[pt] Esta dissertação apresenta análises dos ensaios de caracterização e de adensamento edométrico realizados em amostras indeformadas extraídas em diferentes profundidades de um depósito de argila mole localizado em Santa Cruz, região oeste da cidade do Rio de Janeiro, nos anos de 2005 e 2008. As amostras foram extraídas de uma região onde o depósito foi submetido ao carregamento de um aterro com cerca de 2,5 m de espessura, construído na década de 1970 para a implantação de uma subestação de energia. Para a interpretação dos resultados dos ensaios edométricos realizados em amostras extraídas cerca de 30 anos após o lançamento do aterro, foi necessária a interpretação detalhada dos dados dos ensaios de laboratório em conjunto com dados de investigações geotécnicas de campo, com a finalidade de estimar o perfil de tensões verticais efetivas in situ no momento da extração das amostras. São apresentados e discutidos dados de compressibilidade e adensamento obtidos dos ensaios edométricos, além de aspectos relativos à qualidade das amostras e à reconstituição das curvas de compressibilidade edométrica das amostras de baixa qualidade. De forma complementar, é realizado um exercício de estimativa do adensamento do depósito sob a carga do aterro na área de extração das amostras, levando em conta o efeito de submersão do aterro e a ocorrência simultânea dos chamados adensamentos primário e secundário. / [en] This dissertation presents analyses of the characterization and one-dimensional consolidation tests carried out on undisturbed samples taken at different depths from a soft clay deposit located in Santa Cruz, western region of Rio de Janeiro city, in 2005 and 2008. The samples were taken from a region subjected to the loading of a 2.5 m thick embankment, built in the 1970s for the implementation of a power substation. To interpret the results of the one-dimensional consolidation tests performed on samples taken about 30 years after the landfill construction, a detailed analysis of the laboratory test data along with field geotechnical investigation data was necessary to allow estimating the in situ vertical effective stress profile when the samples were taken. Compressibility and consolidation data obtained from the one-dimensional consolidation tests are presented and discussed, as well as aspects related to the samples quality and to the reconstruction of the one-dimensional compression curves obtained from the low quality samples. In addition, an estimate of the deposit consolidation under the landfill load at the area where the samples were taken is carried out taking into account the landfill submergence effect as well as the simultaneous occurrence of the so-called primary and secondary consolidations.

<p>This thesis investigates nonparametric inference under multiple independent samples with various modes of censoring, and also presents results concerning Pitman Closeness under Progressive Type-II right censoring. For the nonparametric inference with multiple independent samples, the case of Type-II right censoring is first considered. Two extensions to this are then discussed: doubly Type-II censoring, and Progressive Type-II right censoring. We consider confidence intervals for quantiles, prediction intervals for order statistics from a future sample, and tolerance intervals for a population proportion. Benefits of using multiple samples over one sample are discussed. For each of these scenarios, we consider simulation as an alternative to exact calculations. In each case we illustrate the results with data from the literature. Furthermore, we consider two problems concerning Pitman Closeness and Progressive Type-II right censoring. We derive simple explicit formulae for the Pitman Closeness probabilities of the order statistics to population quantiles. Various tables are given to illustrate these results. We then use the Pitman Closeness measure as a criterion for determining the optimal censoring scheme for samples drawn from the exponential distribution. A general result is conjectured, and demonstrated in special cases</p> / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

