Ce mémoire documente l’émergence d’une sous-culture gaie masculine dans la région montréalaise entre 1860 et 1910 et s’intéresse aux discours et à la répression envers les hommes ayant des comportements homosexuels ou d’inversion de genre. Par l’analyse de sources journalistiques, judiciaires et juridiques, il déconstruit une série de préjugés, notamment à l’égard des sources, présumées pauvres; du discours public sur les comportements homosexuels, supposé inexistant; et des hommes qui avaient ces comportements, que plusieurs imaginent invisibles et isolés les uns des autres. Il montre au contraire que des archives variées révèlent une vie « gaie » et le déploiement d’une opinion publique à son égard. Ainsi, l’analyse d’un important corpus d’articles de journaux et une étude de cas portant sur deux des plus anciens clubs homosexuels connus au Québec, démantelés en 1892 et en 1908, confirment l’existence de réseaux de sociabilités « gaies » dans la région montréalaise, dès le XIXe siècle. Ce faisant, il dévoile l’existence de pratiques caractéristiques des sous-cultures gaies telles que l’usage d’un vocabulaire spécifique ou l’adoption de manières efféminées par certains hommes que l’on qualifierait aujourd’hui d’homosexuels. / This essay explores the emergence of a gay male subculture in the Montreal area between 1860 and 1910, and studies social perceptions and repression towards men having “homosexual” and gender inversion behaviours. Analysing journalistic, judicial and legal documents, this thesis deconstructs several prejudices: about primary sources, presumed rare; about public discourse on same-sex acts, presumed nonexistent; about men perpetrating those acts, imagined invisible and isolated from each other. A case study on two of the oldest same-sex clubs presently recognized in Quebec, both dismantled during police operations in 1892 and 1908, combined with the reading of a considerable corpus of press articles, confirms the existence of gay sociability networks in Montreal area, as early as the nineteenth century, as well as the development of a public opinion on the subject of same-sex acts. Thereby, it underlines the existence of practices observed in gay sub-cultures, such as the use of a specific vocabulary or display of effeminate manners, by men who would be called today homosexuals.

The submitted diploma thesis deals with presentations of figure skating at Winter Olympic Games from the 1990s to the 2014 Winter Olympic Games in Sochi in two selected daily newspapers, and with ways in which the presentation of figure skating has changed within the analysed period. The first chapter presents sports journalism, its history and famous personalities, its text types and typical language, and characteristic features of a sport journalist. The second chapter presents the connection of sports and media, the concepts of agenda-setting, agenda-building and intermedia agenda, tabloidization and commercialization and ways in which news services work. The third chapter presents figure skating and figure skating events at the analysed Winter Olympic Games. The analysed media and changing paradigms of the media landscape are presented in the fourth chapter. The methodological basis used for the analyses is described in the fifth chapter. The sixth chapter presents the results of the quantitative and qualitative analysis of the newspaper articles. Furthermore, the interviews with two personalities of the Czech figure skating are analysed qualitatively. The results of the quantitative analysis of the articles and the qualitative analysis of the interviews are compared. Keywords figure skating,...

Stereotypes play a vital role in the perception of gender roles in American society. This concept is illustrated through low representation of female leadership in the U.S. Women are overrepresented in roles that are communal, which causes backlash when they display agentic traits (Arnold & Loughlin, 2019). Olivia Pope, the main character in the television series Scandal, was a leader who displayed an agentic leadership style and was revered for doing so. Agentic leadership traits are competitiveness, independence, and assertiveness (Arnold & Loughlin, 2019). This study analyzes how Olivia Pope was framed and the potential impact of those frames. Using frame analysis, Olivia Pope’s character in each episode of the television series Scandalwas analyzed. The analysis revealed that Olivia Pope’s character was framed using themes such as power, reverence, fixer, conflicted, sexualized and dysfunctional family dynamics. The framing of a character as rare as Olivia Pope is significant. Though Olivia Pope’s character is based on the life of an African-American woman who owned her own crisis management firm, many viewers would have never known this type of woman existed without the development of this show. Oliva Pope is a complicated character whose role in American television is progressive and has the power to expand its viewers’ perception of leadership.

