The purpose of this study is that through a discourse theoretical perspective, analyze young girls 'statements about living with self-injuring by sexual behavior. The aim is to locate the discourses that surround them, visualize how discursive constructions affect these young girls' identity as victims and/or actors in relation to self-injury, the sexual violence and in meetings with the professionals within the health authorities. In addition discourse theory as an analyze method, the authors also use Nils Christie's (2001) theory of the ideal victim and Ingrid Landers (2003) theoretical perspectives on normative femininity. The authors of the study show a diversity of discourses that surround the young girls. All discourses contain normative actor- and victim’s positions that young girls constantly are obliged to relate to, which partially conflict with social constructions of the idea of victim and femininity. These positions are assigned, claimed or opposition to, and characterizes not only the young girls self-image, but also how professionals within the health authorities look at them and what support and assistance that’s offered or deprived. Finally, the authors argue for a broader approach to young girls who self-injuring by sexual behavior, they can be both victims and actors and advocates a questioning of oppressive norms to detect and identify the young girls who self-injure by sexual behavior, when it is a prerequisite to widen their options and discretion.

本研究主要目的在於探討在不同情緒經驗及反芻風格對男女性自傷行為的影響。回顧過去研究，情緒被認為是多數自傷者自傷的動機及原因之一。可惜的是，大多數研究聚焦在負向情緒經驗，而較少探討正向情緒及不同激發程度的影響力。Selby（2008）的情緒瀑布理論提出反芻風格能夠增加負面情緒強度的論點，也暗示了反芻風格也是另一個與自傷行為相關認知因子。因此本研究認為情緒經驗與反芻風格可能皆為自傷發生的關鍵。有鑑於許多文獻結果指出，男女性的自傷危險因子可能存在差異，本研究便把性別差異納入考量，欲了解男、女性是否在情緒經驗及反芻風格的自傷預測因子有所不同。 本研究對象為508位北部某私立高職部學生，請學生填寫包含基本資料、反芻風格、自傷狀況及情緒經驗的評估共四部份問卷。研究結果顯示，在預測過去一年自傷行為的因子上，的確有性別差異。對女性來說，預測過去一年是否自傷的有效因子分別為負向情緒及負向低激發情緒，男性則是負向情緒及正向低激發情緒。在自傷頻率方面，對男女性來說，沒有任何情緒經驗或反芻風格為有效預測因子。在自傷種類數方面，沒有任何情緒經驗或反芻風格為女性自傷頻率的有效預測因子；對男性來說，則是負向情緒及低激發情緒能夠有效預測過去一年自傷種類多寡。研究最後針對這樣的結果做進一步討論及提供實務上的意涵及應用。 / The purpose of the present study was to investigate the influence of emotion experiences and rumination styles on Non-suicidal self-injury behavior (NSSI) in males and females. According to past studies, emotion was considered a critical factor in motivating individuals to practice NSSI. However, most studies focused on negative emotion experiences, and ignored the role of positive emotions and the effect of emotion activation level. Moreover, Selby’s Emotional Cascade Model proposes that rumination style will increase the negative affect intensity, suggesting that rumination style may be another key factor to NSSI. In addition, due to several studies have shown gender differences in risk factors for NSSI, the gender difference will be also take into account in the present study. To sum up, the present study aimed to examine gender differences in predictors (i.e., emotion experiences and rumination styles) for NSSI. The participants were 508 high school students from one of the private vocational high school in Northern Taiwan. All participants were asked to fill out the questionnaire pack which included demographic questionnaire, short-form rumination style questionnaire, deliberate self- harm inventory, and affect valuation inventory. The results show that gender differences in predicting NSSI existed: First, in predicting the occurrence of NSSI in the past year, negative affect and low arousal negative emotion were the most effective factors for females; negative emotion and low arousal positive emotion were the most effective ones for males. Second, neither emotion experience nor rumination style can predict the frequency of NSSI in the past year for males and females. Third, in predicting the numbers of types of self-injury used in the past year, there was no effective predictor for females; negative emotion and low arousal emotion were the effective predictors for males. Finally, the results and the practical implication were discussed in the thesis.

