Bakgrund: Medicinering med antidepressiva läkemedel ökar i samhället. Statistikur Socialstyrelsens databas för läkemedel från 2017, visar att 632 000 personer iSverige medicineras med antidepressiva. Studier visar att även om patientenförväntar sig att vårdpersonal informerar om läkemedelsbiverkningar såsomsexuella biverkningar görs det inte. Genom att tidigare forskning visade attsjuksköterskor känner sig obekväma trots att biverkningsprofilen är känd, väcktesett intresse att undersöka vidare hur och varför samtal om sexuella biverkningar iomvårdnaden verkar hamna längre ner i prioriteringen.Syfte: Syftet var att genom intervjuer undersöka sjuksköterskors erfarenheter avatt samtala med psykiatriska patienter om sexuella biverkningar vid behandlingmed antidepressiva läkemedel.Metod: Efter godkänd etikansökan från Malmö Universitet utformandes ensemistrukturerad intervjuguide, både allmänsjuksköterskor samt psykiatrisjuksköterskordeltog. Tio intervjuer utfördes på informanternas arbetsplats.Intervjuerna spelades in digitalt och varade mellan 15 och 30 minuter.Transkribering gjordes efter varje intervju. Texten analyserades enligt enmodifierad version av Burnard (1991).Resultat: Följande kategorier identifierades i resultatet: Att samtala om sexuellabiverkningar, att möta patienten och att undvika frågan. Resultatet påvisade att deflesta sjuksköterskor inte samtalar om sexuella biverkningar. Delvis på grund avde anser det vara pinsamt, men även på grund av de anser sig besitta begränsadkunskap inom området.Diskussion: Sjuksköterskorna var i behov av ökad kunskap och utbildning för attde skulle känna sig trygga att samtala om sexuella biverkningar med patienterna.En etablerad relation visade sig göra ämnet enklare att samtala om, dock fanns detofta ett hinder för detta, vilket var tidsbrist. Något som även visade sig göra ämnetproblematiskt var att sju / Background: Medication with antidepressant drugs increases in society. Statisticsfrom the National Board of Health's Drugs database from 2017 show that 632,000people in Sweden are being treated with antidepressants. Studies show thatalthough the patient expects healthcare professionals to inform about drug sideeffects such as sexual side effects, it is not done. Because previous researchshowed that nurses feel uncomfortable even though the side effects profile isknown, an interest was raised to further investigate how and why discussingsexual side effects seems to be less prioritized in nursing.Aim: The aim was to investigate, through interviews, the nurse's experience oftalking with psychiatric patients about sexual side effects in treatment withantidepressant drugs.Method: After an approved ethics application from Malmö University, a semistructuredinterview guide was drafted involving both general nurses andpsychiatric nurses. Ten interviews were conducted and lasted between 15-30minutes and were recorded with mobile phones. The interviews were conducted atthe informants' workplace at a time chosen by the informant. Each interview wastranscribed, and the analysis was made according to a modified version ofBurnard’s method (1991).Result: The following categories were identified in the result: To talk about sexualside effects, to meet the patient and to avoid the question. The result showed thatmost nurses do not talk about sexual side effects. Partly because they consider itembarrassing, but also because they consider themselves possessing limitedknowledge in the area.Discussion: Nurses needed to increase their knowledge and education to makethem feel assured when talking about sexual side effects with patients. Anestablished relationship made the topic easier to talk about, but time shortage wasan obstacle to this. Something that also proved to be problematic was the nurseslack of routines for conversations about sexual side effects.