Ce mémoire documente l’émergence d’une sous-culture gaie masculine dans la région montréalaise entre 1860 et 1910 et s’intéresse aux discours et à la répression envers les hommes ayant des comportements homosexuels ou d’inversion de genre. Par l’analyse de sources journalistiques, judiciaires et juridiques, il déconstruit une série de préjugés, notamment à l’égard des sources, présumées pauvres; du discours public sur les comportements homosexuels, supposé inexistant; et des hommes qui avaient ces comportements, que plusieurs imaginent invisibles et isolés les uns des autres. Il montre au contraire que des archives variées révèlent une vie « gaie » et le déploiement d’une opinion publique à son égard. Ainsi, l’analyse d’un important corpus d’articles de journaux et une étude de cas portant sur deux des plus anciens clubs homosexuels connus au Québec, démantelés en 1892 et en 1908, confirment l’existence de réseaux de sociabilités « gaies » dans la région montréalaise, dès le XIXe siècle. Ce faisant, il dévoile l’existence de pratiques caractéristiques des sous-cultures gaies telles que l’usage d’un vocabulaire spécifique ou l’adoption de manières efféminées par certains hommes que l’on qualifierait aujourd’hui d’homosexuels. / This essay explores the emergence of a gay male subculture in the Montreal area between 1860 and 1910, and studies social perceptions and repression towards men having “homosexual” and gender inversion behaviours. Analysing journalistic, judicial and legal documents, this thesis deconstructs several prejudices: about primary sources, presumed rare; about public discourse on same-sex acts, presumed nonexistent; about men perpetrating those acts, imagined invisible and isolated from each other. A case study on two of the oldest same-sex clubs presently recognized in Quebec, both dismantled during police operations in 1892 and 1908, combined with the reading of a considerable corpus of press articles, confirms the existence of gay sociability networks in Montreal area, as early as the nineteenth century, as well as the development of a public opinion on the subject of same-sex acts. Thereby, it underlines the existence of practices observed in gay sub-cultures, such as the use of a specific vocabulary or display of effeminate manners, by men who would be called today homosexuals.

This comparative study focuses on the detective genre and is conducted through literary analysis with a feminist critical perspective of two of its most iconic protagonists, Sherlock Holmes and Miss Marple, created by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in 1887 and Agatha Christie in 1930 respectively. The purpose is to attempt to establish the effect of the gender differences on these two protagonists. Both Holmes and Miss Marple are deemed as iconic in the detective genre, but the protagonists do not have similar experiences and are created by authors of different genders. Thus, the focus is to explore how gender differences are represented in the literary texts A Study in Scarlet (1887), “A Scandal in Bohemia” (1891), and The Murder at the Vicarage (1930) when it comes to their work as detectives. By using a feminist critical perspective and with the help of previous research, the differences in three central issues, that is, work methods, attitudes and method of disguise, are established. The most prominent result from the analysis is that Miss Marple has to work independently from the police force and trust another character, Leonard Clement, with what she knows hoping that Clement will use her observations to make the case move forward. By contrast, Holmes is approached by clients and even assists the police force in investigations, while Miss Marple is dismissed because of gender discrimination and ageism when she reaches out to the police force. Miss Marple is clearly a victim of gender discrimination and ageism, while Holmes is seen as eccentric but fully competent as a detective. Holmes is even described as having “extraordinary powers” while Miss Marple is described as an “old pussy” in a derogatory manner. Therefore, the results are that there is a significant difference in attitude where Holmes as a man encounters more positive attitudes and Miss Marple as a woman encounters more negative attitudes, all because of gender discrimination and ageism. These results are of great importance as it reveals what gender differences Holmes and Miss Marple encounter in their literary texts. It opens up the opportunity for more research in gender differences and gender discrimination in comparisons between protagonists. That Miss Marple is successful in the end, however, functions as a feminist statement.

Diploma thesis "The development of legal, political and social aspects of obscenity in the USA" focuses on the historical development of the basic definition of obscenity, highlights the long and difficult process of its formulation and presents crucial decisions of the Supreme court. It also briefly summarizes chief arguments supporting or rejecting censorship on the grounds of obscenity. This work also provides with a general overview of legislature concerning obscenity in the United States and concisely presents some interest groups, which are actively fighting against obscenity/ indecency or for the protection of the freedom of speech. Furthermore, the work also focuses on the work of the Federal Communication commission and gives an overview of its rulings regulating obscenity and indecency in broadcasting media. Finally, this work also introduces the Nipplegate scandal and concentrates on the developments after it.

