages contact which caused changes in the dialect of the gypsy group, as for example, the vowel [i] addition at the end of words finished by consonants. This aspect illustrates a common tendency in mixed languages of producing CV syllables in order to undo consonantal cluster and/or to avoid consonants in the final frontier of words. In the word corpus there are examples of that change: bal, which means 'hair' in hindi, evolved into bali in calon; plal, 'brother' in caló, was converted, in calon, into prali. It will still be found in this study an inquiry about the social and historical factors (the gypsy way of life rejection by other people; the diasporas, the traditional codes, among others), psychological (bilinguism; the attempts to keep a language alive or what is rest of it, etc.) and ecological (the enclave situation; the speaking population size; the genetic changes in calon linguistic system in its transmission, the language vitality...) which were determinant in that dialect restructure.

I en korpusundersökning undersöks frekvensen av slangord med romskt ursprung i svenskan. Jag har valt att undersöka svenska slangord med romskt ursprung för att se hur många de kan vara i förhållande till andra slangord, och valt att göra detta i en korpusunder-sökning med hjälp av sökord. Jag har fyra frågeställningar som kan besvara frågan om fördelning mellan slangord med olika ursprung och fördelning över olika typer av ord som kan delas in i ämnesgrupper. Jag har också velat se på förändring i antal romska slangord över tid för att få reda på om de är många. Resultatet visar att det är en jämn fördelning av romska ord i uppdelning på två av tre ämnesgrupper och även till antal i förhållande till jämförelsegruppen av slangord.

The fall of the Eastern Block, the dissolution of former Yugoslavia and the subsequent enlargement of the European Union to include former socialist countries contributed to an increase in the movement of people from Eastern to Western Europe which began about a decade earlier. Among them, the Roma are probably the most clearly recognizable group and surely the ones that received, and keep receiving, more media attention. While their presence in the media as subjects of discussion is a topic worth analyzing, the present work is about their presence in a particular medium, the Internet, as actors and producers of content. As a population of Indian origin spread across Europe over the past five centuries, Roma have often been regarded as a diaspora. Ethnographic studies about diasporas and their usage of the Internet have often described diasporic websites as discoursive spaces in which new, hydrid identities are negotiated and stereotyping and marginalizing discourses about diasporic subjects are challenged. The role of languages in these websites, however, has often been neglected. On the other hand, sociolinguistic studies have highlighted how the Internet provides a space for vernacular language usage in which the relaxation of language norms and users’ creativity play a crucial role in overcoming the limitations in text transmission imposed by the medium. A partial bridge between these two trends of studies has been provided by the analysis of code-switching in diasporic websites, which has shown how meaningful language alternation is used to flag users’ hybrid identities. The study of the relationship between diasporic languages and identities on the Internet clearly appears to be in its infancy and only few case studies have looked at the interactions between each diaspora’s specific cultural and sociolinguistic settings and the usage of the Internet. Furthermore, many diasporas, including the Roma, speak unwritten languages which have not been or are just starting to be standardized. Processes of language standardization have always involved both identity and language policies and have often been pivotal in struggles for nationhood or minority rights recognition. While so far such processes tended to be mostly centralized and top-down, the Internet is offering a space for the spontaneous transition from orality to literacy. Thus, analyzing the interaction between diasporic, non-standardized languages and the identities of their speakers as manifested on the Internet can provide new insights into the relations between diasporic languages and identities and into language standardization processes. The present work investigates these issues by analyzing the on-line usage of Romani, the Indic language spoken by many Roma. The study draws on data collected through an online ethnography from Radio Romani Mahala, a website created and used by the recently dispersed community of the Mitrovica Roma. The data are analyzed both qualitatively, using discourse analytic methods, and quantitatively, using traditional sociolinguistic approaches. Combining such approaches allows drawing a nuanced picture of the phenomena under observation accounting both for micro level, individual patterns of usage and macro level trends shared by all users involved. Particular attention is also paid to the emerging Romani spelling and the role played by individual users in the establishment of shared writing norms. The interdisciplinarity of this approach will show how the interplay between diasporic identities and attitudes, non-standard language ideologies and the possibilities offered by the Internet is leading to effective language codification without the intervention of a central authority and outside the frame of any nation-state policy. Such findings call for a re-thinking of current notions on linguistic human rights. Based on the viability of the Romani model, I thus propose a theory of linguistic pluralism in trans-national contexts centred around the notion of cosmopolitan sociabilities, non-utilitarian, everyday interactions creating open and inclusive relations across and even despite perceived cultural divides.

