The dissertation provides a grammatical description of a cluster of Romani varieties, called 'Eastern Uzh Romani', which are spoken in Transcarpathian Ukraine in an area adjacent to the Slovak border. These varieties are associated with five traditional locations, two of which are situated in the city of Uzhhorod, representing an eastern margin of a North Central Romani dialect continuum. The focus is not only on describing the common characteristics of the entire Eastern Uzh dialect, but also on highlighting its variation with respect to specific features of the individual varieties. The description is based on first-hand data collected during numerous fieldwork trips of the author between 2007 and 2016. The dissertation is organised into thirteen chapters. Alongside the proper grammatical description, it provides a detailed overview of the speakers' historical, ethnocultural and sociolinguistic background. The main attention is given to describing inflectional, derivational as well as functional patterns of word classes. In addition, it discusses issues of phonology, including historical phonology within the North Central Romani context, and also covers various syntactic structures.

INTERDIALECTAL COMPARISON OF LEXICAL BORROWINGS IN ROMANI III. SYNOPSIS This thesis deals with lexical borrowability in Romani dialects from the area of Central Europe. The comparison includes fifty local varieties spoken in Slovakia, Hungary, Poland and Ukraine. Fourty-eight of theese local varieties belong to the Central dialects group of Romani language, two of them belong to the North-Vlax dialects group. Data source was a transcript database of elicited questionnaries taken under the Language Atlas of Central Romani project. Using the Leipzig-Jakarta List of Basic Vocabulary for each variety, amount of borrowings, its semantic field and category, as well as donor language were observed in this comparison. The result of this work is new order of Leipzig-Jakarta List of Basic Vocabulary meanings, adopted to the Romani dialects spoken in Central Europe. IV. KEY-WORDS CATALOGUE Central European Romani, Romani dialects, lexical borrowings, lexical borrowability, Leipzig-Jakarta List of Basic Vocabulary, Language Atlas of Central Romani

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o surgimento do movimento transnacional cigano e suas abordagens políticas na esfera internacional, destacando os dilemas acerca da integração e da autodeterminação. Esta tese examina o surgimento de ideias políticas ciganase como foi moldado o chamado movimento romani. Apesar de ser a mais numerosa minoria europeia, os ciganos não são representados adequadamente no contexto político doméstico dos Estados onde vivem. Diante da situação caracterizada pelamarginalização e exclusão, os ativistas objetivam proteger os ciganos em todo o mundo contra a discriminação e a perseguição por meio da garantia dos seus direitos humanos. Acondição multiterritorial e multicultural dos grupos ciganos coloca um importante desafio aos objetivos dos ativistas. Assim, esta pesquisa também explora as dimensões identitárias e históricas dos ciganos a fim de analisar as tentativas e possibilidades de criar uma comunidade romani transnacional. Por fim, esta tese investigatambém a possibilidade desta comunidade ser formada a partir de uma conexão religiosa, coordenada pelomovimento evangélico ciganoda Europa Ocidental, a fim de compreender sua rápida expansão por meio das redes ciganas e identificar suas abordagens territoriais. / The aim of this work is to examinethe emergence of the Romani transnational movementand its political approaches in the international arena, focusing their dilemmas over integration and self-determination. This research describes how some political ideas emerged from Romani activists and how the so called Romani movement was shaped. Despite being the largest European minority, the Gypsies are not represented adequately in the domestic politicalcontexts of the countries they are living in. In face of marginalization and exclusion, Roma activists aim to protect Gypsies worlwide against discrimination and persecutionby ensuring the exercise of their human rights. The Romani multiterritorial and multicultural condition poses an important challenge to the activists. The research also explores the identity and historical dimensions of the Gypsies in order to analyse the attempts and possibilities to forge a transnational Romani community. Finally, this workexamines the possibility of unification through religion, coordinated bythe Evangelical Romani movementfrom Western Europe as to understand its dramatic expansion through Romani networks,identifyingits territorial approaches.

