There are some conflicting arguments for the categorization of different variables considered to be important democratic components. On the one side there are those who are advocates for a distinction of a political order and a democratic political order where components such as rule of law resides in the political order. The other side argues that the substantive side has such a large effect on democracy that especially the variable of rule of law should be counted as a democratic political variable. The theoretical idea is that a primary political order is separate and enables the establishment of a democratic political order. What this study seeks to do is to analyze the effects of the two distinctions to determine if a separation of the two is the best option or if they should be merged into one singular distinction or dimension. The primary method for conducting the study is statistical analysis with quantitative data and the aim is to make a generalizable result and conclusion.

The thesis explains the need for a high level of transparency in the state administration on a concrete example of administrative practice - using of hedge commands by the financial administration. For explanation, the hedge command is is the ultima ratio tool in the area of the tax administration. The topic was widely publicized and, in particular, the cases of liquidation effects of the hedge commands on some entrepreneurs and cases where the courts decided against financial administration. The mistrust that has arisen in using of this tool is considered a public-political problem in the text. The thesis examines the trustworthiness of the state institution in connection with the degree of transparency. It deals with the influence of the bureaucracy on the state administration, with the accountability of the state officials and with the concept of good governance, on which the need for transparency proves. The multiple case study in the empirical part of the thesis presents five selected critical cases of the use of the hedge command, when the courts decided in favor of the companies. A document analysis was used to describe the cases, especially court judgments, also news and reports. The expert survey then offers a view of experts on the given issue. The primary data was obtained through eight...

Fundamental Questions of the Conception of Civil Procedure Abstract The dissertation deals with fundamental questions of the conception of civil procedure (civil contentious litigation). In order to deal with these questions, a system of fundamental questions is presented, serving as a prism for evaluation of the conception of the Czech civil procedure de lege lata and de lege ferenda. These fundamental questions are divided into fundamental questions of the conception of civil procedure largo sensu and stricto sensu. A deductive approached is employed, advancing the research from more general questions (i.e. inter alia character of contemporary democratic state based on rule of law and role of civil procedure within such state, a notion of civil procedure) to more particular questions (i.e. inter alia character of the relation between the court and the parties to the dispute, instruments of the court). The questions gradually narrow the space for the conceptions of civil procedure. Three general conceptions of civil procedure are distinguished. These are liberal, social and cooperative conceptions of civil procedure. Subsequently, special conceptions of civil procedure are distinguished, these do not deal with the relation between the court and the parties comprehensively (these are: conception based on...

The diploma thesis deals mainly with four topics - the rule of law, democracy, the democratic state governed by the rule of law and its real form in the Czech Republic during the global pandemic of COVID-19. The development of the rule of law, democracy and the democratic state governed by the rule of law continues and is influenced by the challenges that arise over time. The original formal conception of the rule of law was focused primarily on the observance of the rule of law, while the material conception already takes into account certain value aspects and fundamental human rights. Today's form of democracy differs significantly from its original ancient Greek definition. It was originally intended to be applied to small homogeneous units in which individuals would participate in voting on all important matters. Over time, however, it began to apply to large nation states, which required the adoption of the institute of council. A democratic state governed by the rule of law is a concept based on the dynamic balancing of the components between which a certain tension may arise. Its ideal is fulfilled by a situation where its individual aspects are continually improved in the most balanced way possible. All these the above-mentioned institutes have been affected by the global pandemic of...

Hong Kong, the Special Administrative Region under “one country, two systems”, is also one region that have been under two different rulers, which returned to China 1997 after 150 years of British colonial rule. The purpose of this study is to examine if the democracy in Hong Kong differs between British and Chinese rule. The empirical material about Hong Kong will be analysed through civil society, political society and through the rule of law under British and Chinese governance. With 23 years each, from the period 1974-2020, and with a theoretical framework of criteria needed to fulfill a democracy, this study will reach a conclusion. Although the British and the Chinese had different ways of governing Hong Kong, they both received the same level of democracy. / Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, Umeå Universitet

