As economias de aglomeração apresentam externalidades que impactam sobre os vetores de preços da economia. As interações que ocorrem nas aglomerações são relevantes para a compreensão dos benefícios gerados pela proximidade. Tais benefícios impactam diretamente o salário do trabalho e os preços dos imóveis, entre outros. Muitos trabalhos focaram em estudar economias de aglomeração no contexto espacial agregado, mas poucos estiveram focados no espaço intra-urbano. Em face dessa lacuna na literatura de Economia de Aglomeração, a análise nesta tese debruça-se sobre a Região Metropolitana de São Paulo (RMSP), que foi dividida em áreas homogêneas de 1 km2. Dois são os objetivos centrais desse trabalho. Primeiro, buscou-se identificar as áreas mais relevantes quanto à aglomeração de trabalhadores na RMSP, ou seja, os subcentros de emprego (SBD). Para tanto, utilizaram-se os microdados geocodificados do Ministério do Trabalho (RAIS- MTE) para os anos de 2002, 2008 e 2014. Uma nova abordagem empírica foi desenvolvida, utilizando Regressões Ponderadas Geograficamente e uma regra objetiva de valor de corte. Os resultados apontam para três SBD nos anos de 2002 e 2008. No ano de 2014, a abordagem metodológica desenvolvida nessa tese com valor de corte mais restrito identifica apenas dois SBD. Nos dois períodos iniciais, os SBD se localizam em Barueri, São Paulo e São Caetano do Sul. No último ano avalidado, localizam-se em Barueri e São Paulo. O padrão observado é que o emprego localizado nas áreas centrais de São Paulo apresenta nível de crescimento relativamente maior do que nas demais áreas. Os demais SBD perdem não apenas em termos de emprego, mas também em termos de área, isto é, as áreas dos SBD nesses municípios se reduzem. Em 2002, os SBD de Barueri e São Caetano do Sul ocupavam áreas de 5 e 7 km2, respectivamente. Em 2014, o primeiro ocupava 1 km2 e o segundo deixou de existir. Em São Paulo, a área se elevou de 79 km2 para 90 km2. Os resultados sugerem elevada concentração espacial do emprego na RMSP. No segundo ensaio, objetiva-se identificar o impacto da aglomeração sobre os salários dos trabalhadores e, adicionalmente, testa-se a hipótese de atenuação espacial da aglomeração. Para tanto, construiu-se uma base de dados longitudinal e considerou-se uma especificação com múltiplos efeitos fixos e defasagem espacial da aglomeração de emprego. Mesmo em face de uma especificação mais restritiva, os resultados sugerem efeito positivo da aglomeração, o qual é atenuado com o distanciamento espacial. Em outras palavras, a aglomeração impacta positivamente o salário. Em estimações que desconsideram a questão da endogeneidade, estima-se um efeito direto (na própria área) de 0,039%, efeito indireto de primeira ordem (em áreas contíguas) de -0,11% e efeito indireto de segunda ordem (anel externo às áreas contíguas) de -0,23%, normalizado por 100,000. Ao tratar o problema da endogeneidade, através do uso de variáveis instrumentais, obtém-se efeito direto de 1,78%, indireto de primeira ordem de -2,12% e o efeito de segunda ordem não é estatisticamente significante. / Agglomeration economies are externalities that impact on prices in the economy. The interactions that occur in agglomerations are relevant for the understanding of the benefits generated by proximity. These benefits directly affect workers\' wage, real estate prices, etc. Many papers have focused on non-market interaction in aggregated labor markets, but intra-urban labor markets have received less attention. Seeking to fulfill such lack, 1 km2 areas of the Metropolitan Area of São Paulo (MASP) are taken as the scope of analysis of this study. The central objectives of this dissertation are twofold. First, in chapter 3, I identified and characterized the most relevant areas in terms of job agglomeration in the MASP, named subcentral business districts (SBD). For this purpose, the geocoded matched employer-employee database of the Ministry of Labor (RAIS- TEM) was used. I developed a new empirical approach to identify the SBD, using Geographicaly Weight Regression and cut-off rules of identification. The results identified three SBD in the years of 2002 and 2008, and only two in 2014. Considering the two initial periods, the SBD are located in the municipalities of Barueri (SBD-BAR), São Paulo (SBD-SAO) and São Caetano do Sul (SBD-SCS). In the last year, the SBD are located in Barueri and São Paulo municipality only. The employment located in the central areas of São Paulo shows a relatively higher amount of employee than in the other SBD areas. SBD-BAR and SBD-SCS lost not only in terms of employment, but also in terms of area. In 2002, these last two SBD occupied areas of 5 and 7 km2 respectively. In 2014, the