Studien “Jag är helt enkelt en parasit som ska utrotas!” ämnar analysera TV-profilen och entreprenören Paolo Robertos kriskommunikation i samband med den förtroendekris som uppstod när han greps för sexköp i polisoperationen Insats torsk våren 2020. Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur en offentlig svensk person hanterar och kommunicerar en kris som drabbar det personliga varumärket och personens image. Undersökningen är en kvalitativ retorisk textanalys och utgår från teorier som image repair theory och retorikens appellformer ethos, pathos och logos. I studien analyseras totalt sex uttalanden av Paolo Roberto som berör krisen. Fem av dessa uttalanden gjordes i direkt anslutning till krisen och ett uttalande skedde ett år efter händelsen.  Resultatet av studien visar att Paolo Roberto tillämpar flera olika försvarsstrategier och retoriska övertalningsmedel i sin kriskommunikation. Analysen visar att Roberto använder fem av totalt 14 image repair-strategier: ta på sig hela skulden, tillrättaläggande, provokation, hänvisa till ett högre syfte och minimering. Ta på sig hela skulden är den strategi som förekommer oftast i Robertos uttalanden men det är endast i ett uttalande som han faktiskt ber om ursäkt. Strategierna provokation och tillrättaläggande används också frekvent i kriskommunikationen. Studien visar också att Roberto tillämpar retorikens appellformer i syfte att stärka sin argumentation och återfå förtroende och anseende. Alla uttalanden präglas starkt av pathos och Roberto försöker väcka känslor av sympati och framställer sig själv som ett offer i situationen. Det finns även inslag av ethos i kommunikationen. Logos förekommer endast i ett uttalande. Utifrån analysen går det dessutom att konstatera att kriskommunikationen, till viss del, förändrats över tid. Strategin minimering används exempelvis enbart i det sista analyserade uttalandet som ägde rum ett år efter händelsen . / The study ”I am simply a parasite to be eradicated!” aims to analyze the television personality and entrepreneur Paolo Roberto´s crisis communication in relation to the crisis of confidence that occurred when he was arrested for purchasing sexual services in the police operation Insats Torsk in the spring of 2020. The purpose of the study is to investigate how a public Swedish profile handles and communicates a crisis that affects the personal brand and the image of the person. This study uses a qualitative rhetorical text analysis and emanates from theories like image repair theory and the rhetorical appeals ethos, pathos and logos. In the study, six statements made by Paolo Roberto in relation to the crisis are analyzed. Five of the statements were directly issued in relation to the crisis and one of the statements was made one year after the incident. The result of the study shows that Paolo Roberto applies several different defensive strategies and rhetorical persuasion methods in his crisis communication. The analysis shows that Roberto uses five out of 14 in total image repair-strategies: mortification, corrective action, provocation, transcendence and minimization. The strategy that is used the most in Roberto´s statements is mortification, but it is only in one statement he actually apologizes for his actions. The strategies provocation and corrective action are also frequently used in the crisis communication. The study shows that Roberto uses rhetorical appeals with the aim to strengthen his argumentation to be able to regain trust and reputation. All statements that were made are strongly influenced by pathos and Roberto tries to induce emotion of sympathy and draws a picture of himself where he is the victim of the situation. There are also some elements of ethos used in the communication. Logos only occurs in one of the statements. From the analysis it can also be ascertained that some parts of the crisis communication have changed over time. The strategy minimization is for example only used in the last statement that was analyzed, which occurred a year after the incident.