Cette thèse porte sur le rôle des avocats d’intérêt public dans les procès que les paysans intentent pour défendre leur droit au logement en Chine. Concernant les avocats d’intérêt public en Chine, deux figures sont valorisées dans cette thèse : l’avocat gouvernemental travaillant comme médiateur et l’avocat libéral travaillant comme acteur social. Le premier type d’avocat se compose de deux sous-groupes : les avocats recrutés comme fonctionnaires par le gouvernement local et les avocats libéraux sollicités provisoirement par le gouvernement local dans certaines affaires. Le deuxième type est également divisé en deux groupes : les avocats militants dans les grands cabinets et les avocats des petits cabinets. Dans sa dimension historique (chapitre 1), Cette profession s’inscrit dans la culture confucianiste de l’Empire - même si elle subit aussi l’influence de l’implantation juridique occidentale depuis la fin du XIXe siècle. Le concept occidental d’avocat a été introduit par le régime chinois de la dynastie de Qing de façon « top-down », et ce concept s’est superposé à la tradition du « Songshi ». Ces deux courants composent le fond sur lequel s’est construite la profession d’avocat chinois en se concentrant d’abord dans la région maritime du sud-ouest, surtout dans les grandes villes comme Shanghai et Canton. Dans les régions continentales, l’image de l’avocat reste encore fortement influencée par la tradition du « Songshi ». A partir de l’instauration de la République populaire de Chine, la profession d’avocat a obtenu du régime sa reconnaissance, mais elle a hérité de la tradition locale du « Songshi », et elle a fait partie des gestionnaires du régime (les fonctionnaires), au lieu d’être une profession libérale. Cette recherche met aussi en évidence la spécificité de l’institution judiciaire chinoise (chapitre 2): l’encastrement du système politique dans le système judiciaire conduit à une symbiose ; le passage par le politique est l’unique moyen de résoudre les problèmes ; les questions judiciaires et les problèmes sociaux sont politisés. Au niveau macro, l’organisation des grands corps de l’État est complexe et chaque corps défend son propre intérêt, bien davantage que l’intérêt général. Au niveau micro, tous les acteurs de l’action publique ont envie de devenir acteurs de l’action politique. Les avocats gouvernementaux sont un exemple, mais les avocats libéraux veulent aussi pénétrer dans l’administration de l’État par les activités extérieures de l’institution et du monde judiciaires. Les « cause lawyers » ont des prédispositions politiques (à gauche et à droite), et ils se confrontent au défi de défendre l’intérêt de leurs clients en même temps que de réaliser leur objectif politique. Dans le chapitre 3 et le chapitre 4, il nous montre les logiques d’activité dans différents groupes d’avocat, surtout dans l’affaire de démolition et d’expropriation. L’analyse de l’activité des avocats gouvernementaux qui travaille comme médiateur montre que ceux-ci utilisent la légitimité de la domination de l’État pour faire croire aux paysans que la destruction de leurs logements est une action politique légale. Leur rôle est plutôt celui d’un médiateur ou d’un conseil judiciaire que celui d’un avocat. La recherche porte sur les avocats libéraux s’engageant dans l’action publique comme acteurs. À cause du caractère politique de leurs interventions devant le tribunal, ces avocats perdent souvent leurs procès. Ils organisent des mobilisations à l’extérieur du tribunal comme des actions de ‘lobbying’, en espérant lancer un scandale sur les forums internet de sorte à faire pression sur les groupes d’intérêt. En utilisant internet, ils cherchent à transformer un procès en cause. / My study is about the role of Chinese public interest lawyers in the case of housing demolition of peasants. I want to know if there is a legal profession in China who has some similarity of cause lawyers in America. If there is, considering the reality of Chinese society, what are the same point and the difference between this professional group and the cause lawyers in the liberal democracy? These questions are relatives to the complex relation among the law, the politic, and the social change in chine. To answer these questions, I try to analyse the role of the lawyer in this relation from three dimensions. Firstly, it is necessary to describe the Chinese legal system in which the lawyer shows their characteristics, specially the relation between the law and the politic in China(Chapter 1 and chapter 2). Secondly, on the basis of interviews with the lawyers, observing the activity and the strategy of the lawyer inside and outside of their professional domain, I seek to make a conclusion of the specificity of the Chinese public interest lawyers (chapter 3); Thirdly, I will try to make a comparison with the cause lawyers according to these characteristics of Chinese public interest lawyers(chapter 4). This comparison can answer the question in the beginning of my study and give a good window into the role of Chinese public interest lawyer.

This essay takes aim on the issue that the concept of the best interest of the child has no distinct legal definition. This essay means to explore how the concept is constructed by the social workers in investigations about custody, accommodation and contact. Furthermore, previous research suggests that social norms have an influence on the construction of the concept. Therefore, this essay also aims to understand if this is the case and to what extent norms have an influence on the construction of the best interest of the child. Finally, the goal is also to understand how legal certainty is affected by the influence of social norms. This essay uses a content analysis of investigations that are presented in the court’s legal documents. The content analysis uses the theoretical framework from Håkan Hydéns norm model. The results show that social workers mainly use circumstances in the individual case to create meaning of what is and what is not the best interest of the child. Social workers also use their own knowledge and experience, as well as scientific knowledge. Lastly, social workers sometimes use their own interpretations, opinions and values to give meaning to what the best interest of the child means. The results also show that there is room for norms to influence the assessment of what is in the best interest of the child, but at the same time the result can’t explain to what extent social norms have an influence. Furthermore, the results show that the influence of norms may affect the legal certainty of children negatively.