Positive Clinical Psychology (PCP) argues that positive and negative psychological constructs are jointly important for explaining psychological problems. “Positive” constructs have been explicitly focused on by positive psychology researchers and “negative” constructs have been explicitly focused on by mental health researchers. This thesis examines the relationship between positive and negative constructs in relation to four psychological problems: depressive symptoms (Chapter 2), anxiety-problems (Chapter 3), suicide attempts (SAs) (Chapter 4 and 5), and nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI) (Chapter 4 and 5). Clarifying how psychological problems are most appropriately conceptualised has implications for definitions, diagnostic criteria, measurement, and clinical interventions. This thesis provides evidence that some constructs form bipolar continua, having a positive pole and a negative pole, whilst other constructs do not. Chapters 2 and 3 demonstrate that well-being and calmness respectively form continua with depressive and anxiety symptoms. In contrast, Chapters 4 and 5 demonstrate that SA and NSSI cognitions do not form a continuum with another construct. Results indicate that positive and negative constructs appear to have different relationships to one-another depending on the construct under investigation. Constructs that are common in the general population – such as depressive symptoms, anxiety symptoms, well-being symptoms, and calmness symptoms – appear to be bipolar, having a positive and a negative pole. Psychological constructs that are rare in the general population and which specifically characterise psychological problems (rather than being an extreme manifestation of a common psychological experience) – such as SA and NSSI cognitions – appear to be unipolar. The replication of scientific findings also features strongly throughout this thesis. Each chapter may therefore have a timely bearing on the emerging “replication crisis” literature.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:39:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Gisele da Silva Baraldi.pdf: 891815 bytes, checksum: 73401fda92bcb9ee3c69ff8f11ce6ea2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-17 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / People with development disorders and intellectual disability usually present behavioral problems in different levels of severity. This impairs their development, social adaptation and possibilities of inclusion. The most frequent procedures to identify behavioral problems are behavioral observation and standardized behavioral inventories. In Brazil standardized instruments to evaluate behavioral problems in patients with atypical development are scarce. The objective of this study was to translate into Brazilian Portuguese and make a cultural adaptation of The Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01). The sample was composed of 60 children and adolescents (30 of them with typical development and 30 with atypical development), age range 6-16 years old, their respective caretakers and 3 professionals of the development disorders field. The instruments for data collection were the following: a) Brazilian version of The Behavior Problems Inventory (BPI-01), b) Brazilian version of Child Behavior Checklist for ages 6-18 (CBCL/6-18), c) Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, d) Autism Screening Questionnaire (ASQ). The coefficients of content validity obtained through the assessment of the items by referees based in objectivity, plainness and accuracy criteria ranged from 0,7 and 0,8 (70 to 80% of agreement). Internal consistency indicators among items of BPI-01, obtained through Cronbach‟s alpha, reached a coefficient of 0,65 in the scale of self-injury behaviors, 0,91 in the scale of stereotyped behaviors and 0,82 in the scale of aggressive/destructive behaviors. To assess the relation between sensibility and specificity among frequency values of the BPI-01 scales it was used the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC Curve). Preliminary results of this analysis identified sensibility values at 0,76 and specificity at 0,06 for a 0,5 point