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o surgimento do movimento transnacional cigano e suas abordagens políticas na esfera internacional, destacando os dilemas acerca da integração e da autodeterminação. Esta tese examina o surgimento de ideias políticas ciganase como foi moldado o chamado movimento romani. Apesar de ser a mais numerosa minoria europeia, os ciganos não são representados adequadamente no contexto político doméstico dos Estados onde vivem. Diante da situação caracterizada pelamarginalização e exclusão, os ativistas objetivam proteger os ciganos em todo o mundo contra a discriminação e a perseguição por meio da garantia dos seus direitos humanos. Acondição multiterritorial e multicultural dos grupos ciganos coloca um importante desafio aos objetivos dos ativistas. Assim, esta pesquisa também explora as dimensões identitárias e históricas dos ciganos a fim de analisar as tentativas e possibilidades de criar uma comunidade romani transnacional. Por fim, esta tese investigatambém a possibilidade desta comunidade ser formada a partir de uma conexão religiosa, coordenada pelomovimento evangélico ciganoda Europa Ocidental, a fim de compreender sua rápida expansão por meio das redes ciganas e identificar suas abordagens territoriais. / The aim of this work is to examinethe emergence of the Romani transnational movementand its political approaches in the international arena, focusing their dilemmas over integration and self-determination. This research describes how some political ideas emerged from Romani activists and how the so called Romani movement was shaped. Despite being the largest European minority, the Gypsies are not represented adequately in the domestic politicalcontexts of the countries they are living in. In face of marginalization and exclusion, Roma activists aim to protect Gypsies worlwide against discrimination and persecutionby ensuring the exercise of their human rights. The Romani multiterritorial and multicultural condition poses an important challenge to the activists. The research also explores the identity and historical dimensions of the Gypsies in order to analyse the attempts and possibilities to forge a transnational Romani community. Finally, this workexamines the possibility of unification through religion, coordinated bythe Evangelical Romani movementfrom Western Europe as to understand its dramatic expansion through Romani networks,identifyingits territorial approaches.

Cette recherche porte sur la mobilité de familles tsiganes originaires d’Europe centrale et orientale ayant quitté l’Europe à partir de la fin du 19ème siècle pour l’Amérique du Nord. L’enjeu est de comprendre les modalités de circulation de ces groupes familiaux des années 1880 aux années 1950 dans l’espace nord-américain et, plus largement, à l’échelle du monde. Ce travail s’inscrit dans une démarche pluridisciplinaire : tout en étant résolument ancré en géographie, il comprend également une forte dimension historique. Il s’agit de contribuer à une vision renouvelée de l’histoire des sociétés romani en portant le regard sur le déploiement de réseaux transnationaux à l’échelle mondiale. Dans cette perspective, des sources d’une grande diversité, tant par leur nature que par leur localisation, sont convoquées.Dans un premier temps, l’analyse porte sur les modalités de circulation de ces familles en s’appuyant sur la reconstitution de leurs itinéraires à travers le monde, reconstitution qui fait l’objet d’un travail cartographique. L’enjeu est de saisir les logiques de mobilité et d’ancrage territorial à l’échelle mondiale. Il s’agit également de s’intéresser plus particulièrement à l’espace de la frontière et à ce que signifie son passage pour les familles. Dans un second temps, ce travail s’attache à montrer que la mobilité des groupes tsiganes étudiés va au-delà d’un simple mouvement sur la surface terrestre et qu’elle participe à la transformation d’espaces en territoires. Le parcours du monde devient invention de mondes, c’est-à-dire élaboration de cartographies singulières qui constituent autant de lectures du monde différentes mais aussi d’écritures. Les familles tsiganes qui sillonnent le monde construisent leur propre grille de lecture en fonction des opportunités économiques et des relations sociales tissées au fil de leurs voyages. Elles s’inscrivent également durablement dans les territoires par leurs pratiques et les représentations qu’elles élaborent et qu’elles suscitent. / This research focuses on the mobility of gypsy families from Eastern and Central Europe who left Europe for North America at the end of the 19th century. It aims at a better understanding of the way these family groups move in North America and beyond from the 1880s to the 1950s.This study falls within a multidisciplinary approach: while it is firmly settled in geography, it also contains a strong historical dimension. It intends to contribute to a renewed perspective on the history of romani societies. That’s why very diverse sources have been used, both by their nature and their localization. In a first phase, the analysis deals with the way these families move by reconstructing their itineraries around the world and by mapping them. This work aims to understand the logic of their mobility and their anchorage on a global scale. It also focuses on borders and on how families cross them. In a second phase, this research enlightens the fact that the mobility of these gypsy groups goes far beyond a mere movement on the surface of the Earth. It takes part in the transformation of spaces into territories. Traveling around the world becomes inventing worlds. This means the creation of specific mappings, which constitute different ways of reading the world but also of writing it. Gypsy families who travel around the world build their own reading grid depending on the economic opportunities and on the social relationships forged during their travels. They also settle in territories through their practices and the images they convey.