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Cela fait plusieurs années que le conflit au Sri Lanka s’est officiellement terminé. Pendant près de 20 ans, l’armée et les Tigres de Libération de l’Îlam tamoul se sont affrontés. Durant les années de conflit, le gouvernement sri lankais a instruit plusieurs commissions d’enquête et de vérité afin de faire face aux abus et aux violations des droits humains. Celles-ci n’ont pas exaucé les promesses de vérité et justice dont elles étaient porteuses. Il en va de même pour les commissions étant apparu à la fin du conflit. Cette recherche a pour but l’analyse de la primauté du droit au Sri Lanka à l’issue des différents mécanismes se rapportant à la justice transitionnelle dans le pays. Plus précisément, nous procédons à un travail de définition de la primauté du droit qui s’attache aux échecs du gouvernement dans sa tentative de faire face à l’héritage du conflit. En conclusion, nous fournissons une définition de la primauté du droit capable de revaloriser la justice transitionnelle dans le pays, et dont les caractéristiques sont fondées sur une approche holistique du contexte. / It has been almost several years since the conflict in Sri Lanka officially ended. For nearly 20 years, the army, and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Îlam fought. During the years of conflict, the Sri Lankan government initiated several commissions of inquiry and truth commissions to address human rights abuses and violations. These commissions have not kept their promise of truth and justice. The same is true for the commissions that emerged at the end of the conflict. The purpose of this research is to analyze the rule of law in Sri Lanka through the various transitional justice mechanisms in the country. Specifically, we proceed to define the rule of law as it relates to the failures of the government to address the legacy of the conflict. In conclusion, we provide a definition of the rule of law capable of enhancing transitional justice in the country and whose characteristics are based on a holistic approach to context.

[pt] A presente pesquisa traz como proposta a investigação da propriedade privada no que tange à construção da norma jurídica, em especial, em relação à norma jurídica criminal. Nesse sentido, visando elaborar o trabalho da melhor forma possível, estabeleceu-se a seguinte situação-problema: com a finalidade de se contrapor à legalidade capitalista, na seara penal, é possível apoiar-se em uma proposta abolicionista no que diz respeito aos delitos contra o patrimônio (sem violência ou grave ameaça à pessoa)? Como hipótese fixada pela dissertação, logo após a construção da criação e naturalização da propriedade em Locke e na revolução francesa, além de apresentar os problemas encontrados no nascimento da prisão (sob a ótica de Foucault), busca-se, portanto, examinar se a criminalização dos crimes contra o patrimônio (sem violência ou grave ameaça) estabelecem uma relação direta de desigualdade perante o sistema capitalista, propondo, a partir da referida análise, uma possível abolição desses delitos da esfera penal, uma vez que tais criminalizações representam o interesse apenas de uma classe (dominante) sobre uma classe subalterna, a qual não possui acesso à propriedade privada de maneira cômoda e natural. Para tal, realizou-se pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, a partir das obras relacionadas ao tema, além de se valer de gráficos com a finalidade de demonstrar os problemas da prisão na contemporaneidade. / [en] The present research proposes the investigation of private property regarding the construction of the legal norm, in particular, in relation to the criminal legal norm. In this sense, in order to elaborate the work in the best possible way, the following problem situation was established: in order to oppose capitalist legality, in the criminal field, it is possible to rely on an abolitionist proposal with regard to crimes against property (without violence or serious threat to the person)? As a hypothesis fixed by the dissertation, soon after the construction of the creation and naturalization of property in Locke and in the French Revolution, in addition to presenting the problems encountered in the birth of the prison (from the perspective of Foucault), it seeks, therefore, to examine whether the criminalization of crimes against property (without violence or serious threat) establish a direct relationship of inequality before the capitalist system, proposing, from the aforementioned analysis, a possible abolition of these crimes in the criminal sphere, since such criminalizations represent the only interest of a (dominant) class over a subaltern class, which does not have access to private property in a comfortable and natural way. To this end, bibliographic and documentary research was carried out, based on works related to the theme, in addition to using graphics in order to demonstrate the problems of prison in contemporary times.