score in the scale of self-injury behaviors; sensibility at 0,40 and specificity at 0,03 for a 1,5 point score in the scale of stereotyped behaviors; sensibility at 0,23 and specificity at 0,03 for a 3,5 points score in the scale of aggressive/destructive behavior. A Spearman analysis made with BPI-01 scores and the scores of ASQ and CBCL/6-18 reached statistically significant coefficients of moderate to high level. Results show indicators of proper convergent validity among the scales of BPI-01 and CBCL/6-18 and ASQ inventories. The Cronbach‟s alpha coefficients displayed adequate statistical reliability properties of the Brazilian version of the instrument. Although it is necessary to broaden the sample, these preliminary values obtained through the ROC method indicate adequate indexes of sensibility and specificity in the scales of self- njury and stereotypy with cut-points at 0,5 and 1,5 among the typical and atypical groups respectively. / Pessoas com distúrbios do desenvolvimento e deficiência intelectual freqüentemente apresentam problemas de comportamento em níveis variados de gravidade que prejudicam seu desenvolvimento, adaptação social e possibilidades de inclusão. Os procedimentos mais utilizados para identificar problemas de comportamento são a observação comportamental e os inventários comportamentais padronizados. No Brasil há uma escassez de instrumentos padronizados para avaliar problemas de comportamento em populações com desenvolvimento atípico. O objetivo do estudo é traduzir e realizar adaptação cultural do instrumento The Behavior Problems Inventory-BPI-01 para a língua portuguesa do Brasil. A amostra foi composta por 60 crianças e adolescentes na faixa etária de 6 a 16 anos de idade (30 com desenvolvimento típico e 30 com desenvolvimento atípico), seus respectivos cuidadores e três profissionais da área de distúrbios do desenvolvimento. Os instrumentos de coleta de dados foram os seguintes: a) Versão Brasileira do Inventário de Problemas Comportamentais/The Behavior Problems Inventory-BPI-01, b) Versão brasileira do Inventário dos comportamentos de crianças e adolescentes de 6 a 18 anos (CBCL/ 6-18), c) Escala de Inteligência Wechsler para crianças, d) Questionário de Avaliação de Autismo/ASQ. Os coeficientes de validade de conteúdo resultantes da avaliação dos itens, efetuada pelos juízes com base nos critérios de objetividade, clareza e precisão oscilaram entre 0,7 e 0,8 (70 a 80% de concordância). Indicadores de consistência interna entre os itens do BPI-01 mediante uso do coeficiente Alfa de Cronbach identificaram um coeficiente de 0,65 na escala de comportamentos auto-agressivos, 0,91 na escala de comportamentos estereotipados e 0,82 na escala de comportamentos agressivos/destrutivos. Para avaliar a relação entre sensibilidade e especificidade entre os valores de freqüência das escalas do BPI-01, foi utilizado o método das Curvas de Características de Operação do Receptor (Curva ROC - Receiver Operating Characteristic). Resultados preliminares desta análise identificaram valores de sensibilidade 0,76 e especificidade 0,06 para um escore de 0.5 ponto na escala de comportamentos auto-agressivos; 0,40 de sensibilidade e 0,03 de especificidade para um escore de 1,5 ponto na escala de comportamentos estereotipados e; 0,23 de sensibilidade e 0,03 de especificidade para escore igual a 3,5 pontos na escala de comportamentos agressivos/destrutivos. A análise de correlação mediante uso de coeficiente Spearman entre os escores do BPI-01 e os escores do inventário ASQ e CBCL/6-18 identificou coeficientes estatisticamente significativos de nível médio a moderado. Os resultados mostraram indicadores de validade convergente adequados entre as escalas do BPI-01 e os inventários CBCL/6-18 e o ASQ. Os valores dos coeficientes Alfa de Cronbach mostraram adequadas propriedades estatísticas de fidedignidade da versão brasileira do instrumento. Embora seja necessário ampliar o número amostral, os valores preliminares obtidos mediante uso de método ROC apontam para indicadores adequados de sensibilidade e especificidade nas escalas de auto-agressividade e estereotipia com pontos de corte entre o grupo típico e atípico de 0,5 e 1,5 respectivamente.

Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) is increasingly understood as representing a public health concern and a behavioral marker of emotional and psychological distress among young people. NSSI is prevalent during the period of young adulthood, including among emerging adults pursuing a university education, yet the vulnerability factors associated with NSSI in this population merit more in-depth and contextualized investigation. The current dissertation's overarching objective was to better understand the risk context surrounding university students' engagement in NSSI. Using a sample of 2,579 students (75.2% female; Mage=18.97; SDage=1.54), Study 1 first explored the roles of parental (mother and father pressure) and intrapersonal (emotion dysregulation, academic coping, perfectionism subtypes) risk factors in university students’ likelihood and frequency of engagement in NSSI in the past year. An integrated latent structural equation model revealed that higher levels of perceived mother and father pressure were associated with a greater likelihood of past-year NSSI engagement in the university student sample. Among intrapersonal risk factors, only emotion dysregulation was found to be associated with higher NSSI likelihood and frequency. Building upon these results, Study 2 sought to narrow in further on understanding the emotion regulation profiles of university students with a past-year history of NSSI. Using a person-centered statistical approach, university students who reported having engaged in NSSI within the past year (n = 479; 83.8% female; Mage = 18.77; SDage = 1.43) were classified into latent profiles based on their self-perceived difficulties in regulating both positive and negative emotions. Independent samples of students who had a past history of NSSI but had not self-injured within the previous year (n = 439; 82.9% females; Mage = 19.03, SDage = 1.62) and who had no history of NSSI (n = 1551; 69.9% females; Mage = 19.02, SDage = 1.55) were included as comparison groups. Latent cluster analyses uncovered three emotion regulation profiles within the NSSI sample - the Average Difficulties (47.4%), Dysregulated (33.0%), and Low Difficulties (19.6%) profiles - each of which differed meaningfully from both comparison samples on mean levels of emotion regulation difficulties. Students across the three profiles also differed in their self-reported experiences with parents, particularly with fathers (perceived pressure, antipathy, unresolved attachment, psychological control), and in the extent to which they felt alienated from parents. Lastly, students across profiles differed in the frequency, methods, functions, and addictive properties of their NSSI. Taken together, findings from the current dissertation expanded our awareness of vulnerability factors for NSSI that have historically been understudied (e.g., parental pressure, father-child relationships, dysregulated positive emotions), while also bringing into focus the notion that even well-established NSSI risk factors (emotion regulation difficulties) can manifest quite heterogeneously amongst university students with a history of self-injurious behavior.

Syftet med denna kvalitativa studie var att undersöka hur olika professionella med kunskap om sexuella problematiker, tänker kring och uppfattar sex som självskada. Sex som självskada är ett relativt nytt ämne inom forskningssammanhang och forskningen är därmed begränsad. För studien genomfördes tio kvalitativa intervjuer med professionella som arbetar med klienter/patienter med olika typer av sexuella problematiker i storstadsområden, samt en mellanstor stad i Sverige. Det insamlade materialet bearbetades genom en tematisk analys och analyserades utifrån teorin det sexuella scriptet. Studien visar att de professionella menar att sex som självskada inte har något med vilken typ av sexuell aktivitet en person ägnar sig åt, utan av vilken anledning en person har sex samt hur personen mår under eller efter sex/övergrepp. De menar att det är upp till en person själv att definiera huruvida hen ägnar sig åt ett sexuellt självskadebeteende eller ej. Studien pekar även på att det finns osäkerheter hos det professionella kring vad begreppet innebär. / The aim of this qualitative study was to examine how different professionals with knowledge of sexual problems, perceive and think about sex as self-injury. Sex as self-injury is a relatively new subject in research contexts and hence the reaserch is limited. For this study ten qualitative interviews were conducted with professionals who work with clients/patients with different kinds of sexual problems in metropolitan areas and one medium-sized city in Sweden. The material collected was processed by thematic analysis and analyzed based on the sexual script theory. The study indicates that the professionals believe that sex as self-injury has nothing to do with the type of sexual activity a person engages in, but rather for what reason, and how the person feels during or after sex/abuse. Whether or not a person is engaging in sex as self-injury is something that has to be defined by a the persons themselves, according to the professionals. The study also indicates that the professionals feel uncertain about what the term actually entails.

No description available.

