This thesis explores the ways in which the Holocaust experiences and memories of Roma communities in post-Socialist Ukraine and Russia have been both remembered and forgotten. In these nations, the Porraimos, meaning the “Great Devouring” in some Romani dialects, has been largely silenced by the politics of national memory, and by the societal discrimination and ostracization of Roma communities. While Ukraine has made strides towards memorializing Porraimos in the last few decades, the Russian state has yet to do the same. I question how experiences of the Porraimos fit into Holocaust memory in these nations, why the memorialization of the Porraimos is important, what the relationship between communal and public memory is, and lastly, how communal Roma memory is instrumental in reshaping the public memory of the Holocaust. I approach these questions through a comparative, interdisciplinary framework that combines historical analysis, interviews with two Russian Roma individuals from St. Petersburg Russia, an overview of existing literature and film that focus on the Porraimos, and a survey of the memorials for Roma victims in Western, Central, and Eastern Europe. Using these methods, I determine how the Porraimos fits into political and cultural memory in these nations, and what the future of Porraimos memory might look like. / Graduate

The following study aims to examine how the Swedish journalism portrays the relationship between the Swedish police and the Romani people in Sweden in connection with the disclosure of the registration of thousands of Romani people during the autumn of 2013. The study proceeds from a series of articles written 2013 about what in Swedish media is known as “Registerskandalen” or “Romregistret”. The theories used in the study all originates from Postcolonial Theory and Ethnocentrism, and we used van Dijk's Critical Discourse Analysis for analysing the result. In the end of the study we find that the Swedish journalism portrays the Swedish police's view on the Romani people as negative in comparison to how they view the rest of the majority society in Sweden.

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas, 2008. / Submitted by Ruthléa Nascimento (ruthlea@bce.unb.br) on 2008-10-30T14:56:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_AnaPaulaCasteloBSoria.pdf: 1084485 bytes, checksum: f9fc0c872731b307957d4cd51ef8753f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luanna Maia(luanna@bce.unb.br) on 2009-02-27T15:13:44Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_AnaPaulaCasteloBSoria.pdf: 1084485 bytes, checksum: f9fc0c872731b307957d4cd51ef8753f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2009-02-27T15:13:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008_AnaPaulaCasteloBSoria.pdf: 1084485 bytes, checksum: f9fc0c872731b307957d4cd51ef8753f (MD5) / Este estudo aborda o advento de uma literatura escrita no contexto de uma cultura tradicionalmente oral e a ascensão dos romà (ciganos) como sujeitos de suas narrativas. A etnia foi abundantemente representada na literatura do outro não-romà de forma estereotipada. Difundiram-se imagens negativas, pautadas por estigmas, que contribuíram para a solidificação de um imaginário coletivo que subalternizou os romà, servindo de justificativa para as perseguições, a discriminação e o preconceito em relação aos grupos. A violência com que esses estereótipos afetaram a identidade étnica, junto à intolerância ao diferente romà por parte das sociedades majoritárias, gerou a segregação da etnia, a hostilidade mútua e conflituosos contatos interétnicos. Levando em conta a influência dessas representações, faz-se uma análise das principais obras que utilizaram os “ciganos” como objeto. À continuação se estuda os romances Gitanos para su bien y para su mal e El aliento negro de los romanies, do escritor argentino Jorge Nedich. O autor enfatiza as fronteiras culturais distintivas entre o “eu” (romà) e o “outro” (gadyé) que, além de serem lugares que limitam, são importantes espaços de negociação cultural e de reconstrução identitária. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This study addresses the advent of literature written in the context of a traditional oral culture and the rise of romà (gypsies) as subjects of their narratives. The Roma were widely represented in non-romà literature, in a stereotypical form. This literature circulated negative images, guided by stigma, which contributed to the solidification of a collective imagination, which had the gypsy’s (Romà) as an inferior people, serving as justification for the persecution, discrimination and prejudice towards the Roma The violence with which these stereotypes affected the ethnic identity, and together with the intolerance to the different romà groups by part of the societal majority, generated ethnic segregation, and mutual hostility and conflicts between the different interethnic groups. Taking into account the influence of these representations, one can make an analysis of the principal works, which utilize the Gypsies as a focus, such as studies from the novels Gitanos para su bien y para su mal and El Aliento Negro de Los Romanies, by Argentinean writer Jorge Nedich. The author emphasizes the distinctive culture barriers between the ``I´´ (ROMÁ) and ``the Other´´ (GADYÉ), which besides being areas that are limited, are important places for cultural negotiation and culture identity reconstruction. ______________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMEN / Este trabajo versa sobre la literatura escrita por los romà (gitanos) en un contexto de cultura tradicionalmente oral, y el ascenso como sujetos de sus propias narrativas. En diversas épocas, la etnia romà fue representada por escritores no-romà de manera estereotipada surgiendo imágenes negativas, repletas de estigmas, que contribuyeron para cristalizar un imaginario colectivo subalterno. Esa realidad justificó las persecuciones, la discriminación y los prejuicios en relación a los diversos grupos romà. La violencia extrema con que los estereotipos afectaron la identidad étnica, junto a la intolerancia hacia el otro romà, de parte de las sociedades mayoritarias, generó la segregación de la etnia, la hostilidad mutua y contactos étnicos conflictivos. Teniendo en cuenta dichas representaciones, se examinan las principales obras en que aparecen los gitanos como objeto. Sigue un análisis de las novelas Gitanos para su bien y para su mal y El aliento negro de los romaníes del escritor argentino Jorge Nedich. El autor da énfasis a las fronteras culturales diferentes que se alzan entre el yo (romà) y el otro (gadyé) que, al mismo tiempo de servir de límite, son importantes espacios de negociación cultural e de reconstrucción de la identidad.