Denna studie har en fenomenologisk ingång och undersöker transpersoners förutsättningar, strategier och förhållningssätt för att uppnå sexuell hälsa, samt hur de använt dessa för att hantera könsinkongruens och könsdysfori, genom olika faser av social och medicinsk transition. Studien placerar sig inom aktionsforskning och undersöker handlingsstrategier i en grupp transpersoner som trivs med sin sexualitet. Studien bygger på 10 informanters deltagande, varav sju intervjuer och tre texter. Alla informanter upplevde ökad kroppsdysfori och social dysfori under varseblivandet av könsidentiteten och i väntan på utredning och behandling. I resultatet framkom det att acceptera den egna identiteten, att bli respekterad utifrån denna samt få önskad medicinsk behandling var avgörande för sexuell hälsa. Onani och fantasi hjälpte flera informanter att lära känna den nya kroppen och uppnå kroppsacceptans samt hantera könsdysfori och social dysfori. Onani hjälpte informanterna att hitta nya erogena zoner och integrera fler delar av kroppen i sin sexualitet. Att fantisera om kroppskongruens hade också en positiv effekt i relation till egen sexualitet och sexualitet med partner. Vidare så ger transidentitet anledning till verbal kommunikation om sexualitet, lust och gränser med partner, vilket gynnade njutning. Fler informanter uttryckte en frihetskänsla av att bryta normer och att de var mer sexuellt nöjda i deras nya identitet och sexuella praktiker. Slutligen diskuteras att cis-personer också anstränger sig för att passa in i kulturens genusnormer och sexuella normer, och att den största skillnaden mellan trans- och cis-personer, kan vara att transpersoner har en medvetenhet om denna möda. Således kan de handlingsstrategier som denna studie inringat vara värdefulla för transpersoner såväl som cis-personer för att uppnå sexuell hälsa. / This study has a phenomenological approach and examines transgender peoples’ prospects, strategies and approaches to handle gender incongruence and gender dysphoria, and their ability to experience sexual desire and sexual health in the process of social and medical transition. The study employs an action research methodology and aims to explore coping strategies in a sex positive sample. The work is based on teen self-reports, comprising seven interviews and three written texts. All participants reported significantly higher body dysphoria and social dysphoria both during the coming out process and while waiting for assessment and medical transitioning. It was found that acknowledging oneself and one’s transgender identity, as well as access to medical treatment, was vital for sexual health. To cope with gender dysphoria and social dysphoria the participants used masturbation and fantasy to get to know their new body, experience sexual desire and encourage body acceptance. Masturbation helped participants discover new erogenous zones, communicate bodily boundaries, and establish likes and dislikes with partners. Fantasizing about body congruence also had a positive effect in relation to one's own sexuality and sexuality with partners. Furthermore, the findings suggest that trans-identity gives rise to verbal communication about sexuality, desire and boundaries with partners, which encouraged an acceptance of sexuality. Several informants expressed a sense of freedom from breaking norms and that they were more sexually satisfied in their new identity and sexual practices. Lastly, the study revealed that cis-gender people also are struggling to find their place in the gender roles and cultural norms of sexuality, and that the main difference between this group and transgender people is that the former may be more aware of these roles and norms. Therefore, the findings of this study can provide valuable insights for both trans and cis-gender people to achieve sexual health.

