Bakgrund: Sjuksköterskor besitter en viktig samhällsfunktion vars uppdrag bland annat innefattar att främja människors hälsa. Dessvärre lämnar många sjuksköterskor yrket på grund av exempelvis en stressfylld arbetssituation. Sjuksköterskor har ett etiskt ansvar att värdesätta sitt eget välmående och arbetsgivarna ett intresse att värna om sina medarbetare.  Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva sjuksköterskors egenvårdsstrategier och hur dessa påverkar patientomvårdnaden. Metod: En litteraturöversikt baserad på tio artiklar varav nio kvalitativastudier och en studie med mixad metod. Datainsamlingen och analysen genomfördes systematiskt.  Resultat: Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskor använde flera olika strategier för att ta hand om sig själva. Sjuksköterskor utövade egenvård på både en fysisk, psykisk, spirituell och organisatorisk nivå. Genom att utöva egenvård förbättrade sjuksköterskorna sitt mående. Vidare påverkade detta omvårdnaden, då de bland annat kunde vara mer närvarande och lugna i mötet med patienten.  Sammanfattning: Sjuksköterskor behöver prioritera och utföra egenvård för att uppnå välbefinnande, vilket påverkar patientomvårdnaden positivt. Det är både arbetsgivares och sjuksköterskors ansvar att skapa förutsättningar för en genuin och effektiv egenvårdsstrategi. / Background: Nurses have an important societal function whose mission includes, among other things, promoting people's health. Unfortunately, many nurses leave the profession due to, for example, a stressful work situation. Nurses have an ethical responsibility to value their own well-being and employers have an interest in caring for their employees.  Aim: The aim was to describe nurses' self-care strategies and how these affect patient care.  Method: A literature review based on ten articles, nine of which are qualitative studies and one study with a mixed method. The data collection and analysis were done systematically. Results: The results showed that nurses used several different strategies to take care of themselves. Nurses practiced self-care on both a physical, psychological, spiritual and organizational level. By practicing self-care, the nurses improved their well-being. Furthermore, this affected nursingcare, as they could, among other things, be more present and calmer in the meeting with the patient. Summary: Nurses need to prioritize and perform self-care to achieve well-being, which positively affects patient care. It is the responsibility of both employers and nurses to create the opportunities for a genuine and effective self-care strategy.

Abstract Perspective-taking is a part of different clinical interventions, with the purpose of promoting for example self-compassion or increasing tolerance to distress. The aim of the present experiment with healthy volunteers (N=40) was to investigate the effect of perspective-taking, specifically self-as-context, on self-compassion during a tolerance task. It was hypothesized that participants with higher levels of self-as-context would have higher levels of (1) self-compassion and (2) tolerance during a simple weight lifting task. Participants were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (n=20) or a control group (n=20). All participants completed four lifts, alternating using their dominant and non-dominant arm. During the latter two lifts, participants in the experimental condition were instructed to apply a self-as-context exercise while the participants in the control condition were instructed to apply a visualization exercise that was not related to the self. There was a positive correlation between self-as-context and self-compassion, but the results showed no significant group difference in self-compassion during the lifting task. The results showed no significant group difference in tolerance. Furthermore, there was no correlation between self-as-context and tolerance. The present study is the first to empirically show a relationship between self-as-context and self-compassion. The current results are promising and call for further controlled research on the relation between perspective taking and self-compassion and for the development and refinement of state measures of self-compassion and self-as-context. / Sammanfattning Perspektivtagande är en del av olika kliniska interventioner, med syfte att främja exempelvis självmedkänsla eller öka tolerans för obehag. Syftet med förevarande experiment som genomfördes med friska frivilliga deltagare (N=40), var att undersöka effekten av perspektivtagande, specifikt själv-som-kontext, på självmedkänsla under ett toleranstest. Det hypotiserades att deltagare med högre nivåer av själv-som-kontext skulle ha högre nivåer av (1) självmedkänsla och (2) tolerans under ett enkelt hantellyft. Deltagarna randomiserades till antingen en experimentgrupp (n=20) eller en kontrollgrupp (n=20). Alla deltagare genomförde fyra hantellyft, växelvis med sin dominanta respektive icke-dominanta arm. Under de senare två lyften instruerades deltagarna i experimentgruppen att tillämpa en själv-som-kontext-övning medan deltagarna i kontrollgruppen instruerades att tillämpa en visualiseringsövning som inte var själv-relaterad. Det fanns en positiv korrelation mellan själv-som-kontext och självmedkänsla, dock visade resultaten ingen signifikant gruppskillnad i självmedkänsla under lyften. Resultaten visade ingen signifikant gruppskillnad i tolerans. Vidare fanns det ingen korrelation mellan själv-som-kontext och tolerans. Förevarande studie är den första att empiriskt påvisa ett samband mellan själv-som-kontext och självmedkänsla. Förevarande resultat är lovande och uppmanar till ytterligare kontrollerad forskning kring sambandet mellan perspektivtagande och självmedkänsla och till utveckling och raffinering av state-mått för självmedkänsla och själv-som-kontext.