Tese (doutorado)—Universidade de Brasília, Instituto de Letras, Instituto de Letras, Departamento de Teoria Literária e Literaturas, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Literatura, 2015. / Submitted by Guimaraes Jacqueline (jacqueline.guimaraes@bce.unb.br) on 2015-11-27T12:33:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_ AnaPaulaCastelloBrancoSoria.pdf: 3674184 bytes, checksum: 689ce9facc9e9556b24ec3c6a30b452a (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2016-01-07T20:13:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_ AnaPaulaCastelloBrancoSoria.pdf: 3674184 bytes, checksum: 689ce9facc9e9556b24ec3c6a30b452a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-01-07T20:13:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_ AnaPaulaCastelloBrancoSoria.pdf: 3674184 bytes, checksum: 689ce9facc9e9556b24ec3c6a30b452a (MD5) / Este trabalho estuda a literatura romani (cigana) contemporânea. Analisa a história e o significado da emergência no seio de uma minoria de cultura oral e, tradicionalmente, resistente à escrita. No processo de redefinição e afirmação identitária étnica, esta produção literária tem papel fundamental como alicerce unificador dos grupos romà (ciganos) dispersos. Os textos estudados falam pela etnia, ao recuperarem a história grupal e a realidade do coletivo, oferecendo às sociedades circundantes uma visão de mundo, a partir da perspectiva “de dentro”. Historicamente, os romà foram atrelados à marginalidade pelas sociedades majoritárias, o que resultou em deterioramento identitário e exclusão progressiva. Os textos romà contribuem na subversão dos discursos preconceituosos, desmistificam os estereótipos, estreitam os laços entre os grupos e, assim, reinventam a nação romani e fundam um simbólico “território” escrito. A história da etnia, inserida nas sociedades majoritárias, como objetos estereotipados nas representações literárias do “outro”, são temas abordados nesta pesquisa. A reconstrução identitária, evidenciada no corpus escolhido, efetiva-se por meio do hibridismo cultural dos “novos romà” representados, das subversões dos estereótipos e introjeções. A pesquisa aponta para a ressignificação da identidade étnica, no registro da memória e na autorrepresentação das vozes romà expressas pelo seu próprio olhar. Tem como obra norteadora das análises: El alma de los parias (2014), do escritor rom argentino Jorge Nedich, complementada por romances de autores romá representativos de distintos grupos e países. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ RESUMEN / Este trabajo estudia la literatura romani (gitana) contemporánea. Analiza la historia y el significado de su surgimiento en el seno de una minoría de cultura oral y tradicionalmente reacia a la escritura. En el proceso de redefinición y afirmación de la identidad étnica, esta producción literaria tiene un papel significativo como fundamento unificador de los grupos romà (gitanos) dispersos. Los textos estudiados representan la etnia, al recuperar la historia grupal y la realidad de este colectivo, ofreciendo a las sociedades circundantes una visión de mundo bajo una perspectiva “desde dentro”. Históricamente, las sociedades mayoritarias consideraron a los romà como marginales lo que resultó en un deterioro como grupo étnico y en una progresiva exclusión. Sus textos contribuyen a la subversión de los discursos prejuiciosos, desmitifican los estereotipos y estrechan los lazos entre los diversos grupos. A su vez reinventan la nación romani y fundan un simbólico “territorio” escrito. La historia de la etnia, inserida en las sociedades mayoritarias y como objetos estereotipados en las representaciones literarias del “otro”, son temas abordados en esta investigación. La reconstrucción de la identidad, demostrada en el corpus escogido, se efectiva a través de la representación del hibridismo cultural de los “nuevos romà, de las subversiones de los estereotipos y de las introyecciones. La investigación apunta a la resignificación de la identidad étnica, el registro de la memoria y la autorepresentación de las voces romà expresadas desde su propia mirada. Los análisis se centran en la obra El alma de los parias (2014) del escritor rom argentino Jorge Nedich, complementada por novelas de autores romà representativos de distintos grupos y países. ______________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACT / This paper reviews the contemporary Romani (gypsy) literature. It analyzes the history This paper reviews the contemporary Romani (gypsy) literature. It analyzes the history and significance of emergence, within a minority of oral culture, traditionally resistant to written legacy. In the process of redefining and affirming ethnic identity, this literary production plays a key role as a unifying foundation of the Romà (gypsy) groups dispersed around the world. The studied texts speak through the ethnic group, recovering the group history and the reality of a collective, offering the surrounding societies a world vision from the “inside” perspective. The Romàs have been historically outcasted by controlling societies, which resulted in an identity deterioration and in a progressive exclusion. Their texts contribute to the subversion of the prejudiced speech, demystify the stereotypes and strengthen ties amongst the groups, reinventing the Romani nation and founding a symbolic written “territory”. The history of the ethnic group, inserted in the controlling societies and as stereotyped objects in the literary representations of the “other”, are themes approached in this investigation. The identity reconstruction, evidenced in the chosen corpus, is effective through the cultural hybridism of the represented “new romà”, of the subversion of the stereotypes and introjections. The research points towards the redefinition of ethnic identity in the reader’s memory and self-representation of Romà voices expressed from its own point of view. The guiding work is El alma de los parias (2014), written by Argentine Romany (gypsy) Jorge Nedich, complemented by novels of representative Romà authors of different groups and countries. and significance of emergence, within a minority of oral culture, traditionally resistant to written legacy. In the process of redefining and affirming ethnic identity, this literary production plays a key role as a unifying foundation of the Romà (gypsy) groups dispersed around the world. The studied texts speak through the ethnic group, recovering the group history and the reality of a collective, offering the surrounding societies a world vision from the “inside” perspective. The Romàs have been historically outcasted by controlling societies, which resulted in an identity deterioration and in a progressive exclusion. Their texts contribute to the subversion of the prejudiced speech, demystify the stereotypes and strengthen ties amongst the groups, reinventing the Romani nation and founding a symbolic written “territory”. The history of the ethnic group, inserted in the controlling societies and as stereotyped objects in the literary representations of the “other”, are themes approached in this investigation. The identity reconstruction, evidenced in the chosen corpus, is effective through the cultural hybridism of the represented “new romà”, of the subversion of the stereotypes and introjections. The research points towards the redefinition of ethnic identity in the reader’s memory and self-representation of Romà voices expressed from its own point of view. The guiding work is El alma de los parias (2014), written by Argentine Romany (gypsy) Jorge Nedich, complemented by novels of representative Romà authors of different groups and countries.