Sammanfattning   Bakgrund: Inom skolsköterskans arbetsfält ingår hälsofrämjande arbete med sexuell hälsa. I utbildningen till skolsköterska saknas antingen ämnet helt eller ges bristfälligt. Kunskap kring sexuell hälsa samt utformningen av det hälsofrämjande arbetet inhämtas istället via vidareutbildning som arbetsplatsen erbjuder. Tidigare studier har visat att utbildningsinterventioner inom arbetsområdet sexuell hälsa kan ge skolsköterskor ökad kompetens, liknande studier saknas i Sverige.   Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva om en utbildningsintervention om sexuell hälsa påverkat skolsköterskornas arbetssätt med det hälsofrämjande arbetet inom sexuell hälsa.   Metod: Studien var en enkätstudie bestående av slutna och öppna frågor och utgjordes av en jämförelse av svaren från två identiska enkäter som skickades ut före respektive efter en utbildningsintervention. De slutna frågorna i enkäten analyserades med hjälp av deskriptiv statistik och de öppna frågorna med hjälp av konventionell innehållsanalys.   Resultat: Utbildningsinterventionen bidrog dels till att skolsköterskorna fick ökad kunskap i olika områden inom sexuell hälsa samt dels en känsla av ökad trygghet i samtalet kring sexuell hälsa. Skolsköterskorna ansåg även att samverkan med andra professioner var betydelsefullt för ett framgångsrikt hälsofrämjande arbete med sexuell hälsa.   Slutsatser: Utbildningsinterventioner av liknande slag kan öka kompetensen och därmed öka tryggheten i arbetet kring sexuell hälsa.   Nyckelord: distriktsköterska, elevhälsa, kompetenshöjning, sexuell hälsa / Summary   The school nurse’s health promoting work with sexual health. A survey study.   Background: The school nurse's field of work includes health promotion work concerning sexual health. In school nurse education, either the subject is completely missing or given deficiently. Previous studies have shown that educational interventions in the area of sexual health can increase competence, similar studies are lacking in Sweden.   Objective: The aim was to describe how an educational intervention on sexual health effect school nurses´ work procedure in the health enhancing work in sexual health.   Method: The study was a questionnaire consisting of closed and open questions and consisted of a comparison of the answers from two identical questionnaires that were sent out before and after an educational intervention. The closed questions in the questionnaire were analyzed by using descriptive statistics while the open questions were analyzed using a qualitative, conventional content analysis.   Results: The educational intervention has helped the school nurses to gain increased knowledge in various areas of sexual health, as well as having created a sense of increased security in talking about sexual health. The school nurses also considered that a collaboration with other professions was important for successful health promoting work within sexual health.   Conclusions: Education interventions can increase competence and thus increase security in work on sexual health.   Keywords: district nurse, increase competency, school health service, sexual health

Worldwide uneven health outcomes based on race/ethnicity is a well-documented phenomenon and conversations relating to health disparities are well underway. In the United States, rates of new infections of HIV among African American and Hispanic men who have sex with men (MSM) have realized an upward trend over the past decade whilst rates among other demographic groups have realized noteworthy declines. The present study presents a quantitative analysis of sexual health communication and behavioral indicators with a view toward identifying whether African American and Hispanic MSM engage in fundamentally different sexual health communication and behaviors such that the divergent trends in new infections of HIV make sense. Through a series of descriptive, chi-square, binary and ordinal logistic statistical methods, the degree to which sexual health communication and behaviors differed between groups of respondents in the New York City area were analyzed. The results showed a significant divergence in sexual health communication and behavior, based on race/ethnicity, education, age and other indicators. In the overall sample (n = 212), African American and Hispanic MSM were found to be significantly less likely to adhere to HIV medication regimens, use protection, ask about partners’ HIV status and disclose their own HIV status compared to members of other racial/ethnic groups. Other similarly significant findings suggested a need to address the underlying causes of divergent sexual health communication and health maintenance-related behaviors that contribute to disproportionality in new infections of HIV among African American and Hispanic MSM.

Teenage girls from the Turkana pastoral community in Northern Kenya have varying views of sexuality. Some parents choose to send their daughters to school creating disparate levels of knowledge about their bodies and sexual health. To better evaluate these differences, girls (13-18 years) were asked to develop body maps, a methodological technique that enables verbal and visual data collection. Interviews and participant observations were also used to gather data. This research involved a total of 33 participants and included both school going and non-school going girls. Triangulation of data from Interviews, participant observation, and body mapping provided multiple angles into the female pastoralist’s life experiences. The study demonstrated the heterogeneity and disparities that are present within pastoralists population in Samburu county, providing a more detailed understanding for future medical anthropological studies. The research furthered anthropological inquiry methodologically by introducing body mapping as a complement to conducting traditional ethnographic research.