Impostorfenomenet (IF) är vanligt förekommande i den akademiska kontexten. Studier visar att fenomenet har en negativ påverkan på studenters hälsa och prestation, vilket riskerar att följa studenterna in i arbetslivet. Det är viktigt att undersöka vilka faktorer som kan påverka fenomenet, för att få en ökad kunskap om hur det kan motverkas. Självmedkänsla och ett dynamiskt mindset har i tidigare forskning föreslagits som potentiella skyddsfaktorer mot IF, medan ett statiskt mindset har associerats till högre grad av IF. Syftet med denna tvärsnittsstudie var att undersöka hur vanligt förekommande impostorfenomenet är hos universitetsstudenter vid ett svenskt universitet. Ytterligare syftade studien till att undersöka huruvida självmedkänsla och mindset predicerar IF. Totalt 238 studenter från olika universitetsutbildningar deltog i studien. Data samlades in via Clance Impostor Scale, Theory of Intelligence Scale och Self-compassion Scale Short Form. Deskriptiva analyser och en multipel regressionsanalys genomfördes. Resultatet visade att 68.1% av deltagarna upplevde frekventa och höga nivåer av IF. Självmedkänsla och mindset förklarade tillsammans 51.7% av variationen i IF. Endast självmedkänsla var en signifikant prediktor, där högre grad av självmedkänsla relaterade till lägre grad av IF. Resultatet antyder att IF är vanligt förekommande, samt att ett självmedkännande förhållningssätt kan skydda mot impostorkänslor, vilket anger en riktning för framtida forskning för att utveckla lämpliga interventioner. / The impostor phenomenon (IP) is common within the academic context, and has a negative impact on students’ health and performance, with the risk of affecting their later careers. This highlights the need to investigate which factors are involved in the phenomenon, to develop a better understanding for its prevention. Self-compassion and a growth mindset have been suggested as potential resilience factors against IP, while a fixed mindset has been linked to higher rates of IP. The purpose of the present study was to determine the prevalence of IP in a sample of Swedish university students. The purpose was also to explore how self-compassion and mindset predict IP. A total of 238 students from different university programs participated in the study. Data was collected with the Clance Impostor Scale, Theory of Intelligence Scale and Self-compassion Scale Short Form. Descriptive analyses and a multiple regression analysis was performed. The result showed that 68.1% of participants reported frequent or high levels of IP. Self-compassion and mindset together explained 51.7% of the variation in the impostor phenomenon. Self-compassion was the only significant predictor, with higher rates of self- compassion being related to lower rates of IP. The results suggest that IP is a common experience, and that self-compassion can function as a protective factor, which motivates the need for further research on effective interventions.

Self-transformation and spirituality have not been extensively investigated in marketing research. However, these concepts are deeply impactful in an individual's life and are advocated by religious and spiritual traditions across the world. In Essay 1, I extend research on compassion, distance between self and other, and power by examining the effect of self-compassion on prosocial behavior. I test the effect of self-compassion on prosocial behavior mediated by the distance felt between self and other and moderated by felt power. Across five studies, I find that individuals in the self-compassionate and equal power mindset display higher prosocial behavior and lower empathy fatigue compared to the other conditions. In Essay 2, I examine the idea of agency in one's relationship with God which has not been investigated in business research although building one's relationship with God is the backbone of all major religious and spiritual traditions across the world and is seen to have widespread implications. Through five studies, I demonstrate that feelings of agency in one's relationship with God lead to a lower desire for retributive justice against an entity that has committed a transgression as compared to the no-agency condition. On the other hand, in line with earlier research, when one feels agency over material resources, one tends to have an increased desire for retributive justice against an entity that has committed a transgression compared to the no-agency condition. Across these essays, I examine the proposed conceptual models through mediation and moderation studies. Several theoretical and managerial implications are also discussed.