In the course of a little over a year, from January, 1950, to March, 1951, core samples of bottom sediments were collected at three different stations in the Dundas Marsh, Hamilton, Ontario. A number of the samples were analysed for total carbon content, bitumen, pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose and lignin content. This study is part of a larger investigated by the Department of Zoology to ascertain the relationships between the biological productivity in lakes and the rate of mineralization of the organic detritus in lake bottom sediments. / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Objetivo: Determinar la frecuencia de Helicobacter pylori en muestras histopatológicas gástricas malignas y premalignas del servicio de anatomía patológica del Hospital Regional Lambayeque durante los años 2016 al 2019. Material y métodos. Estudio censal, observacional descriptivo, retrospectivo y transversal. La población de estudio estuvo conformada por los pacientes cuyas muestras histológicas gástricas fueron recibidas y estudiadas en el servicio de anatomía patológica del Hospital Regional Lambayeque. Resultados. Cumplieron con los criterios de selección 566 pacientes. La edad media fue 57,3; rango de 8 a 97 años. Hubo un predominio de pacientes entre la quinta (23.9%), sexta (24%) y séptima (17%) década de la vida. La frecuencia global de Helicobacter Pylori en las muestras seleccionadas fueron de 70.5%, con un predominio en el sexo masculino (71.2%). Los hallazgos anatomopatológicos se distribuyeron de la siguiente manera: 147 pacientes (26%) con gastritis crónica atrófica (GCA), 333 (58.8%) con metaplasia intestinal (MI), 60 (10.6%) con displasia y 26 (4.6%) con cáncer gástrico. Metaplasia intestinal fue el hallazgo más común; el mismo que se encontró en 166 personas (49.85%) con MI completa, 73 (21.92%) con MI incompleta y 94 (28.22%) con MI mixta. Conclusiones La frecuencia de Helicobacter Pylori (HP) fue alta en las lesiones premalignas, mientras que no hubo diferencias en la presencia o ausencia en muestras gástricas malignas. Conforme avanzaba la edad disminuía la frecuencia del HP pero aumentaban la gravedad de las lesiones. / Objective: Determine the frequency of Helicobacter pylori in malignant and premalignant gastric histopathological samples from the pathological anatomy service of the Hospital Regional Lambayeque during the years 2016 to 2019. Material and methods. Census, observational, descriptive, retrospective and cross-sectional study. The study population was made up of patients whose gastric histological samples were received and studied in the pathological anatomy service of the Hospital Regional Lambayeque. Results. 566 patients fulfilled the selection criteria. The mean age was 57.3; range from 8 to 97 years. There was a predominance of patients between the fifth (23.9%), sixth (24%) and seventh (17%) decades of life. The overall frequency of Helicobacter Pylori in the selected samples was 70.5%, with a predominance in the male sex (71.2%). The anatomopathological findings were distributed as follows: 147 patients (26%) with chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG), 333 (58.8%) with intestinal metaplasia (IM), 60 (10.6%) with dysplasia and 26 (4.6%) with gastric cancer. Intestinal metaplasia was the most common finding; the same that was found in 166 people (49.85%) with complete MI, 73 (21.92%) with incomplete MI and 94 (28.22%) with mixed MI. Conclusions The frequency of Helicobacter Pylori (HP) was high in premalignant lesions, while there were no differences in the presence or absence in malignant gastric samples. As age advanced, the frequency of PH decreased but the severity of the lesions increased.