Denna kvalitativ intervjustudie, söker en förståelse kring fenomenet sex som självskadebeteende. Självskadebeteende har studerats och definierats, men sex som ett självskadebeteende är inte inkluderat som ett begrepp i dessa vetenskapliga studier (Zetterqvist, 2014; Nock, 2014; Klonsky 2009). Däremot har psykologer, organisationer och andra professionella tolkat och definierat fenomenet som att det existerar (Sjöström, 2012; Landgren 2015; Jonsson och Mattson, 2013; Tjejouren 2015; MUCF, 2013).Genom intervjuer med tre olika personer som kommer i kontakt med sex som självskadebeteende, kombinerat med tidigare forskning, visar denna studie att sex kan användas som självskadebeteende och att det görs i syfte att hantera (coping) ångest och andra negativa känslor. Tidigare trauman och/eller en dysfunktionell familjedynamik kan leda till att en individ utvecklar icke fungerande strategier för att hantera potentiella dåliga känslor. Individerna vänder sig till sexuella destruktiva beteenden som en affektregleringstrategi. Studien visar att prostitution kan vara associerat med riskabelt sex, i form av att det kan vara ett sätt att utsätta sig själv för farliga situationer.Skillnader mellan sex som ett självskadebeteende och andra självskadebeteenden har påvisats. Dessa är beskrivna som att kontrollen ges bort till en annan person. Sex är också något som egentligen ger njutning och är ett naturligt beteende, vilket gör det svårt att sluta helt med till skillnad från andra självskadebeteenden. Istället behöver individen finna strategier för att kunna ha ett friskt sexuellt beteende. Då sex som självskadebeteende inte är vetenskapligt befäst, så visar resultaten på detta öppnar upp för subjektiva tolkningar kring hur man ser och bemöter fenomenet. Dock var intervjupersonerna överens om att det behövs ett öppet och normkritiskt förhållningssätt. Slutligen ställs frågan ifall vetenskapen representerar den enda och rätta kunskapen. Det är möjligt att praktisk och icke-vetenskaplig kunskap kan vara lika viktig. / This study aims to, through a qualitative interview approach, reach a further understanding of the phenomenon sex as a self-injury behavior. Self injury behaviors have been studied and defined, but sex as a self-injury was not included in the scientific studies Zetterqvist, 2014; Nock, 2014; Klonsky 2009). However, psychologist´s, organizations, and other professionals where interpreters and define this matter as if it existed (Sjöström, 2012; Landgren 2015; Jonsson och Mattson, 2013; Tjejouren 2015; MUCF, 2013).By interviewing three different people that come in contact with sex as a self-injury through work, combined with previous research, this study has come to show how sex can be used in the same way as any other self-injury behavior. The result shows that sex can be used for self-injury and that it is done in the purpose of coping with anxiety and other bad feelings. Previous trauma and/or a dysfunctional family dynamic can lead to an individual developing non-functional strategies to cope with potential bad feelings. Individuals turn to a sexual destructive behavior as a strategy to cope. The study shows that prostitution can be associated with risky sex as it can become a way of exposing yourself to dangerous situations.Differences between sex as a self-injury behavior and other self-injury behavior where detected. These where described in the way that control is given away to a other person. Also sex is something that usually gives pleasure and is a natural behavior so to just stop having sex is not desirable. Instead the person must find a way of having a healthy sexual behavior. The result shows that due to the fact that sex as a self-injury behavior does not have a scientific status subjective interpretation can be made on how to look an approach the phenomenon. However all the respondents agreed that you need an open and norm critical approach. Furthermore the question can be asked if scientific concepts represent the only right knowledge. Is it possible that practical and non-scientific knowledge can be as important.

Självskadebeteende är relativt vanligt förekommande bland personer med psykisk ohälsa. Återhämtning är ett begrepp som beskriver hur en person kan återerövra och finna kvalitet i sitt liv trots svår sjukdom. Självskadebeteende innebär ett stort lidande för individen och påverkar närstående i personens omgivning negativt. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att utifrån egenerfarnas perspektiv sammanställa kunskap om vad som främjar återhämtning vid självskadebeteende. Metoden för studien var en integrerad litteraturöversikt, vilken utgick från 15 vetenskapliga artiklar och resulterade i 6 kategorier. I resultatet framkom att återhämtning hos personer med självskadebeteende kunde främjas av att komma till en vändpunkt, att vara i gemenskap med andra med liknande erfarenheter, att få stöd av närstående, att få professionellt stöd, att förstå och kunna hantera svåra känslor och handlingar, och av att finna inre styrka. Forskning visade även att det bland vårdpersonal florerade negativa attityder och brister i förhållningssättet mot personer med självskadebeteende, vilket motverkade deras återhämtning. Vår slutsats är att etiska reflektioner i arbetsgruppen, handledning, stöd, samt utbildningsinsatser till vårdpersonal är angeläget för att öka förståelsen och höja kompetensen angående självskadebeteende; samt för att minska negativa attityder och förbättra omvårdnaden av personer med självskadebeteende på ett sätt som främjar deras återhämtning.

No description available.