Objective: Self-stigma in overweight and obese individuals has strong associations with impairment in mental and global health. This study sought to explore self-compassion as a psychological resource in the self-stigma process. Methods: In a 2012 representative German population survey of N = 1,158 overweight and obese individuals, self-compassion was examined as a mediator between self-stigma and mental and physical health outcomes, including BMI (kg/m 2 ), using structural equation modeling and controlling for sociodemographic factors. Results: Psychological variables were assessed using validated self-report questionnaires. Self-compassion partially mediated the relationships between self-stigma and depression, somatic symptoms, and health status / quality of life, lowering the predictive effect of self-stigma on the outcomes by approximately one-third. In contrast, self-compassion, because it was unrelated to BMI, did not mediate the association between self-stigma and BMI. Conclusion: Self-compassion has the potential to act as a buffer against the mental and global health detriments of self-stigma in overweight and obesity and could thus represent a target for interventions to reduce self-stigma and prevent these health impairments. In order to influence the association between self-stigma and BMI, self-compassion should conceptually be linked to weight management.

Self-compassion has quickly gained recognition for its many cognitive, emotional, and psychological benefits (Neff, 2003b). The Self-Compassion Scale (SCS; Neff, 2003a) is currently the only instrument measuring self-compassion and is commonly used. The current model contains six factors: self-kindness, self-judgment, common humanity, isolation, mindfulness, and over-identification. However, the SCS has recently come under fire due to limited evidence of its psychometric properties (Lopez et al., 2015). Researchers who have attempted to replicate the factor structure proposed by Neff have found mixed results using both exploratory and confirmatory methods. Our primary aim is to establish the factor structure of the SCS with a large, more representative sample. Thirteen samples (total n = 2,515) using the SCS were combined to demonstrate a more comprehensive approach to investigating the scales’ psychometric properties. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) demonstrated good model fit for the six-factor solution. However, little is known about how the SCS items naturally load together. A subsequent exploratory factor analysis (EFA) demonstrated lack of good model fit for the six-factor model; instead, a simpler, two-factor solution emerged. However, the twofactor model is inconsistent with the theoretical conceptualization of self-compassion. Future research should use more advanced statistical models to explain the multidimensionality of the SCS.

Självmedkänsla och tilltron till de egna förmågorna har visat sig viktiga för välmående i arbetslivet samt för att minska utmattning. Fortfarande sjukskrivs dock många på grund av stress och emotionell utmattning samtidigt som studier kring självmedkänsla i relation till self-efficacy i emotionellt krävande arbeten är få. Denna studie undersökte självmedkänslans relation till emotionell self-efficacy i emotionellt krävande arbeten, samt hur den påverkade nivåerna av upplevd utmattning och välmående. Analyserna (Pearsons korrelation, tvåvägs ANOVA för oberoende mätningar och multipel hierarkisk linjär regressionsanalys) baserades på enkätdata från 154 deltagare, utifrån skalorna Self-compassion scale short form, Scale of Occupational Emotional Self-Efficacy, Emotional Exhaustion samt EPOCH-s välmåendeskala. Resultatet visade att för välmående spelade emotionell self-efficacy en något större roll än självmedkänsla, medan det för utmattning endast var självmedkänsla som kunde bidra med förklarad varians. Intressanta upptäckter gjordes gällande kön, vilket föreslås vidare forskning kring, då variabeln kön var alltför snedfördelad i denna studie.