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) are some of the most common illnesses globally. It has been proven that there is a connection between CVD and sexual concerns. Patients sexual health is a fundamental factor and should be provided with proper care from a nursing perspective. Aim: To describe factors that influence the nurse’s work on sexual health for patients with cardiovascular disease. Method: A quantitative literature review with an inductive approach was implemented and based on 13 scientific articles. Results: The analysis resulted in two main themes; “The nurses’ perspective affects” and “Organizational obstacles affects” that are followed by six subthemes; “Attitudes, beliefs and emotions”, “Experience, knowledge and education”, “Responsibility”, “Patients’ gender and age”, “Guidelines and routines” and lastly “Lack of time and prioritizing”. Conclusion: Based on nurses globally, there should be a development of the area sexual health among patients with CVD. There are several obstacles that persuades the area into being secluded. Negative attitudes, incompetence, prejudice and organizational barriers are some of the common mentioned difficulties. / Bakgrund: Kardiovaskulära sjukdomar är några av de vanligaste sjukdomarna runtom i världen. Det är påvisat att det finns en koppling mellan kardiovaskulära sjukdomar och sexuell ohälsa. Den sexuella hälsan är en väsentlig del av individens liv och bör behandlas med respekt utifrån sjuksköterskans ansvarsområde. Syfte: Att beskriva faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans arbete med sexuell hälsa för patienter med kardiovaskulär sjukdom. Metod: En kvantitativ litteraturöversikt med induktiv ansats sammanställdes utifrån 13 vetenskapliga artiklar. Resultat: Analysen resulterade i två huvudteman; “Sjuksköterskans perspektiv påverkar” och “Organisatoriska hinder påverkar” som följs av sex subteman; ”Attityder, värderingar och känslor”, “Erfarenhet, kunskap och utbildning”, “Ansvar”, “Patientens ålder och kön”, “Riktlinjer och rutiner” samt “Tidsbrist och prioritering”. Slutsats: Baserat på sjuksköterskor globalt, bör det ske en utveckling kring området sexuell hälsa hos patienter med kardiovaskulära sjukdomar. Det finns flera hinder i arbetet som leder till att området hamnat i skymundan. Negativa attityder, inkompetens, fördomar och organisationsrelaterade faktorer är några av de barriärer som framkommer bland sjuksköterskor.

Bakgrund: Alla barn har rätt till en god och jämlik sex-och samlevnadsundervisning. Dagens sex- och samlevnadsundervisning har som mål att stärka elevens självkänsla och främja god sexuell hälsa. Tidigare forskning har visat att det finns brister i undervisningen och likvärdighet. En god relation mellan vårdnadshavare och deras ungdomar minskar risken för sexuell ohälsa. I skolsköterskans profession ingår hälsofrämjande arbete och för att kunna erbjuda hälsofrämjande insatser är det av betydelse att skolsköterskan har förståelse för varje enskild elevs familjesituation. Syftet: Syftet med studien är att beskriva vårdnadshavares uppfattning om den sex- och samlevnadsundervisning som deras ungdomar erhåller i skolan. Metod: För att besvara syftet valdes en kvalitativ metod med fenomenografisk analys. Datamaterialet bygger på tio semistrukturerade intervjuer med vårdnadshavare. Resultatet: Resultatet mynnar ut i fyra beskrivningskategorier. Dessa påvisar vårdnadshavares uppfattningar om den sex- och samlevnadsundervisning som deras ungdomar erhåller i skolan med Delaktighet är värdefullt, Främjar kommunikation, Förberedelse inför vuxenlivet och Att prata om pornografi på internet. Konklusion: Denna studie bidrar med ökad förståelse och kunskap om vilken betydelse sex- och samlevnadsundervisning har för vårdnadshavare. Skolsköterskans kompetens behöver synliggöras för att ge vårdnadshavare stöd att kunna vägleda sina ungdomar till utveckling av god sexuell hälsa. / Background: All children are entitled to a good and equal sexual health education. The sexual health education provided for pupils within school, aims to enhance the pupil’s self-esteem and promote their good sexual health. Previous research has shown that there are deficiencies and inequality in today’s sexual health education. A good relationship between guardians and their youths reduces the risk of sexual illness. The school nurses´ profession include health promotion work and in order to offer health promoting services it is important that the school nurse has an understanding of each individual pupil’s family situation. Purpose: The purpose of the study is to examine guardians’ perceptions of the sexual health education their youths receive in school. Method: To answer the purpose of the study a qualitative method with phenomenographic analysis was chosen. Data were collected from ten semi-structured interviews with guardians. Result: The result culminates in four descriptive categories. These descriptive categories demonstrates the guardians’ perceptions of the sexual health education their youths receive in school with Participation is valuable, Promotes communication, Preparing for adulthood and Talking about pornography on the internet. Conclusion: This study gives an increased understanding and knowledge of the importance sexual health education has for guardians. The school nurse’s competence needs to become more visible in order to offer support to guardians so that they will be able to guide their youths in their development of good sexual health.