Företag blir idag mer exponerade för negativ publicitet än tidigare i och med digitaliseringens framfart. Det är därför viktigt för företag att veta hur de ska hantera den negativa publiciteten som mottages för att sedan kunna förebygga en kris och sitt företagsrykte genom väl genomtänkta strategier. Tidigare forskning jämför hur företag inom samma bransch förebygger och hanterar en företagskris. Däremot, att undersöka hur företag i olika branscher förebygger en kris är outforskat och det behövs vidare forskning kring detta ämne. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilka strategier företag i olika branscher arbetar med för att förebygga en företagskris för att se huruvida olika branscher använder sig av samma strategier.  Studien har använt sig av en kvalitativ studie genom semistrukturerade intervjuer med sex fallföretag varav två företag är verksamma inom samma bransch: bank-, el- och telekommunikationsbranschen.  Resultatet visar att företagen strävar efter samma mål genom samma strategier men utförandet kan skilja sig åt efterom de har olika förutsättningar beroende på bransch. Genom studien har en analysmodell skapats för att visa företag de olika strategier som kan appliceras vid förebyggandet av en kris och sambandet mellan att arbeta proaktivt och reaktivt med varumärket, kundlojalitet och krishantering. Studien bidrar till att ge företag oavsett bransch praktiska lösningar som kan tillämpas i praktiken då företagen i de olika branscherna använder sig av samma strategier vid förebyggandet och under en kris. / Companies today are more exposed to negative publicity than ever before due to digitalization. It is important for companies to know how to manage the negative publicity that is received in order to be able to prevent a crisis and reputation through well-thought-out strategies. Previous research shows how companies within the same industry prevent and manage a crisis. However, investigating how companies in different industries prevent a crisis is unexplored and further research is needed on this topic. This study aims to highlight which strategies companies in different industries use to prevent a corporate crisis to see whether different industries use the same strategies.  The study has used a qualitative study where the primary data has been collected through semi-structured interviews with six case companies, two of which are active in the same industry: banking, electrical and telecommunications industry. The result shows that the companies strive for the same goals through the same strategies, but the execution may differ because they have different conditions depending on the industry. Through the study, an analysis model has been created to show how companies the different strategies that can be applied in order to prevent a crisis as well as the connection between working proactive and reactive with the brand, customer loyalty and crisis management which contributes to providing companies, regardless of industry, with practical solutions that can be applied in practice.

The period of crisis is ongoing and still poses challenges for companies. In the aftermath of Covid-19 pandemic, the effects of the Russian war of aggression and inflation increase economic pressures. This might lead to less expenses on Compliance and increase the vulnerability to Compliance-violations. At the same time, legal policy trends are moving toward a stronger commitment to Compliance and transparency (e.g., the German Act on Corporate Due Diligence Obligations in Supply Chains or implementation laws of EU Whistleblower Directive). In this edition, our authors address some of these legislative trends as well as the question of the limits of “Creative Compliance”.