[pt] Os metais estão presentes em diversos materiais e muitos deles, como o níquel e o cromo, possuem papeis significativos em diversos setores industriais. A quantificação desses metais é importante tanto para obtenção de informações relevantes a respeito desses materiais, como para avaliação de possíveis contaminações ambientais. No presente trabalho, foram desenvolvidos métodos analíticos para a determinação de níquel e cromo em amostras de asfalto, brita e CAP por espectrometria de massa com plasma indutivamente acoplado usando calibração externa e diluição isotópica. Para a avaliação da exatidão dos métodos foram utilizados os materiais de referência certificados NIST 1084a e NBS 688. Como métodos de preparo de amostra, foram estudadas a decomposição ácida em bloco digestor, e a diluição em uma mistura de xileno/butanol na proporção 60:40 v:v (para amostras de óleo). Para a correção da interferência da espécie 40Ar12C positivo sobre o isótopo de 52Cr foi utilizada a célula de reação dinâmica com introdução de CH4 como gás de reação, o que reduziu de forma significativa o sinal de fundo característico para o isótopo de cromo. Os métodos desenvolvidos se mostraram eficientes na determinação dos metais. As recuperações obtidas para os SRMs se encontram entre 80-120 porcento. As concentrações médias, em mg kg-1 , encontradas para Ni pelos diferentes métodos nas amostras de CAP, brita e asfalto foram, respectivamente 39,9 mais ou menos 0,6, 6,7 mais ou menos 0,5 e 11,2 mais ou menos 0,8, enquanto para Cr as concentrações foram 1,8 mais ou menos 0,1, 15,3 mais ou menos 0,3, 16,6 mais ou menos 0,4. O sucesso da aplicação da diluição isotópica em amostras dissolvidas em solvente orgânico mostrou-se muito promissor, pois elimina a necessidade da decomposição ácida das matrizes tornando o preparo das amostras mais rápido e menos trabalhoso. / [en] Metals are present in several samples and many of them, such as nickel and chromium, have significant roles in several industry sectors. The quantification of these metals is important both for obtaining relevant information regarding these materials, and for evaluating possible environmental contaminations. In the present work, analytical methods were developed for the determination of nickel and chromium in asphalt, crushed stone and CAP samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using both external calibration technique and isotopic dilution. To evaluate accuracy of the method, the certified reference materials NIST 1084a and NBS 688 were used. Two different methods of sample preparation were employed, block digestion and direct dilution in a xylene / butanol mixture using a 60:40 v:v ratio (for the oil samples). For the interference correction imposed by 40Ar12C over 52Cr, the dynamic reaction cell was used with CH4 as the reaction gas, which significantly reduced the characteristic background signal of the chromium isotope. The methods developed proved to be efficient in the determination of the metals in question. The recovery values obtained for the SRMs were between 80-120 percent. The average concentrations, in mg kg-1 , found for Ni by the different methods in CAP, crushed stone and asphalt samples were, respectively, 39,9 more or less 0,6, 6,7 more or less 0,5 and 11,2 more or less 0,8, while for Cr the concentrations were 1,8 more or less 0,1, 15,3 more or less 0,3, 16,6 more or less 0,4. The successful application of isotope dilution in samples dissolved in organic solvent is very promising because it eliminates the need for acid digestion, making the sample preparation faster and less labor intensive.

[pt] A distribuição de elementos de terras raras (REE) é representativa das rochas e solos que originalmente os contêm e é frequentemente usada como parâmetro geoquímico ou ambiental para identificação de fontes. Este trabalho propõe um novo método de preparo de amostras para a determinação de elementos de terras raras (REE) por espectrometria de massa de plasma acoplada indutivamente (ICPMS) em amostras ambientais com altas concentrações de Ba. O método consiste na diluição das amostras, obtidas após decomposição ácida em sistema aberto, com ácido sulfúrico 10 porcento (v/v) para a separação de Ba2positive como BaSO4. A remoção da interferência sobre os isótopos de Eu (151Eu and 153Eu) foi eficiente para concentrações de Ba superiores a 0,1 mg L-1. A exatidão e a precisão foram verificadas pela análise de tres materiais certificados, rocha basáltica (NIST 688), Geological Survey (Granite G-2) e sedimento marinho (MESS-3). A metodologia proposta foi aplicada ao pavimento asfáltico, à brita e ao material de referencia certificado. Adicionalmente, todas as amostras foram decompostas por fusão alcalina e as concentrações de elementos majoritários e Eu foram determinadas por espectrometria de emissão ótica de plasma acoplada indutivamente (ICP OES). Os