Social stigma about sexuality across the life course is pervasive and deeply rooted in “Anglophone West” and patriarchal society that strives to police the sexuality of youth and older adults in diverse yet interconnected ways. Using an Intergenerational and Community-Based Applied Theatre approach to address common misconceptions about sexuality across the life course, I sought to offer a space to share lived experiences of youth and older adults with each other and their community. The community-based project created with the Victoria Target Theatre Society, Victoria High School, and Island Sexual Health Society offers insight into an avenue for social change based on the reactions from collaborators before and after the devising and performance process, in addition to audience responses. Furthermore, these findings can inform action in the form of policy change that aims to address systemic stigmatization of older adult and youth sexuality as well as the lack of education for healthcare providers to offer unbiased care and resources. / Graduate / 2021-04-08

Bakgrund: Kvalitén i dagens sex- och samlevnadsundervisning har brister ochforskning visar att elever i allt större utsträckning hämtar kunskap och informationkring ämnet ifrån internet där pornografi dominerar. Det syns en ökad ohälsa kringelevens sexualitet varför kunskap om undervisningens betydelse ochförbättringsområden är av intresse. Regeringen har beslutat att införa examensmåli begreppen sexualitet, könsidentitet och relationer på lärarutbildningen som en deli kvalitetsarbetet. I skolsköterskans profession ingår förebyggande ochhälsofrämjande arbete med elevens sexuella hälsa och forskning visar attskolsköterskan i allt större utsträckning har fått ett ökat ansvarsområde för skolanssex- och samlevnadsundervisning. Syfte: Beskriva skolsköterskans syn påbetydelsen av sex- och samlevnadsundervisning och hur den kan förbättras.Metod: Kvalitativ design med induktiv ansats har använts där åtta skolsköterskorintervjuades. Intervjuerna analyserades med kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Resultat:Skolsköterskorna ansåg att en kvalitetssäkrad sex- och samlevnadsundervisningsom baserades på skolans likabehandlingsplan var betydande i arbete med attfrämja sexuell hälsa oavsett sexuell läggning. De menade även att arbete medelevens autonomi kunde bidra till mindre riskfyllda beslut inför framtidarelationer. Det framkom en önskan om en normalisering av ämnet genomämnesintegrering samt att påbörja undervisningen redan i förskoleåldern. Slutligenansåg skolsköterskorna att kunskap kring pornografi behövde synliggöras iundervisningen som en del i att forma en porrkritik medvetenhet och god syn påsex. Slutsats: Skolsköterskorna önskar att ämnet sex och samlevnad får en störreplats i skolans samtliga ämnen och att ämnets innehåll förbättras som en del iarbetet med att främja sexuell hälsa hos eleven. / Background: The quality of today's sex and cohabitation education hasshortcomings and research shows that students increasingly obtain knowledge andinformation on the subject from the internet, where pornography dominates. Thereis an increase in ill health around the student's sexuality, which is why knowledgeof the importance of teaching and areas for improvement is of interest. Thegovernment has decided to introduce degree objectives in the concepts ofsexuality, gender identity and relationships in teacher education as part of thequality work. The school nurse's profession includes preventive and healthpromotingwork with the pupil's sexual health, and research shows that the schoolnurse has increasingly been given an increased area of responsibility for theschool's sex and cohabitation education. Aim: Describe the school nurse's view onthe importance of sex and cohabitation education and how it can be improved.Method: Qualitative design with an inductive approach has been used where eightschool nurses were interviewed. The interviews were analyzed with qualitativecontent analysis. Results: The school nurses