Ce mémoire analyse la réception de l’auteur autrichien Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) au regard des scandales qui ont marqué sa carrière. Tantôt identifié comme l’imprécateur de l’Autriche, tantôt comme écrivain exceptionnel, il aura remis en question le rôle de son pays dans le national-socialisme et multiplié les attaques ad hominem. Il aura tenu un rôle ambigu dans l’espace public. Tout en insistant sur le caractère fictif de ses œuvres, il se mettait en scène de façon provocatrice dans le discours public ainsi que dans sa fiction. Ce mémoire s’intéresse au fonctionnement du scandale en tant qu’événement social complexe ayant lieu dans l’espace public. Les chercheurs s’entendent pour considérer le scandale comme un trouble ou une irritation résultant d’une transgression, apparente ou avérée. Il s’agit en outre d’un phénomène intégré dans l’ordre social et géré par les médias, caractérisé par l’actualisation des valeurs morales. Dans la présente étude, il est postulé que le capital symbolique (cf. Bourdieu) joue un rôle d’a priori et de catalyseur dans les scandales. Une accumulation initiale de capital symbolique assure une visibilité médiatique automatique. Le capital d’identité de Thomas Bernhard – soit la personnalisation du capital symbolique – est hybride et complexe, de sorte qu’il est difficilement appréciable. La difficile appréciation du capital de l’auteur se traduit par l’incertitude des journalistes et du public quant à son message : réactions dispro-portionnées, critique du particulier perçue comme mise en cause de l’universel. Toute dé-claration, toute œuvre de Bernhard est assujettie à ses prestations « scandaleuses » antérieu-res. Ce mémoire insiste sur le caractère autoréférentiel du scandale et s’intéresse aux actes de langage performatifs (cf. John L. Austin). Le corpus comporte des romans de Bernhard, leurs recensions, des articles de quotidiens, des lettres de lecteurs, des documents juridiques ainsi que la correspondance entre Bernhard et Siegfried Unseld. / This master’s thesis analyzes the reception of the Austrian author Thomas Bernhard (1931-1989) and focuses on the scandals that punctuated his career. Acclaimed exceptional writer, he was, however, often referred to as Austria’s injurer. He called into question the in-volvement of his country in National Socialism and proliferated ad hominem attacks on politicians. His role in the public sphere was ambiguous: whilst insisting on the fictive character of his works, he staged himself provocatively. The purpose of this master’s thesis is to show the functioning of scandals as com-plex social events taking place in the public sphere. Scholars consider scandals as public offenses resulting from real or apparent transgressions. Scandals are integrated into the so-cial order and are handled by the media. They trigger actualization of moral values. This study postulates that symbolic capital (cf. Bourdieu) plays a role in scandals. It is both the prerequisite and the catalyst for successful scandalization. An initial accumula-tion of symbolic capital insures quasi automatically media attention. The identity capital of Thomas Bernhard – i.e. the personalization of his symbolic capital – is hybrid and intricate. This renders its interpretation difficult. The complexity of the capital configuration leads to an ambivalent appreciation of the author’s message by journalists and the public. Reactions are disproportionate and Bernhard’s particular though hyperbolic criticism is perceived as a questioning of universal values. Each and every declaration or work by Bernhard is subor-dinated and appreciated in regards to his preceding “scandalous” achievements. This mas-ter’s thesis emphasizes the autorefential nature of scandals and devotes a special interest to performative speech acts (cf. John L. Austin). The corpus includes some of Bernhard’s plays and novels, book reviews, newspaper articles, letters to the editor, court transcripts and Bernhard’s correspondence with his publisher Siegfried Unseld. / Diese Magisterarbeit untersucht die Rezeption des Autors Thomas Bernhard (1931–1989) angesichts der Skandale, die seine Karriere kennzeichneten. Bernhard galt zugleich als Österreich-Beschimpfer und als außergewöhnlicher Literat. Er stellte die Rolle Österreichs im Nationalsozialismus in Frage und griff wiederholt prominente Österreicher persönlich an. Einerseits bestand er auf den fiktionalen Charakter seiner Werke, andererseits inszenier-te er sich provokativ in der Öffentlichkeit. Das Interesse der Arbeit gilt dem Funktionieren des Skandals als komplexes sozia-les Ereignis, das in der Öffentlichkeit obwaltet. Konsens herrscht in der Forschung darüber, dass ein Skandal ein auf einem realen oder vermuteten Normbruch beruhendes Ärgernis ist. Es handelt sich um ein im Gesellschaftssystem eingeschriebenes Phänomen, das von den Medien behandelt und zum Auslöser von Kontroversen über normative Fragen wird. Diese Arbeit geht von der Annahme aus, dass das symbolische Kapital (vgl. Bourdieu) eine Vorbedingung des Skandals ist. Eine ursprüngliche Akkumulation symbolischen Kapitals sichert mediale Aufmerksamkeit. Das Identitätskapital Bernhards – die Personalisierung seines Kapitals – war hybrid und komplex, sodass es nur schwierig einzuschätzen war. Diese erschwerte Einschätzung seines symbolischen Kapitals führte zur Unsicherheit der Journalisten und des Publikums bezüglich seiner Botschaft: Immer wieder kam es zu überzogenen Reaktionen. Vor allem Bernhards hyperbolische Kritik des Beson-deren wurde pauschal als Infragestellung des Allgemeinen (des Österreichischen) wahrge-nommen. Jedwede Äußerung und jedwedes Werk Bernhards wurde vor dem Hintergrund seiner vorhergehenden »skandalösen« Leistungen gedeutet. Diese Arbeit betont den selb-streferentiellen Charakter und den pragmatischen Gehalt (vgl. John L. Austin) des Skan-dals. Der Korpus erfasst Texte von Bernhard, Rezensionen, Zeitungsartikel, Leserbriefe, Gerichtsprotokolle, Rechtsprechung und Bernhards Briefwechsel mit seinem Verleger Siegfried Unseld.