Det övergripande syftet i denna uppsats är att studera finska romers identitetsskapande. De frågeställningar som studien avser att besvara utgörs av hur finska romer anser att de blir bemötta utifrån de stereotypa föreställningar som finns och om stigmatiseringen påverkar deras identitetskapande. Studien tillämpar ett kvalitativt angreppssätt baserat på fyra intervjuer. Studiens teoretiska ram består av Erving Goffmans teori om stigma och Randall Collins teori om sociala ritualer. Arbetet visar att det finns ett diskriminerande bemötande som bygger på fördomar av gruppen finska romer och för att hantera dessa är deras grupptillhörighet viktig. I den skapas emotionella energier genom gemensamma traditioner som bidrar till att känna samhörighet och trygghet. Gruppen är avgörande för identiteten och i ett majoritetssamhälle som präglas av stereotypa föreställningar om finska romer är gruppen ännu viktigare för att identiteten ska kunna upprätthållas och utvecklas. / The aim of the thesis is to study how the identities of Finnish romani are affected by prejudgments within the society. The main questions addressed are how individuals feel they are being treated in relation to the existing stereotypical images of Finnish romani and whether the social stigma affects their identities. The qualitative study is based on interviews with four Finnish romani. The theoretical framework of the study includes Erving Goffman’s theory on stigma and Randall Collin’s theory regarding social rituals. The study shows that Finnish romani are treated in a discriminating manner due to the existing prejudgement of the group. To handle this discrimination the individuals set a high value in being part of the ethnic group. Common traditions within the group bring emotional satisfaction and feelings of shelter and connectedness to the individuals. In general, being part of a group (ethnic or not) affects the identity of the person. For Finnish romani that holds particularly true, however, due to the prevailing prejudgement of the group within the society. As such, for a Finish romani, the group is of profound importance for the maintenance and the development of the identity.

This diploma thesis deals with the issue of the Romani children and their motivation for learning. It is based on a widely believed idea that motivation of the Romani ethnic group in general is different from the vast majority of population. In practice this problem may manifest itself when the children in question are unwilling to learn, they disrupt the educational process, they refuse to go to school and discontinue their further education as such. The theoretical part of the paper is focused on describing Romani people and their particularities connected with the family environment in which the Romani children are brought up and which strongly forms their attitudes. It also determines the amount of motivation for learning as a starting point for success in terms of education. Motivational factors depend on the value of education in the broader socio-cultural context of the Romani minority. The practical part of the thesis is based on the ethnographic research. The purpose of the research has been to analyze motivation of the Romani children for education. The method of observation has aimed to find the answers for the following research questions: To what extent does socio-cultural and completely different historical background reflect the Romani children's motivation for learning? Which are...

The aim of this study was to explore how the Roma’s fit into the colorblind ideology in Sweden. Roma’s have been stigmatized and victims of severe abuses by the state as they were classified as an inferior race. Sweden has replaced the word race with ethnicity however, these do not directly have the same meaning. The term race is classified as taboo in Sweden making it hard to address issues regarding racial discrimination. Through my analysis I have discovered that colorblindness is integrated in all aspects of society. Institutions have used colorblind arguments which have diminished the institutional discrimination of the Roma’s. The colorblind ideology has hindered Roma inclusion meaning that their progress has been slowed down. They are still exposed in several sectors including labor market, housing market and the educational system. This thesis contributes to more knowledge regarding the relationship between Roma’s and colorblindness in Sweden. The subject has not been addressed before and the thesis opens up a new area of study.

This thesis analyses transgenerational transmission of musical knowledge and skills, (i.e. methods of musical teaching and learning) in the community of Romani musicians in Klenovec and Kokava in Central Slovakia. The thesis questions widespread myth about innate musicality of Roma and suggests an alternative explanation for postulated musical excellence of Roma through differences in their musical education. In the first part of the thesis, the question of musical-talent heritability both in social and natural science is being discussed. It concludes that despite of long discussions and recent hints in the field of genetic, we cannot consider an inborn genetic component for Romani musicality. In the second part, theoretical differences in music-educational systems are discussed (Merriam, Van den Bos, Turino) and the majority's institutionalised system of musical education of the Czech Republic and Slovakia is presented. The third part is a comparison of the institutionalised system with traditional methods of musical learning and teaching inside musicians' community in Klenovec and Kokava. Specifics of these methods and their contribution to construction of Romani musicality are discussed. This part is based upon data collected during author's own ethnographic research (2013-2015). The final part of the...

The descriptive grammar analyzes the North West variety of Lovari, i.e. the Hungarized Vlax dialect of Romani. The analysis is based upon fieldwork recordings and upon few written texts. The study presents the delimitation against related varieties and dialects, the sociolinguistic situation of the speakers, phonetics, phonology, phonetic alteration, and an overview of relevant grammatical categories. One chapter is dedicated to nominal and verbal morphology, to the use of forms, word formation and morphology of the preposition. The chapter on syntax describes non-morphological onomasiology, the structure of the noun phrase, presents frequent adverbs and modal, aspect, and discourse particles. The chapter on syntax continues with the clause structure, sentence types, the word order mechanisms, subordination and coordination. From a typological viewpoint, the language of the study is flective, employing several nominal and verbal inflectional classes, and agglutinative with respect to several morphological classes, such as case and tense marking. It is fusional in a sense, that number is cumulatively coded together with other features, with gender in nominal inflection, and with person in verbal inflection.

This thesis examines the relationship between English and Romanes as spoken by the Portland Kalderash Rom (Gypsies). Examples, taken from natural conversations which were taped, translated, and analyzed, show that the intermixing follows rules which guard the linguistic integrity of both languages. Code changing, code mixing, linguistic natural setting. A lexicon of Romanes words, elicited from members of the Gypsy community, is also included. The findings of this study support the thesis that this intermixing of Romanes and English is adaptive in that it insures that all members of the community can speak both languages from an early age.