resultados da Eu estavam de acordo com a metodologia proposta, e os limites de detecção (LOD) para REE variaram de 0,003 mg L-1 (Lu) a 0,010 mg L-1 (Gd). A distribuição de REE foi medida em sedimentos superficiais e amostras de testemunhos coletados na Baía de Sepetiba, entre junho e setembro de 2016. A faixa de concentração de SREE foi entre 25-496 mg kg-1. Esse monitoramento é importante para avaliar o impacto da urbanização e desenvolvimento rápido e não planejado de atividades antropogênicas, comuns em muitas áreas costeiras tropicais do Brasil. / [en] The distribution of rare earth elements (REE) is representative of the rocks and soils that originally contain them and it is often used as a geochemical or an environmental parameter for source identification. This thesis proposes a new method for the determination of rare earth elements (REE), by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), in challenging environmental samples with high Ba concentrations. The method consists in diluting the wet sample digests, obtained after acid decomposition in an open system, with 10 porcento (v/v) sulfuric acid for the separation of Ba2+ as BaSO4. The interference removal on both Eu isotopes (151Eu and 153Eu) was efficient for Ba concentrations higher than 0.1 mg L-1. Accuracy and precision were verified by analysis of two certified materials, NIST 688 Standard Reference Material of basalt rock, Geological Survey G-2 granite and marine sediment reference material (MESS-3) provided by the National Research Council in Canada (NRC) was used to evaluate the accuracy of the REE determination in marine sediments. The proposed methodology was applied to asphalt pavement and crushed stone. Additionally, for comparison, all samples were decomposed by fusion and major elements and Eu concentrations were determined by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES). The Eu results were in agreement with the proposed methodology, and limits of detection (LOD) for REE varied from 0.003 mg L-1 (Lu) to 0.010 mg L-1 (Gd). The distribution of REE was also measured in surface sediments and sediment core collected in Sepetiba Bay, between June and September of 2016. The range of SREE concentrations was established between 25-496 mg kg-1. This monitoring is important to evaluate the impact of the fast and unplanned urbanization and development of anthropogenic activities, common to many tropical coastal areas in Brazil.

No / The roadside vegetation in some counties of north England (north and west Yorkshire) was studied to determine the community structure according to the British National Vegetation Classification (NVC) and main environmental factors influencing its composition. The data from Phytosociological survey (699 quadrats) and from the physico-chemical analyses of 233 soil samples from 35 sites were obtained. Both the classification (TWINSPAN & MATCH) and ordination programs (Canonical Correspondence Analysis) were used. The roadside vegetation is mainly dominated by few grasses (Arrhenatherum elatius, Festuca rubra, Dactylis glomerata, Lolium perenne, Poa trivialis, Elymus repens, Holcus lanatus) and their associated herbs (Cirsium arvense, Heracleum sphondylium, Urtica dioica). Five NVC Mesotrophic grassland communities (Arrhenatheretum elatioris community MG1, Lolium perenne-Cynosurus cristatus grassland MG6, Lolium perenne leys MG7, Holcus lanatus- Deschampsia cespitosa grassland MG9, Festuca rubra-Agrostis stolonifera-Potentilla anserina grassland MG11) and one Upland Festuca ovina- Agrostis capillaris-Galium saxatile grassland, U4 were identified which in general, exhibited good fit with the typical NVC units. Altitude, pH, potassium, sodium and road age were found to be the main variables affecting the roadside vegetation. By relating the floristic composition with ecological characteristics of the roadside verges, three kinds of pattern of variation are observed. The first pattern is related to regional or geographical characteristics and the second pattern of variation exists across the width of the road verges showing a zonal pattern of plant distribution. The third scale of pattern is active at the local level including micro-environmental conditions, e.g., local edaphic variables.