SBD-BAR occupied 1 km2, while the SBD-SCS is not ranked at all. In São Paulo, the area ranges from 79 km2 to 90 km2. The results stemmed from the first paper suggest a high spatial concentration of employment in the MASP. In the second paper (chapter 4), the objectives are to identify the impact of agglomeration on workers\' wages and test the agglomeration spatial attenuation hypothesis (SAH). For that, I use employer-employee RAIS database and consider a specification with multiple fixed effects and spatial lags of the employment agglomeration as a strategy to SAH identification. Even in the face of a more restrictive specification, the results suggest a positive effect of agglomeration, which is attenuated as the spatial distance increases. In other words, agglomeration affects positively workers\' wage in the workplace area. Estimates without solving for endogeneity between wage and agglomeration indicate a direct effect of 0.039% (in the area itself), a first-order indirect effect of -0.11% (in the contiguous areas), and a second-order effect of -0.23% (in the ring around the contiguous areas), normalized by 100,000. When considering instrumental variables, the estimated direct effect on wages becomes 1.78%, the first-order effect changes to -2.12%, and the second order effect is not statistically significant.

Orientador: Carlos Salas Paez / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T15:11:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kasonde_Clement_M.pdf: 2543320 bytes, checksum: c5a650cf010e5208fc95d2c67b9ae94a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: De acordo com (CSO-LFS 2012), o governo da República da Zâmbia formula políticas empregatícias para melhorar as relações e condições de trabalho. Essas políticas também têm como objetivo reduzir a pobreza através da criação de empregos decentes para os cidadãos (CSO-LFS 2012). Para que as políticas sejam relevantes, o governo realiza avaliações econômicas através de diversos meios, como a condução de pesquisas sobre a força de trabalho (LFS), monitoramento das condições de vida (LCMS), monitoramento da performance econômica e outras iniciativas socioeconômicas relacionadas. Além disso, o governo também promove a educação para seus cidadãos uma vez que está consciente de que uma força de trabalho instruída e essencial para o desenvolvimento econômico (CSO-LFS, 2012). O fomento ao investimento local e estrangeiro em vários setores é também uma importante política que qualquer governo deveria implementar tendo em vista a criação de empregos decentes e redução da pobreza. Como argumenta Amartya Sem, o crescimento econômico se dá através do desenvolvimento das capacidades. De acordo com (Layard 2004; Offer 2006; Wilkinson and Picket 2010), o crescimento do PIB tem se mostrado uma referência inadequada do progresso social a parece exercer pouco ou nenhum impacto no bem-estar social. Essa visão é amparada pela noção de "desenvolvimento como liberdade" de Sem, que implica que as pessoas só desfrutam de liberdade genuína quando ela é baseada na segurança econômica e social. De acordo com o painel de especialistas na Comissão de Mensuração do Desempenho Econômico e Progresso social nomeado por Nicolas Sarkozy, ex-presidente da França, os termos de referência não aceitam que os cidadãos se adaptem às exigências da economia, mas sim que a economia seja remodelada para servir aos interesses dos cidadãos. De acordo com `Failure of a Model¿ de Ron Blackwell e David Coates, um estado democrático deve permanecer como um agente econômico indispensável, fornecendo serviços públicos de qualidade, desempenhando o papel de regulador, preparando o palco para os agentes econômicos e intervindo (através de políticas fiscais ou monetárias) de modo a acalmar os impulsos especulativos ou controlar uma recessão (ILO - IJLR, 2012). Também existe, como Tim Page coloca em seu trabalho, um forte argumento a favor da implementação e desenvolvimento por parte do governo de políticas industriais ativas, através da criação de marcos regulatórios claros, que forneçam capital que não venha diretamente do mercado aberto para o investimento. Por exemplo, US$ 750 milhões foram captados no mercado de capitais em 2012 para a realização de programas governamentais que visavam melhorias nas estradas públicas e na infraestrutura ferroviária, com o objetivo de alavancar o desenvolvimento social e econômico na Zâmbia / Abstract: According to (CSO-LFS 2012), the Government of the Republic of Zambia formulates employment and labour policies to improve workers¿ and employers¿ labour relations and employment conditions. These policies are also aimed at reducing poverty by the creation of decent jobs for the citizens (CSO-LFS 