considered that a quality-assured sexand cohabitation education based on the school's equal treatment plan wassignificant towards promoting sexual health regardless of sexual orientation. Theyalso believed that working with the student's autonomy could contribute to lessrisky decisions for future relationships. There was a desire for a normalization ofthe subject through subject integration and to start teaching already in preschool.Finally, the school nurses felt that knowledge about pornography needed to bemade visible in the teaching as part of shaping a porn critique's awareness andgood view of sex. Conclusion: The school nurses want the subject of sex andcohabitation to have a greater place in all the school's subjects and that the contentof the subject is improved as part of the work towards increased sexual health forthe student.

Orientador: Ana Cláudia Bortolozzi Maia / Resumo: Pensar sobre a saúde sexual no processo do envelhecimento representa um desafio para os profissionais da saúde e para as políticas públicas no que concerne à necessidade de ampliar as discussões sobre sexualidade, as práticas sexuais no processo de envelhecimento, a prevenção de infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (IST) e o impacto dessas questões na promoção de saúde da pessoa idosa. Esta pesquisa investigou como a saúde sexual no período de desenvolvimento do envelhecimento é retratada em pesquisas e documentos no Brasil, a partir de dois objetivos específicos: (a) realizar um estudo de revisão sistemática da literatura (RSL) para verificar quais categorias temáticas aparecem quando se pensa em saúde sexual no envelhecimento nas produções de pesquisa no Brasil e (b) descrever e analisar os materiais disponibilizados pelo governo federal sobre saúde sexual e/ou sexualidade na idade avançada, para identificar a visão de envelhecimento, sexualidade, gênero, saúde, prevenção, etc. Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório de abordagem qualitativa e de natureza documental. O método foi de RSL em publicações nacionais na base de dados Scielo e localização e leitura de três materiais disponibilizados pelo Governo Federal sobre saúde sexual e envelhecimento no site do Ministério da Saúde, a partir de um “Guia” de análise elaborado pela pesquisadora. Os resultados encontrados foram um total de 68 artigos, entre 2001 e 2018, com maior concentração em 2015. A área de maior prod... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Thinking about sexual health in the aging process represents a challenge for health professionals and public policies regarding the need to expand discussions on sexuality, sexual practices in the aging process, the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) ) and the impact of these issues on health promotion for the elderly. This research investigated how sexual health in the period of development of aging is portrayed in research and documents in Brazil, based on two specific objectives: (a) to conduct a systematic literature review study (SLR) to verify which thematic categories appear when thinking about sexual health in aging in research productions in Brazil and (b) describing and analyzing the materials made available by the federal government on sexual health and/or sexuality in old age, to identify the vision of aging, sexuality, gender, health, prevention, etc. It is a descriptive and exploratory study with a qualitative and documentary approach. The method was SLR in national publications in the Scielo database and location and reading of three materials made available by the Federal Government on sexual health and aging on the Ministry of Health website, based on an analysis “Guide” prepared by the researcher. The results found were a total of 68 articles, between 2001 and 2018, with the highest concentration in 2015. The area of greatest production was in Nursing, followed by Health and Gerontology. The articles were divided into 4 categories: A) Viole... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor