Orientador: Antonio Miguel / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-03T15:31:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gomes_MariaLauraMagalhaes_D.pdf: 12578971 bytes, checksum: 42b253232c2d1e16537b7afbe47ac88f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003 / Resumo: Este trabalho focaliza as visões sobre a educação matemática dos quatro autores do Iluminismo francês cujo nome figura em seu título. Os quatro capítulos centrais são constituídos por estudos sobre as idéias de Diderot, d' Alembert, Condillac e Condorcet nos quais se procura ressaltar, para cada pensador, o aspecto mais notável em relação à educação matemática. Em Diderot, esse aspecto se encontra no sentido político da educação matemática; d' Alembert se distingue por sua consideração da epistemologia da Matemática como a base da educação matemática. Em Condillac, destaca-se a valorização da educação matemática no plano cognitivo geral; em Condorcet, as concepções e propostas para a educação matemática na instrução pública. Os capítulos inicial e final apresentam, respectivamente, o quadro da educação matemática na França do século XVllI, antes da Revolução, e o contexto da mesma educação no período pós-iluminista, da morte de Condorcet à Restauração / Abstract: This thesis is focused on elucidating visions on Mathematical Education of four Eighteenth Century French Enlightenrnent authors, namely, Diderot, d' Alembert, Condillac and Condorcet. These philosophers main views on Mathematical Education, as perceived, are here organised in four exc1usively dedicated chapters, each of them selecting and approaching the core themes and arguments of each author. Accordingly, Diderot's main ideas on the topic are aimed at the political meaning of Mathematical Education, whereas to d' Alembert, the central aspect to be underlined is the Mathematical Epistemology. As for Condillac, the priority is given to the evolving cognitive frameworks. Finally, it is believed that Condorcet' s ultimate emphasis is on public education. The thesis initial and final chapters characterise the Mathematical Education contexts in France, respectively, in the Eighteenth Century before the French Revolution and in the Post-Enlightenrnent phase, from Condorcet's death to the French Restoration / Doutorado / Doutor em Educação

Cette recherche se focalise sur les problèmes d’instabilités de combustion hautes fréquences dans les moteurs fusées. Ces instabilités sont connues pour avoir des effets néfastes et peuvent, dans certains cas, causer la destruction du système propulsif. Pour éviter l’apparition de ces instabilités, il est important de connaître les mécanismes qui entretiennent ces phénomènes dynamiques et de comprendre le couplage complexe entre l’injection, la combustion et la résonnance acoustique du système. Ce travail comprend trois parties.La première partie traite de la simulation numérique de jets non-réactifs et réactifs soumis à différentes conditions de modulation afin de comprendre les interactions entre les jets, les flammes et leur environnement. Les calculs numériques de jets ronds non-réactifs ainsi que des flammes plus complexes formées par des injecteurs coaxiaux dans des conditions transcritiques ont été effectuées avec des simulations aux grandes échelles (SGE), adaptées aux conditions gaz réels à l’aide du solveur AVBP-RG. Les jets ronds ont été soumis à des fluctuations de vitesse transverse. Il a été trouvé que pour toutes les amplitudes et fréquences de modulation, le jet est déformé et oscille dans la direction transverse. Ce comportement peut être représenté par un modèle. Les flammes coaxiales ont été soumises à une modulation de débit et de pression. La modulation induit des variations du dégagement de chaleur global. Un modèle mathématique reliant les paramètres modulés au dégagement de chaleur est proposé.La seconde partie contient les travaux expérimentaux. Dans ce cadre, un nouveau banc expérimental a été développé pour l’étude de cavités couplées pressurisées (NPCC). Le couplage entre le plénum (ou dôme) et la chambre a été étudié. Un modèle reliant les fluctuations de pression et de vitesse en sortie des injecteurs a été développé et comparés aux données d’essais. Le banc NPCC a aussi été utilisé pour acquérir plus de connaissances sur le niveau d’amortissement. Les coefficients d’amortissement ont été déterminés.La dernière partie de ce document traite du développement d’un modèle ordre réduit qui représente des mécanismes qui entretiennent et amortissent les instabilités de combustion hautes fréquences. Cette description dynamique a été incorporée dans un code de stabilité haute fréquence (STAHF). Ce code a été utilisé pour étudier un moteur à ergols liquides d’une puissance de 87 MW (le banc BKD du DLR en Allemagne) qui présente des instabilités hautes fréquences. Après le recalage de certains paramètres de contrôle, STAHF a été capable de retrouver des résultats obtenus d’essais au DLR. / This research concerns some of the issues raised by high frequency combustion instabilities in rocket engines. These instabilities are known to have detrimental effects leading, in some cases, to the destruction of the propulsion system. To avoid the appearance of such instabilities it is important to gain an understanding of the processes driving such dynamical phenomena. One has to consider the complex coupling between injection, combustion and the acoustic resonances of the system. The present work contributes to this objective by developing three items.The first deals with numerical simulations of non-reactive and reactive jets submitted to different modulation conditions to understand the interaction between jets, flames and their environment. Numerical simulations of non-reactive round jets as well as more complex flames formed by coaxial injectors operating under transcritical conditions were carried out using large eddy simulation (LES) adapted to real gas situations by making use of the AVBP-RG flow solver. Round jets were submitted to transverse velocity fluctuations. It has been found that for all amplitudes and frequencies of modulation, the modulated jet is deformed and oscillates. This behavior can be represented by a model. The coaxial flames were submitted to mass flow rate and pressure modulation. For these cases it has been found that the modulation induces variations of the global heat release rate. A mathematical relationship between the modulated parameters and the heat release rate has been proposed.The second item includes experimental investigations. For this purpose a New Pressurized Coupled Cavities (NPCC) laboratory test rig has been developed. The possible coupling between the plenum and the thrust chamber was studied. A model, linking pressure and velocity fluctuations between the plenum and the thrust chamber, has been developed. The laboratory test rig was also used to gather some knowledge on the levels of damping and the damping coefficients could be determined.The last item of this document deals with the development of a reduced order dynamical model which includes some of the driving and damping mechanisms of high frequency combustion instabilities. This dynamical description was implemented in a high frequency stability code (STAHF). This code was used to examine a 87 MW liquid rocket engine (BKD operated at DLR, Germany) exhibiting high frequency oscillations. After the adjustment of some control parameters, STAHF was able to retrieve some the features observed in experiments carried out at DLR.

Healthcare is generally characterized by deep traditions, old working methods, and clear hierarchies. A central part of medical wards is the so-called “round”. During the round, physicians and nurses visit the patients and decide on further action. The round is a central process at wards and affect the rest of the working day, both for physicians and nurses. In this study, the round process was observed at Ward 4 at Norrtälje Hospital. The staff at Ward 4 experienced high-stress levels and this was related to an ineffective round according to a prestudy conducted by Clinical Innovation Fellowships. The project aimed at producing a new optimized round routine that would reduce the high-stress levels. The study was conducted through observations, dialogue with staff, interviews, surveys, comparative observations at other wards at Norrtälje Hospital and other hospitals as well as theoretical studies. The main difficulties discovered in our study with the round process at Norrtälje Hospital were that (i) information was communicated dual, (ii) the round process was too time-consuming, (iii) late decision-making, (iv) inefficient role for nurses and the (v) priority of work. The study resulted in a recommendation of a new round routine in which we have taken the staff’s interests into account as well as literature and research within the field of how developing healthcare processes. Our target was to increase communication and collaboration between physicians and nurses and furthermore exploiting human resources in the best possible way. Our main recommendation was to introduce a seated pre-round prior to commencing the daily round routine and to introduce a reconciliation meeting afterwards. / Sjukvård är generellt sett präglat av inrotade traditioner, gamla arbetsmetoder och tydliga hierarkier. En central del på medicinska avdelningar är den så kallade ronden. Under ronden besöker läkare och sköterskor patienterna och beslutar om vidare åtgärder. Arbetet under ronden påverkar sedan resten av arbetsdagen, både för läkare och sköterskor, eftersom den är en väldigt central del av arbetsdagen på en medicinavdelning. I denna studien så undersöktes rondprocessen på avdelning 4 på Norrtälje Sjukhus. Bakgrunden till detta var att personalen präglats av höga stressnivåer och att det varit ett resultat av en ineffektiv rond. Detta framkom från en förstudie utförd av Clinical Innovation Fellowships. Vår studie syftade i att producera en ny effektivare rondrutin som i sin tur skulle minska stressen hos personalen. Detta genomfördes med hjälp av observationer, dialog med personal, intervjuer, enkätundersökningar, jämförande observationer på andra avdelningar och andra sjukhus, och teoristudier. Dom största problemen som upptäcktes i vår studie var att (i) information kommuniceras dubbelt, (ii) ronden tog för lång tid, (iii) att beslut inte fattas tillräckligt fort, (iv) sköterskans roll under ronden och (v) prioritering av patienter. Studien resulterade i ett förslag till en ny rondrutin som strävar efter att öka kommunikation och samarbete mellan läkare och sköterskor, och samtidigt utnyttja personalresurser på ett optimalt sätt. Vår främsta rekommendation var att införa en sittrond före gåronden och avsluta med ett avstämningsmöte.