2012). In order to make relevant policies, the Government carries out assessments on the economy through various means such as conducting the Labour Force Surveys (LFS), Living Conditions Monitoring Surveys (LCMS), economic performance monitoring programs and other related socioeconomic initiatives. In addition, the Government also promotes education for its citizens as it realizes that an educated labour force is essential for economic development (CSO-LFS, 2012). The promotion of both local and foreign investment in various sectors is also an important policy any government should implement with a view to creating decent jobs and reduce poverty. As Amartya Sen has opined, economic growth has to be for the purpose and the most straightforward way of characterizing that goal is to say that citizens must be able to acquire the capabilities and that they need to choose lives that they have reasons to value (Sen, 1999). According to (Layard 2004; Offer 2006; Wilkinson and Picket 2010), measured increase in DGP has been seen to be inadequate benchmark of social progress and appears to have little or no impact on either happiness or life satisfaction. This view is supported by Sen¿s notion of `development as freedom¿, which entails that people can enjoy genuine liberty only insofar as it is based on economic and social security. According to the panel of experts on the Commission for Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress appointed by Nicolas Sarkozy, the former president of France, the terms of references for the committee of experts was that the objective is not to accept the world as it is and adapt citizens to the demands of the economy, but to reshape the economy to ensure that it serves the interest of the citizens. According to the `Failure of a Model¿ by Ron Blackwell and David Coates, as part of policy activism, a democratic state must remain as an indispensable actor in the economy, playing a role of providing quality public services and as a regulator, setting the stage for market actors and intervening (either through fiscal or monetary policy) in order to cool a speculative boom or halt a recession (ILO - IJLR, 2012). There is also, as Tim Page makes in his paper, a strong case for government to develop active industrial policies by setting clear regulatory frameworks, providing capital for investments that will not be funded on the open market. For instance, the 2012 Zambia¿s US$ 750 million Euro Bond" which was sourced from `Wall Street¿ capital market for public works programmes (PWP), is meant to improve inter alia; public roads and railway infrastructure in order to help stimulate economic and social development in Zambia / Mestrado / Economia Social e do Trabalho / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

El objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar qué variables impactan en la determinación del salario de los profesionales. Se han considerado como explicativas a las características por parte de la oferta laboral, es decir, del profesional, que son años de educación, género y zona de ubicación; también se incluye en la estimación a una variable que indica a qué familia de carrera pertenece el profesional. Además, se tiene en cuenta a una característica por parte de la demanda laboral, que es la actividad económica en la que trabaja el profesional, esto con el propósito de tener un modelo ampliado que analice tanto la perspectiva de oferta como de demanda laboral. Por ello, para la estimación de salarios se ha empleado la metodología en dos etapas de Heckman, ya que esta da solución al problema de sesgo de selección que está presente cuando se quieren estimar los ingresos laborales. De la sección econométrica se obtuvo que un individuo que cuente con más años de educación, que sea hombre y que trabaje en Lima Metropolitana, obtendrá mayores salarios. Por otro lado, tanto las variables de familia de carrera como de actividad económica resultaron fundamentales para la explicación de salarios de los profesionales. / The objective of this research is to evaluate which variables impact on the determination of the salary of professionals. The characteristics by part of the labor offer, that is, of the professional, have been considered as explanatory, which are years of education, gender, and area of location; a variable that indicates to which career family the professional belongs is also included in the estimation. In addition, a characteristic by part of the labor demand is taken into account, which is the economic activity in which the professional works, this with the purpose of having an expanded model that analyzes both the labor offer and demand perspectives. For this reason, for the estimation of salaries, Heckman’s two-stage methodology has been used, since it addresses the selection bias problem that is present when estimating labor income. From the econometric section, it was obtained that an individual who has more years of education, who is a man, and who works in Metropolitan Lima, has higher salaries. On the other hand, both the variables of career family and economic activity were fundamental for explaining the salaries of professionals. / Trabajo de investigación

Los estereotipos de género prevalecen en el lugar de trabajo. Esto infringe la igualdad de género y generalmente afecta el desempeño laboral subjetivo. Esta investigación estudia la percepción de un grupo de empleados bancarios sobre las construcciones sociales que existen en la sociedad sobre género y analiza la relación de estas percepciones en el desempeño laboral subjetivo. Para ello, se aplicaron 382 encuestas a personas pertenecientes a la fuerza laboral de los bancos peruanos en el año 2021. Se analizaron tres áreas para la variable género: brecha salarial, participación del género en un puesto laboral y demanda familiar. Los resultados mostraron de los cuestionarios aplicados mostraron que el género y el desempeño laboral no tienen una relación. Sin embargo, la percepción de las tres áreas estudiadas de la variable género si tienen relación con el desempeño laboral subjetivo. / Gender stereotypes are prevalent in the workplace. This violates gender equality and usually affects the subjective job performance. This research studies the perception of a group of bank employees about the social constructions that exist in the society on gender and analyze the relationship of these perceptions on the subjective job performance. To do this, 382 surveys were applied to people belonging to the labor force in Peruvian banks. Three areas were analyzed for the gender variable: wage gap, participation of gender in a job position and family demand. On the other hand, for the job performance variable, a survey of twenty-three questions has been taken based on the questionnaire by Volkan, A., Rabia, C. and Edina, A. The results showed that gender and job performance are not related. However, the perception of the three studied areas of the gender variable is related to subjective job performance. / Tesis

Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo analizar los factores determinantes de la brecha salarial entre hombres y mujeres en el mercado laboral peruano: 2014 – 2018. Para lograr dicho objetivo, se usó la base de datos del INEI correspondiente a la ENAHO sobre condiciones de vida y pobreza y se utilizó la encuesta panel para los años correspondientes de la investigación, dentro de esta base datos se escogió a las personas que respondieron durante estos cinco años. La base de datos fue divida en dos grupos, una correspondiente a los hombres y la otra a las mujeres para luego ser estimadas por separado mediante el método de Oaxaca – Choe (2016) para panel de datos, los resultados muestran que las mujeres ganan 25.76% menos que los hombres. Por lo tanto, se encontró que los factores determinantes de la brecha salarial entre grupos son el nivel educativo, las horas trabajadas, la experiencia, el tamaño de la empresa, la edad, la edad elevada al cuadrado. Sin embargo, en el modelo se incluyeron otros variables como es el caso del estado civil, el estar embarazada o no (en el caso de las mujeres), las limitaciones para moverse (discapacidad física), el tiempo de residencia en el distrito o si es perteneciente a un pueblo indígena o no, las cuales no fueron significativas. / The objective of this research was to analyze the determining factors of the salary gap between men and women in the Peruvian labor market: 2014 - 2018. To achieve this objective, the INEI database corresponding to the ENAHO on living conditions and poverty was used. and the panel survey was increased for the corresponding years of the investigation, within this database the people who responded during these five years were chosen. The database was divided into two groups, one corresponding to men and the other to women, to later be estimated separately using the Oaxaca - Choe (2016) method for data panel, the results show that women earn 25.76 % less than men. Therefore, it was found that the determining factors of the wage gap between groups are educational level, hours worked, experience, company size, age, age squared. However, other variables are included in the model, such as marital status, being pregnant or not (in the case of women), limitations to movement (physical disability), length of residence in the district or whether belongs to an indigenous people or not, which were not significant.

Cette étude aborde le sujet de l’arbitrage de l’offre-finale. L’étude vise tout d’abord à présenter la particularité de ce mécanisme arbitral au travers du prisme de l’arbitrage salarial pratiqué au baseball. Elle vise ensuite à promouvoir l’utilité de ce processus au sein de ce cadre sportif en proposant son emploi pour régler les litiges relatifs à la détermination du montant des indemnités de transferts des footballeurs professionnels européens. / The following is a case-study about final-offer arbitration. The first objective is to describe the uniqueness of this mechanism in the context of baseball salary-arbitration. The second is to promote the utility of this process, in the context of baseball salary-arbitration. For instance, it advocates for its use to determine appropriate fees to be paid for professional european soccer players transfers.

Cette étude aborde le sujet de l’arbitrage de l’offre-finale. L’étude vise tout d’abord à présenter la particularité de ce mécanisme arbitral au travers du prisme de l’arbitrage salarial pratiqué au baseball. Elle vise ensuite à promouvoir l’utilité de ce processus au sein de ce cadre sportif en proposant son emploi pour régler les litiges relatifs à la détermination du montant des indemnités de transferts des footballeurs professionnels européens. / The following is a case-study about final-offer arbitration. The first objective is to describe the uniqueness of this mechanism in the context of baseball salary-arbitration. The second is to promote the utility of this process, in the context of baseball salary-arbitration. For instance, it advocates for its use to determine appropriate fees to be paid for professional european soccer players transfers.

Esta tesis evalúa el papel de las características no deseadas del trabajo - llamadas disamenities - en el contexto del balance entre trabajo y familia. Particularmente, se plantean las siguientes preguntas: ¿es el descenso en el salario de las mujeres luego del nacimiento del primer hijo - llamado child penalty - acompañado por una reducción simultánea en las disamenities?; ¿cuánto salario están dispuestas las madres a sacrificar para reducir las disamenities?; ¿las disamenities propias del trabajo de las madres tienen algún efecto sobre el desarrollo cognitivo de sus hijos? En el capitulo I se describe empíricamente como las características del trabajo de las madres cambian luego del nacimiento del primer hijo y se testea la hipótesis de que si el child penalty se puede explicar como un diferencial salarial compensatorio. En el capitulo II se estima la disposición marginal a pagar de las madres para reducir las disamenities. La estrategia de identificación está basada en la baja por maternidad, la cual constituye un contexto que permite modelar más cabalmente la decisión sobre la participación laboral; y por consiguiente, mejora la metodología existente para estimar la disposición marginal a pagar por parte de las madres. Finalmente, en el capitulo III se investiga el impacto de las disamenities del trabajo de las madres sobre el desarrollo infantil. / This dissertation evaluates the role of job disamenities - job characteristics disliked by workers - in the context of work-family balance. In particular, the following questions are raised. Is the decrease in mothers' wages around first childbirth - the so-called child penalty - accompanied by a simultaneous reduction in job disamenities? How much wage are mothers willing to sacrifice in order to reduce job disamenities? Do disamenities involved in mothers' occupations go on to affect parenting behaviour and as a result harm children's cognitive development? Chapter I provides empirical evidence for changes in maternal working conditions around first childbirth and tests the hypothesis if the child penalty can be explained by a compensating wage differential? Chapter II estimates mothers' marginal willingness to pay to reduce job disamenities. The identification strategy relies on the framework of maternal leave, a setting which allows us to model mothers' decision to join the labor force accurately and hence to improve on the existing methodology to estimate the marginal willingness to pay. Chapter III investigates how disamenities involved in mothers' occupation go on to affect children's cognitive outcomes.

Cette étude de cas, composée de trois articles, examine les diverses sources d’explication de l’écart salarial selon le genre chez les professeurs d’une grande université de recherche canadienne. Le premier article analyse les écarts selon le genre sur les primes “de marché” à partir de données d’un sondage réalisé auprès des professeurs en 2002. Une analyse des correspondances donne une solution à deux facteurs dans laquelle le second facteur oppose clairement les professeurs qui ont reçu une prime à ceux qui n’en n’ont pas reçue. Le genre est fortement associé à ce facteur, la catégorie “femme” se retrouvant du côté de l’axe associé à l’absence de primes de marché. Les résultats de la régression logistique confirment que le secteur d’activité, la fréquence des contrats de recherche, la valorisation du salaire ainsi que le rang combiné à l’ancienneté sont reliés à la présence de primes de marché, tel que proposé par les hypothèses. Toutefois, même après avoir contrôlé pour ces relations, les femmes sont toujours près de trois fois moins susceptibles de s’être vu attribuer des primes de marché que leurs homologues masculins. Dans l’ensemble, les résultats suggèrent que dans un contexte où les salaires sont déterminés par convention collective, la réindividualisation du processus de détermination des salaires — en particulier le versement de primes de marché aux professeurs d’université — peut favoriser la réapparition d’écarts de salaire selon le genre. Le second article est réalisé à partir de données administratives portant sur les années 1997 à 2006. Les contributions respectives de quatre composantes de la rémunération à l’écart salarial selon le genre y sont analysées, soit le salaire de base, l’accès au rang de professeur titulaire, l’accès aux primes de marché et chaires de recherche du Canada, de même que les montants reçus. Les composantes varient quant à leur degré de formalisation. Ceci permet de tester l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’ampleur de l’écart salarial selon le genre varie en fonction du degré de formalisation des composantes salariales. Nous déterminons également dans quelle mesure l’écart selon le genre sur les diverses composantes de la rémunération varie en fonction de la représentation relative des femmes professeurs au sein des unités. Les résultats démontrent l’existence de variations dans l’ampleur des différences selon le genre en fonction du degré de formalisation des pratiques de rémunération. Qui plus est, après contrôles, la rémunération est plus faible dans les unités où les femmes sont fortement représentées. Le dernier article examine les mécanismes pouvant mener à un écart selon le genre en ce qui a trait à l’accès aux primes de marché chez les professeurs de l’institution. Les processus d’attribution de ces suppléments salariaux sont examinés à partir d’entretiens réalisés avec 17 administrateurs à tous les niveaux hiérarchiques de l’institution et dans une diversité d’unités académiques. Les résultats suggèrent que les différences selon le genre pourraient être liées à des caractéristiques spécifiques du processus d’attribution et à une distribution inégale des primes aux unités à forte représentation féminine. De façon générale, les résultats démontrent que l’écart de rémunération selon le genre chez les professeurs de cette université n’est pas totalement expliqué par des différences dans les caractéristiques individuelles des hommes et femmes. L’analyse révèle que l’écart réside dans des différences selon le genre en ce qui a trait à l’accès aux primes de marché et aux chaires de recherches du Canada et, dans une moindre mesure, au rang de professeur titulaire. Aucune différence n’est observée sur le salaire de base et le montant des primes salariales reçues, que celles-ci soient dites de “marché” ou associées à une chaire de recherche du Canada. Qui plus est, on constate que la rémunération est plus faible dans les unités où les femmes sont le mieux représentées. L’accès différencié selon le genre aux primes de marché qui est observé pourrait être lié à certains processus organisationnels qui limitent les probabilités d’octrois à des femmes. Les femmes pourraient être particulièrement désavantagées dans ce système d’octroi, pour plusieurs raisons. L’existence de différences selon le genre en ce qui a trait aux dispositions ou habiletés des individus à négocier leur salaire est évoquée et supposée par certains administrateurs. Un accès limité aux informations concernant la politique de primes pourrait réduire la probabilité que des femmes tentent d’obtenir