The aim of this essay is to analyze the portrayal of the Romani people in 23 history textbooks marketed towards the Swedish lower secondary school between the years 1964–2014, but also which uses of history emerge from within these descriptions. During this period, the curriculum has passed through five different stages with varying approaches towards ethnic minorities. The method used to compare different textbooks, passages and time-periods was a qualitative and comparative content analysis based on a model by Professor Lennart Hellspong. This was supported by a theoretical framework focused around the typologies of uses of history by Professor Klas-Göran Karlsson. The findings show that Romani people are portrayed in similar themes or contexts over different curriculum-stages and many of the written passages focuses on the victimization and mistreatment of Romani by either Swedish or international actors. A comprehensive account of an objective and cultural history is only found in a few of the most current textbooks. The Romani and their history are often overlooked in favor of the majority society’s historical narrative if not a specific duty is charged towards their inclusion in the schools control documents. In the year 2000 the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities was ratified by the Swedish government and the subsequent revision of the curriculum made this inclusion a permanent fixture. However, some textbooks keep minority history brief and unsatisfying. The uses of history regarding Romani people vary over time and appear to be subject to the overarching sociopolitical landscape. An excluding and existential nationalistic narrative is identified to be common during the 1960’s but transforms towards a more including variety over time. Non-use and political-pedagogical use are both partial in varying degrees during all the curriculum-periods coupled with a perceived scientific presentation of historical facts, but not scientific use of history. The current curriculum introduces a widely moral and conciliatory use of history. This study confirms earlier research to an extent, but at the same time it extends to focus on the Romani people, a wider variety of books and a longer time-period compared with earlier studies on the subject. The findings open the possibility for future research on other Swedish or international minorities – or the Romani from other methodological or theoretical standpoints.

The language contact of the inflectional Romani and Spanish, Catalan and other languages of the Iberian Peninsula began in the first half of the 15th century. A long- term and immediate contact between Romani and a language of the majority in several places of Europe resulted in emergence of so called Para-Romani varieties, mixed languages which predominantly make use of the grammar of the surrounding language, whereas the Romani-derived vocabulary is at least partly retained. In the Iberian Peninsula several Para-Romani varieties emerged. The process of their phonological, morphological and lexical evolution from the inflectional Iberian Romani is described in the first part of this thesis. The original form of the Iberian Romani of the 15th century was - according to our opinion - similar to so called early Romani of the Byzantine period that is supposed to end by the 14th century when the Romani language started to disperse throughout Europe. The influence of Spanish (and other languages of the Iberian Peninsula) is evident not only in the morphology and syntax, but also in phonology and semantics of the Iberian Para-Romani varieties. On the other hand, the Romani elements conserved in these varieties show archaic features as well as specific innovations and many of them can hardly be assigned...

Historically speaking, marketing and entrepreneurship have been separated into two different concepts. However, more and more studies are now doing a link between them. They have shown that both concepts have strengths but also weaknesses. Marketers are not entrepreneurial and innovative enough, and entrepreneurial businesses that do not include marketing are less competitive on the market than those who use marketing. These new pieces of research put forward the idea that an innovation does not imply value making for an enterprise. The marketing part that increases the customer value and really makes the difference on the market. The purpose of this thesis is to discover and evaluate the importance and the role of the relationship between entrepreneurship and marketing in the SME SFA Romani. It will then study how this relationship helps SFA Romani in their new strategy (creation of a new R&D department) with the increasing of the customer value as main objective. In order to fulfil the purpose, a deductive approach has been used. Four members of the new R&D department have been interviewed around their vision of the connection between entrepreneurship and marketing. Finally, and after analyzing the empirical data, a conclusion has been drawn. It showed that the new strategy of the company uses entrepreneurial marketing. Firstly, through a close cooperation between the different departments of the company. Secondly, through marketing tools used to understand the customers’ needs and to increase the final customer value. This study finally shows that entrepreneurial marketing is a sustainable way for SFA Romani to increase its competitive advantage and to ensure its long-term survival on the market

Résumé This diploma thesis under the title Linguistic Representation of National Stereotypes in Czech Media deals with which stereotypes about three chosen nationalities - Romani, Vietnamese and Russians - are present in the selected sample selected from Czech media and how they are linguistically represented. The paper is based on the presumption that despite the principle of political correctness present in most of the journalese code of ethics, it is not possible to avoid some manifestations of shared fixed images of nationalities (called stereotypes) in media. Next, we argue that the media image of the world is based on the Linguistic Image of the World. The theoretical basis of the cognitive linguistics, especially the Prototype/Stereotype Theory and categorization as the way of understanding and assorting the world, were the main methodological sources. There is a chapter on each analysed national group that depicts the means of its categorisation and lists the particular categories that ensued from the analysis as well as the stereotypes that were discovered in the surveyed sample. Key words: Romani, Vietnamese, Russians, stereotypes, categorization, cognitive linguistics, media

This study concerns digital stories told by five young Romani students and one teacher from Roma Culture Class in Stockholm, Sweden. The theoretical framework draws from theories concerning identity, culture, Romanipe, the Romani value system and social semiotics. The material for the study is the digital stories that were analyzed qualitatively. The results show that the young Roma in the study demonstrate pride in their Romani background and culture, but also signs of changes and development in their culture. Some of the participants do not show external signs of Romani traditions, for example in the ways of dressing. However, they show their Romani descent through other signs and symbols as for example through images where the Romani tea table is especially emphasized. The study indicates that the use of multimodality seems to give the participants in the study more power over their own representations.