The project investigates features of Romani Architecture

Sedan år 2000 är romer tillsammans med fyra andra grupper erkända som etniska minoriteter i Sverige, vilket fått konsekvenser bland annat för modersmålsundervisningen i skolorna runt om i landet. Genom examensarbetets intervjuer framkom att det finns en paradox kring bevarandet av kulturell särart och samtidig integration, där skolans personal ställer sig frågande till hur man ska möta en främmande tradition. Trots preciseringen av alla varianter av romani chib som etniska minoritetsspråk visar sig flera informanter ha en oklar bild av skillnaderna mellan de olika språken, vilket leder till att den garanti som finns för att romska elever ska få undervisning på rätt variant inte uppfylls.

This essay has combined a discourse analysis with a postcolonial theory to investigate how Sami and Romani people were portrayed in Swedish encyclopedias between the years 1885 – 1955. The period for the essay circle around the time where thoughts about race where strong in the Swedish society and the racial biology institutes where built. A lot of political laws were aimed at the groups Sami and Romani and this essay aims to see if the discrimination of these groups could be seen in the educational sphere that reached out to the people of Sweden at the time. The use of a discourse analysis helps to see how the power of language and use of specific words built up stereotypes in a specific discourse. The purpose of combining it with a postcolonial theory is to see in what way the language is used to portray the groups as “the others” from the norm society.  The results shows that the encyclopedias at the period between 1885 – 1955 is highly influenced with racial thoughts where the groups are portrayed as underdeveloped to the main society with characteristics that is hugely different from the norm which are making them to “the others” compared to the normal.

Stigmatisation of Romani women is the rule rather than the exception in many countries around Europe, something that has also been confirmed through research. That is one reason why I have chosen to highlight successful Romani women in this study. More specifically, this essay investigates how successful Romani women are represented in the media in the Czech Republic and Slovakia. Through a thematic analysis, I have identified three major themes that I analyse with support of previous research as well as an intersectional perspective. The three themes are that: 1) Romani women achieved a lot, but it was “not enough”, 2) The women embraced their ethnicity, but a negative discourse of the media to Roma was projected through the approach of some reporters, 3) The women aimed to “change the world”. The overall picture was fairly homogenous yet interesting; everyone appeared to be of a heterosexual orientation, family and education were emphasised as tools to succeed in the labour market and discrimination was shown as an unequivocal barrier to their success.

Le romani, ou romanes, est une langue parlée historiquement par des communautés qui s’autodénomment « Roms », « Sintos » et « Calos ». Dans cette thèse, on se propose d'analyser une page du réseau social Facebook, comportant de nombreux messages en langue romani. Dans un premier temps, nous identifierons les dialectes présents sur la page et étudierons la diversité des pratiques orthographiques. Puis, on analysera comment la variation est prise en compte par les locuteurs, en évoquant les problématiques d'intercompréhension, d'identité et de revitalisation. Le but de notre recherche est de faire un état des lieux des besoins, réussites et représentations des locuteurs du romani afin d’accompagner ce qui pourrait être un processus d’autogestion langagière. / Romani, also known as Romanes, is a language historically spoken by communities who call themselves “Roma”, “Sinti” and “Kalo”. The purpose of this thesis is to study a page of the social network Facebook which includes many messages written in Romani language. First of all, we will identify the dialects used on the page and we will describe the diversity of spelling practices. Then, we wil analyze the way variation is taken into account by the speakers, discussing the issues of mutual understanding, identity and revitalization. Our research focuses on determining the needs, successes and representations of the Romani speakers in order to support a possible linguistic self-management.