ces suppléments salariaux. Les directeurs d’unités, qui sont en majorité des hommes, pourraient être biaisées en faveur des professeurs masculins dans leurs évaluations s’ils tendent à favoriser ceux qui leurs ressemblent. Il est également possible que les directeurs d’unités où les femmes sont les mieux représentées n’aient pas reçu d’information sur les primes de marché ou que des traditions disciplinaires les aient rendu réticents à demander des primes. / This case study examines the various sources of explanation of the gender pay gap among professors at a large Canadian research university. It comprises three articles. The first article analyzes gender differences in “market supplements” using data from a survey of professors conducted in 2000. The correspondence analysis produces a two-factor solution in which the second axis clearly opposes faculty who receive market supplement to those who do not. Gender is strongly related to this factor, with the female category on the side of the axis associated with the absence of market supplement. The results of the logistic regression confirm that field of specialization, frequency of external research contracts, faculty members’ values and attitudes towards remuneration and seniority within rank are all related to the award of market supplements, as hypothesized. However, women were still almost three times less likely than men to have been awarded market supplements after controlling for these relationships. Overall, the results suggest that within a collective bargaining context, reindividualization of the pay determination process — notably, the payment of market supplements to faculty — may reopen pay differences by gender. The second article uses administrative data for years 1997 to 2006. We estimate the respective contributions to the gender pay gap of four pay components: base pay, promotion to full professor, access to market supplements and Canada research chairs as well as the amounts received. These are characterized by various levels of formalization. This allows testing the hypothesis that the magnitude of gender differences in pay varies with the extent of formalization of pay components. We also determine how gender differences on each pay component vary according to the relative representation of female faculty members within units. We find some evidence that the magnitude of gender differences varies with the degree of formalization in remuneration practices. We also find that, other things being equal, pay is lower in units with a high proportion of females. The last article examines the mechanisms that may lead to gender differences in access to ‘market supplements’ among professors. The process of awarding pay in excess for the amounts provided for in a collective agreement are examined based on interviews with 17 administrators at all hierarchical levels and in various academic units. Results suggest that gender differences in the likelihood of receiving an award may be related to specific features of the award process and to an unequal distribution of awards to units with strong female representation. Overall, the results show that the gender pay gap among professors at this university is not entirely accounted for by differences in the individual characteristics of male and female professors. The analysis reveals that the pay gap resides in gender differences in access to market supplements and Canada research chairs (CRCs) and, to a lesser extent, to the full professor rank. No difference is found on base pay or on the amounts of pay supplements received, whether they are “market” premiums or supplements associated to a CRC. Furthermore, pay tends to be lower in units where female representation is highest. The observed gender differences in access to market supplements could be due to organizational processes that reduce the likelihood of awards to women. There are several reasons why female faculty members are particularly disadvantaged in this award system. Gender differences in the propensity or ability to negotiate are alleged (and assumed) by some of those negotiating. More limited access to information about supplements reduces the likelihood that women will pursue them. Chairpersons, who are mostly males, may allow gender bias to influence their evaluations of faculty members, perhaps because they tend to favor others like themselves. It may also be that chairpersons from the units where women are better represented do not have access to information about market supplements or that disciplinary traditions make them reluctant to request them.