Approximately 43% of college students report experiencing suicidal ideation in the past year, and suicide is the 2nd leading cause of death among college students, making it a significant public health concern. Development of successful suicide intervention and prevention strategies is predicated on identification of risk (e.g. negative life events, hopelessness) and protective factors (e.g. self-compassion) that may be targeted for treatment. A well-established linkage exists between life stressors and suicidal behavior; however, potential mechanisms of action underlying this association are under-researched. It may be that negative life events contribute to feelings of hopelessness, which is conceptualized as negative beliefs and expectations about one’s self and future. However, not all persons who experience negative life events and hopelessness become suicidal, perhaps due to protective factors such as self-compassion. Comprised of self-kindness, mindfulness and sense of common humanity, self-compassion may contribute to emotional resilience when negative life events occur; however, this premise has not been previously examined. We hypothesized that hopelessness would mediate the relation between negative life events and suicidal behaviors, such that negative life events would be related to increased feelings of hopelessness and, in turn, to greater risk for suicidal behavior. We also hypothesized that self-compassion would beneficially moderate the mediating effect of hopelessness. Our sample of college students (n=338) were primarily female (67%; n=227) and White (89.6%; n=294), with a mean age of 21.8 years (SD=4.7). Participants completed self-report measures including the Life Events Scale, the Beck Hopelessness Inventory, the Suicide Behaviors Questionnaire - Revised, and the Self-Compassion Scale. Supporting our hypotheses, hopelessness fully mediated the relation between negative life events and suicidal behavior (DE=.07, SE=.06, 95% CI=.05,.28,p

Depression is a serious public health concern and leading cause of global disability; in the U.S., it is estimated that over 35 million individuals suffer from depression. Health-related dysfunction, including impairment and poor quality of life, are often associated with depressive symptoms; however, little research has examined the interrelationships between these factors. Functional impairment, or the experience of difficulty conducting necessary activities of daily living, may contribute to emotional distress directly but may also impact perceived quality of life. Health-related quality of life (HRQL), which is conceptualized as a holistic and subjective perception of one’s physical and mental quality of life, is a wellestablished indicator of overall general health. Given the dearth of research examining the linkages between these variables, we hypothesized that greater levels of functional impairment would be positively related to depressive symptoms and that physical and mental HRQL would mediate this association, such that greater functional impairment would be associated with poorer mental and physical HRQL and, in turn, to greater depressive symptoms. Our sample (N=100; 70.3% female (N=71); 93% Caucasian (N=94); Mean Age = 42.18, SD = 12.83) was recruited from a rural, Southern Appalachian primary care clinic serving working and uninsured patients. Participants completed self-report measures: Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale, World Health Organization Quality of Life Scale - Brief, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale. Simple mediation analyses, consistent with Preacher and Hayes, were conducted covarying age, sex and ethnicity. In support of our hypothesis, the direct effect of functional impairment on depressive symptoms decreased but remained significant (DE=-1.39, SE=.66, p=.03) when mental HRQL was included as a mediator (IE lower 95% CI=-3.27, upper 95% CI=-.877), indicating partial mediation. In addition, the direct effect of functional impairment on depressive symptoms fell out of significance (DE=-1.18, SE=.33, p=.15) when physical HRQL was included as a mediator (IE lower 95% CI=-3.79, upper 95% CI=-.83), indicating full mediation. Our findings suggest that individuals experiencing functional limitations are less likely to report good mental and physical HRQL and, in turn, endorse higher levels of depressive symptoms. Our findings may have clinical implications; therapeutic enhancement of coping skills and problem-solving strategies may reduce psychological distress, whereas engagement with social and instrumental support networks may provide assistance with physical limits, thereby reducing risk for depressive symptoms in individuals experiencing functional impairment.

Structural racism is often perpetuated by well-intentioned White individuals who passively accept or are unaware of its existence. However, when their perceptions and understanding of the world are challenged through learning about structural racism, White people may experience emotions such as fear, and guilt, which seem to serve either a debilitating or a motivating role in multicultural attitude development. Self-compassion, which is the ability to process distressing emotions without resorting to avoidance of the emotional experience, may help White individuals work through strong negative affect that accompanies an awareness of structural racism and ultimately aid in the development of multicultural attitudes. This hypothesized model of moderated mediation was tested using a sample of White adults (N = 240; 70.8% women, 26.3% men, 2.9% gender-expansive) who completed an online survey. Awareness of structural racism had a larger positive relationship with White guilt in individuals who endorsed lower levels of self-compassion. For individuals with high levels of self-compassion, more awareness of structural racism was associated with more fear, which in turn was associated with lower multicultural attitudes. For individuals with low levels of self-compassion, more awareness of structural racism was associated with less fear, which in turn was associated with more multicultural attitudes. Contrary to the theoretical model, the indirect effect of awareness of structural racism on multicultural attitudes through White guilt was not moderated by self-compassion. Implications and recommendations for research and practice in the field of counseling psychology are discussed.