Ce projet de maitrise implique le développement et l’optimisation de deux méthodes utilisant la chromatographie liquide à haute performance couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (HPLC-MS/MS). L'objectif du premier projet était de séparer le plus rapidement possible, simultanément, 71 médicaments traitant la dysfonction érectile (ED) et 11 ingrédients naturels parfois retrouvés avec ces médicaments dans les échantillons suspectés d’être adultérés ou contrefaits. L'objectif du deuxième projet était de développer une méthode de dépistage permettant l'analyse rapide simultanée de 24 cannabinoïdes synthétiques et naturels pour une grande variété d'échantillons tels que les mélanges à base de plantes, des bâtons d'encens, de sérums et de cannabis. Dans les deux projets, la séparation a été réalisée en moins de 10 min et cela en utilisant une colonne C18 à noyau solide 100 x 2,1 mm avec des particules de 2,6 µm de diamètre couplée à un système MS avec trappe ionique orbitale fonctionnant en électronébulisation positive. En raison du nombre élevé de composés dans les deux méthodes et de l’émergence de nouveaux analogues sur le marché qui pourraient être présents dans les échantillons futurs, une méthode de dépistage LC-MS/MS ciblée/non-ciblée a été développée. Pour les deux projets, les limites de détection étaient sous les ng/mL et la variation de la précision et de l’exactitude étaient inférieures de 10,5%. Le taux de recouvrement à partir des échantillons réels variait entre 92 à 111%. L’innovation des méthodes LC-MS/MS développées au cours des projets est que le spectre de masse obtenu en mode balayage lors de l'acquisition, fournit une masse exacte pour tous les composés détectés et permet l'identification des composés initialement non-ciblés, comme des nouveaux analogues. Cette innovation amène une dimension supplémentaire aux méthodes traditionnellement utilisées, en permettant une analyse à haute résolution sur la masse de composés non-ciblés. / This master’s project involved the development and optimization of two rapid liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) methods. The objective of the first project was to simultaneously separate, as rapidly as possible, 71 erectile dysfunction (ED) treatment drugs and 11 natural ingredients sometimes found alongside ED drugs present in suspected adulterated or counterfeit samples. The objective of the second project was to develop a screening method allowing rapid, simultaneous analysis of 24 synthetic and natural cannabinoids for a wide variety of samples such as herbal smoking mixtures, incense sticks, serums and Cannabis plant material. In both projects, the separations were achieved in ≤ 10 min using 2.6 µm fused-core C18 particles packed into a 100 x 2.1 mm column coupled to an LTQ Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer operated in positive electrospray mode. Because of the very high number of compounds in both methods and the knowledge that future analogues are always immerging on the market that could thus be present in samples, a targeted/untargeted LC-MS/MS screening method was developed. For both projects, detection limits were in the sub ng/mL range and intra- and inter-assay precisions were below 10.5%. Recovery from real samples ranged from 92 to 111%. The innovation of the developed LC-MS/MS methods is that the full scan event in the MS acquisition provides accurate masses for all detected species and thus allows post-analysis identification of initially untargeted compounds, i.e., the immerging analogues. This innovation adds an additional dimension to traditional MS/MS methods, allowing high mass resolution of untargeted compounds.

Thesis (M. Tech. (Engineering: Mechanical)) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, / The Centre for Rapid Prototyping and Manufacturing (CRPM) at the Central University of Technology, Free State (CUT) manufactures implants using Electro Optical Systems (EOS) titanium Ti-6Al-4V alloy powder (further referred to as EOS Ti64 powder) by means of Direct Metal Laser Sintering (DMLS) process on the EOSINT M 270 machine. For this reason, there is a need to characterise and acquire knowledge of the basic properties of direct metal laser sintered EOS titanium Ti-6Al-4V alloy samples (further referred to as DMLS Ti64 samples) under static tensile loading in order to provide the CRPM with engineering design data. The first objective of this Master’s study is to acquire the characteristics of EOS Ti64 powder in order to ascertain its suitability in the DMLS process. Secondly, the study aims to assess tensile properties and elastic constants of DMLS Ti64 samples produced from the set process parameters of EOSINT M 270 machine. Thirdly, it is to investigate microstructures of DMLS Ti64 samples subjected to different heat treatment techniques which will eventually assist in the determination of a suitable heat treatment technique that will yield higher ductility. Finally, the study aims to validate the static behaviour of DMLS Ti64 samples subjected to the static tensile loading up to a yield point in order to determine failure due to yielding. The samples were manufactured