Dans ma thèse, je me sers de modèles de recherche solides pour répondre à des questions importantes de politique publique. Mon premier chapitre évalue l’impact causal de l’allégeance partisane (républicain ou démocrate) des gouverneurs américains sur le marché du travail. Dans ce chapitre, je combine les élections des gouverneurs avec les données du March CPS pour les années fiscales 1977 à 2008. En utilisant un modèle de régression par discontinuité, je trouve que les gouverneurs démocrates sont associés à de plus faibles revenus individuels moyens. Je mets en évidence que cela est entrainée par un changement dans la composition de la main-d’oeuvre à la suite d’une augmentation de l’emploi des travailleurs à revenus faibles et moyens. Je trouve que les gouverneurs démocrates provoquent une augmentation de l’emploi des noirs et de leurs heures travaillées. Ces résultats conduisent à une réduction de l’écart salarial entre les travailleurs noir et blanc. Mon deuxième chapitre étudie l’impact causal des fusillades qui se produisent dans les écoles secondaires américaines sur les performances des éléves et les résultats des écoles tels que les effectifs et le nombre d’enseignants recruté, a l’aide d’une stratégie de différence-en-différence. Le chapitre est coécrit avec Dongwoo Kim. Nous constatons que les fusillades dans les écoles réduisent significativement l’effectif des élèves de 9e année, la proportion d’élèves ayant un niveau adéquat en anglais et en mathématiques. Nous examinons aussi l’effet hétérogene des tueries dans les écoles secondaires entre les crimes et les suicides. Nous trouvons que les fusillades de natures criminelles provoquent la diminution du nombre d’inscriptions et de la proportion d’élèves adéquats en anglais et mathématiques. En utilisant des données sur les élèves en Californie, nous confirmons qu’une partie de l’effet sur la performance des élèves provient des étudiants inscrits et ce n’est pas uniquement un effet de composition. Mon troisième chapitre étudie l’impact des cellulaires sur la performance scolaire des élèves. Le chapitre est coécrit avec Richard Murphy. Dans ce chapitre, nous combinons une base de données unique contenant les politiques de téléphonie mobile des écoles obtenues à partir d’une enquète auprès des écoles dans quatre villes en Angleterre avec des données administratives sur la performance scolaire des éleves. Nous étudions ainsi l’impact de l’introduction d’une interdiction de téléphonie mobile sur le rendement des éleves. Nos résultats indiquent qu’il y a une augmentation du rendement des éleves après l’instauration de l’interdiction des cellulaires à l’école, ce qui suggère que les téléphones mobiles sont sources de distraction pour l’apprentissage et l’introduction d’une interdiction à l’école limite ce problème. / In my thesis, I use compelling research designs to address important public policy issues. My first chapter estimates the causal impact of the party allegiance (Republican or Democratic) of U.S. governors on labor market outcomes. I match gubernatorial elections with March CPS data for income years 1977 to 2008. Using a regression discontinuity design, I find that Democratic governors are associated with lower average individual earnings. I provide evidence that this is driven by a change in workforce composition following an expansion in employment of workers with low and medium earnings. I also find that Democratic governors cause a reduction in the racial earnings gap between black and white workers through an increase in the annual hours worked by blacks relative to whites. My second chapter analyze how shootings in high schools affect schools and students using data from shooting databases, school report cards, and the Common Core of Data. The chapter is co-written with Dongwoo Kim. We examine schools’ test scores, enrollment, and number of teachers, as well as graduation, attendance, and suspension rates at schools that experienced a shooting, employing a difference-in-differences strategy that uses other high schools in the same district as the comparison group. Our findings suggest that homicidal shootings significantly decrease the enrollment of students in Grade 9, and reduce test scores in math and English. We find no statistically significant effect for suicidal shootings on any outcome variables of interest. Using student-level data from California, we confirm that some of the effects on student performance occur as a result of students remaining enrolled and not only due to changes in student body composition. My third chapter investigates the impact of school mobile phone policy on student performance. The chapter is co-written with Richard Murphy. Combining a unique dataset on autonomous mobile phone policies from a survey of schools in four cities in England with administrative data, we investigate the impact of imposing a mobile phone ban on student performance. Our results indicate an improvement in student results after a school bans the use of mobile phones; this suggests that mobile phones distract learning and imposing a ban limits this problem.