La pétroarchéologie du silex s’attache à définir les origines des silex retrouvés dans les sites archéologiques. Auvu des avancées méthodologiques récentes (définition toujours plus précise des faciès, vision dynamique duparcours du silex dans son environnement - chaîne évolutive -, mise en place d’une cartographie précise desdomaines minéraux siliceux) il est aujourd’hui possible de préciser non seulement le lieu de formation du silex(gîte primaire) mais également son lieu de collecte (gîte primaire ou secondaire).L’étude exhaustive des silex de collections archéologiques du sud du Massif central à plusieurs moments-clés duPaléolithique supérieur (Gravettien récent et final : Le Blot et Le Rond-de-Saint-Arcons ; Badegoulien : Le Ronddu-Barry et La Roche-à-Tavernat ; et Magdalénien supérieur : Sainte-Anne II) a permis la mise en évidence d’unediversité insoupçonnée de matériaux représentatifs d’un vaste litho-espace (espace géographique comprenantl’ensemble des matériaux considérés). Nous proposons donc un modèle de représentation de l’origine et del’acquisition des matières premières retrouvées sur un site archéologique, non plus sous une forme sito-centrée(en étoile), mais sous la forme d’un réseau de lieux, plus en accord avec les données issues des observationsethnographiques et géographiques. La représentation des différents types de matériaux au sein des industrieslithiques, ainsi que leurs modes d’introduction sur le site, permettent de distinguer les choix opérés par leshommes et les contraintes naturelles subies, autorisant dès lors l’inscription sémantique du litho-espace dans unessai de reconstruction du paléo-espace social. / The petroarchaeology of flint tries to define the origin of flints found in archaeological sites. In view of the recentmethodological advances (definition of the facies always more precise, dynamic vision of the route of the flint inher environment - “evolutionary chain” concept -, precise mapping of the siliceous mineral domains) it isnowadays possible to distinguish not only the formation place of the flint (primary outcrop) but also its retrievalplace (primary or secondary outrcrop).The exhaustive study of archaeological flint collections from the South of the Massif Central of France at varioustimes of the Upper Palaeolithic (recent and final Gravettian: Le Blot and Le Rond-de-Saint-Arcons; Badegoulian:Le Rond-du-Barry and La Roche-à-Tavernat; and Upper Magdalenian: Sainte-Anne II) have permitted thehighlighting of an unexpected diversity of material representative of a huge litho-espace (geographical spaceincluding all the regarded materials). In this respect, we developed a new figuration model of the origin of the rawmaterial discovered in the archaeological site, either in a sito-centred form (like a star), but like a network ofplaces, more in agreement with the ethnographic and geographic data. The presence of different types of flint inthe lithic industries correlated to their introducing pattern on site, allow to distinguish the choices made by theancient men versus the natural constraints they undergone, authorizing consequently the semantic inscription ofthe litho-espace in an attempt of reconstruction of the palaeo-social-space.