at CRPM Bloemfontein. The metallographic examinations, heat treatment and the determination of mechanical properties were done at the CSIR in Pretoria. Optical Microscope (OM) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) were used to determine microstructures of DMLS Ti64 samples while Energy Dispersive X-Ray (EDX) analyses were performed using SEM. The samples were heat treated at temperatures of 700, 1000 and 1100°C respectively, and subsequently either cooled with the furnace, air or were water quenched. The mechanical property tests included tensile, hardness and determination of elastic constants. The static behaviour of DMLS Ti64 samples under static tensile load up to a yield point was predicted and verified using ABAQUSTM Finite Element Analysis (FEA). The stress-strain curves from ABAQUSTM were interpreted using MDSolid program. The point of interest was Von Mises yield stress at 0.2% offset, in order to determine failure due to yielding. EOS Ti64 powder particles were spherical in shape and the alpha and alpha+beta phases were identified. As-laser sintered samples possess a very fine and uniform alpha case with islands of martensitic plates; samples were brittle and showed low levels of ductility with an average elongation of 2.6% and an area reduction of 3.51%. Ultrasonic test results showed that DMLS Ti64 samples have Young’s modulus of 115 GPa, Shear modulus of 43 GP, a bulk modulus of 109 GPa and Poisson’s ratio of 0,323 while the density was 4.4 g/cm3. Slow cooling of DMLS Ti64 samples from 1000 and 1100oC resulted in a microstructure constituted more by the alpha phase of lower hardness than those from 700oC and as-laser sintered samples. High hardness was obtained by water quenching. The water quenched samples showed martensitic transformation and high hardness when compared to furnace cooled samples. Beta annealing tailored a microstructure of as-laser sintered samples into a lamellar structure with different lath sizes as per cooling rate. Beta annealing improved ductility levels up to 12.67% elongation for samples furnace cooled for 4 hours and even higher to 18.11% for samples furnace cooled for 34 hours, while area reduction increased to 25.94% and 33.39%, respectively. Beta annealing conversely reduced yield strength by 19.89% and ultimate tensile strength was reduced by 23.66%. The calculated maximum Von Mises stresses found were similar to the FEA interpreted results. The average percentage error, without the stress concentration factor, was approximately 8.29%; with the stress concentration factor included, it was 0.07%. The small reaction forces induced in both x-axis and z-axis contributed to this error of 0.07% between the calculations and ABAQUSTM FEA results. Samples that were not heat treated fell outside the Von Mises criterion and failed due to yielding. This justified the brittleness found in the tensile test results where elongation and area reduction were 2.6% and 3.51% respectively. However, all samples that were heat treated fell within the Von Mises criterion. The objectives of this study were achieved; the mechanical properties were similar to those of standard specification for wrought annealed Ti-6Al-4V alloy for surgical implant applications and EOS GmbH manufacturer’s material data sheet. DMLS Ti64 samples must be beta annealed in order to attain higher levels of ductility. A recommendation was made to further investigate the effect of heat treatment on the other mechanical properties. Furthermore, detailed results of basic properties of DMLS Ti64 samples are provided in the appendices in chart format and were written on a CD disc.

ITC/USA 2015 Conference Proceedings / The Fifty-First Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 26-29, 2015 / Bally's Hotel & Convention Center, Las Vegas, NV / Over the past several years DoD imposed constraints on test deliverables, requiring objective measures of test results, i.e., statistically defensible test and evaluation (SDT&E) methods and results. These constraints force the tester to employ statistical hypotheses, analyses and perhaps modeling to assess test results objectively, i.e., based on statistical metrics, probability of confidence and logical inference to supplement rather than rely solely on expertise, which is too subjective. Experts often disagree on interpretation. Numbers, although interpretable, are less variable than opinion. Logic, statistical inference and belief are the bases of testable, repeatable and refutable hypothesis and analyses. In this paper we apply linear regression modeling and analysis of variance (ANOVA) to time-space position information (TSPI) to determine if a telemetry (TM) antenna control unit (ACU) under test (AUT) tracks statistically, thus as efficiently, in C-band while receiving both C- and S-band signals. Together, regression and ANOVA compose a method known as analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). In this, the second of three papers, we use data from a range test, but make no reference to the systems under test, nor to causes of error. The intent is to present examples of tools and techniques useful for SDT&E methodologies in testing.