This secondary analysis represents a cross-sectional quantitative test of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (Braithwaite 1989) on inmates in the Mississippi Department of Corrections. The sample consists of 726 questionnaires split evenly between male and female respondents. The questionnaire includes measures central to Braithwaite’s theory (1989) as well as modifications that address the particular experiences of inmates including the frequency and communication with family, participation in prison programming, child-parent attachment, and moral conscience. Twenty Nine hypotheses incorporated in three analytical frameworks correspond to the following research questions: (1) Do indicators of interdependency predict shame and do the same indicators of interdependency predict shame for both men and women? (2) Do indicators of stigmatization, disintegration, and child-parent attachment predict reintegration better than interdependency? (3) Do the basic theoretical constructs of reintegrative shaming explain projected criminality and projected shame in a sample of inmates? Findings indicate partial support for the general claims of Reintegrative Shaming Theory (Braithwaite 1989). First, results indicate that reported shame, reintegration, and moral consciousness predict projected criminality and those effects are stronger for women than men. Second, inmates with stronger bonds to children are less likely to recidivate. Lastly, prior shame predicts projected criminality but not projected shame, and reintegration predicts projected shame but not projected criminality.

Media har en stor påverkan på samhällets kroppsideal då många strävar efter en idealisk kropp. På sociala medier är termer som body positivity och body shaming aktuella, därför har vi använt oss av dessa termer för att fördjupa oss i studien. Syftet med studien är att framhäva konsekvenserna av att bli body shamed, både fysiskt och psykiskt. Body positivity är ett positivt laddat ord då syftet är att man skall acceptera sig själv och inte påverkas av de ytliga normer samhället och media konstruerat. Body shaming är ett negativt laddat begrepp på sociala medier som påverkar många människor negativt mentalt då man utsätts för kränkningar på grund av sitt kroppsliga utseende. Youtube är ett stort nätverk där människor kan ta del av andras vardag och åsikter, som forskningsläge har vi valt att fokusera oss på youtubers och deras videos om kroppsideal. Vi analyserar kommentarer på videos för att komma fram till ett större urval om hur dessa ämnen påverkar individer.

A Constituição Federal de 1988 reconhece na criança e no adolescente sujeitos de direitos em processo de formação da personalidade, condição peculiar e especialíssima que deve ser respeitada, notadamente, quando da atribuição da responsabilidade pelo ato infracional cometido, cuja manifestação e midiatização contribui para um clamor generalizado por um maior rigor punitivo, respaldado pelo \"mito da impunidade\" do menor. Surge, então, o dilema da necessidade de comunicação de uma resposta efetiva e proporcional a este jovem que esteja afinada com a sua condição de pessoa em desenvolvimento, favorecendo a busca por alternativas extraprocessuais capazes de atribuir a responsabilidade devida a estes indivíduos e afastá-los dos efeitos negativos da Justiça convencional. Uma ferramenta já prevista pelo Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente é o instituto da remissão, por intermédio do qual o processo de apuração do ato infracional será evitado antes do seu início, suspenso ou extinto. Para atender ao dilema de responsabilização do adolescente, porém, o instituto deve comunicar a responsabilidade de maneira efetiva, proporcional e reparadora, de forma a evitar os mesmos efeitos de segregação social e estigma produzidos pela Justiça convencional e garantir a posição social deste indivíduo enquanto sujeito de direitos. / The Brazilian Constitution of 1988 recognizes children and adolescents as subjects of law that are undergoing a process of formation of their personality, a very specific and peculiar condition which must be respected mainly in assigning responsibility for the offenses committed. Manifestations and media interest around these offenses contribute to a generalized outcry for more punitive rigidity, endorsed by the \"myth of impunity\" of minors. The dilemma which arises is one of the need for communicating an effective and proportionate response to this youngster in an adequate way regarding his or her condition as a person in process of developing a personality, promoting the search for alternative solutions capable of assigning responsibility to these individuals while keeping them from the negative effects of conventional justice. A mechanism contained in Brazilian Statute for Children and Adolescents is the institute of remission, by which the prosecution and judgment of crimes committed by minors is avoided before its start, suspended or extinct. In order to meet the dilemma of assigning responsibility, however, this has to be done in an effective, proportionate and restorative way, thus avoiding segregation and stigma as consequences of the conventional justice and ensuring the adolescent\'s social position as subject of law.

Master of Arts / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Michelle Bemiller / John Braithwaite developed the theory of reintegrative shaming in 1989. His hope was to develop a theory that better explained the complexities of crime such as the age curve, and high number of male offenders. Building from Braithwaite’s work, this thesis utilizes Reintegrative Shaming theory to explore how attitudes influence the reintegrative shaming process, and whether or not women, are more susceptible to shaming than men, as hypothesized by Braithwaite. It seeks to understand the role attitude plays in the reintegrative shaming process. This thesis hypothesizes that a reintegrative shaming punishment will positively impact an offender’s attitudes towards law, deterrence, law enforcement officials, and so on. Further, Braithwaite hypothesized that interdependent and communitarian individuals will be more susceptible to the impact of punishment (shaming); this relationship is also tested. Using data from the Reintegrative Shaming Experiments (RISE) in Australia, this thesis specifically studies the impact of sex and shaming punishment on attitudes towards the law and deterrence attitudes. In addition, information from RISE is used to test the relationships between interdependency and sex, and communitarianism and sex. The findings suggest mixed support for Reintegrative Shaming theory.

I det moderna västerländska samhället skildras och uppmuntras sedan länge ett allt mer ouppnåeligt skönhetsideal, där det smala kroppsidealet står i fokus och avbildas som det önskvärda och överlägsna. I motsats porträtteras den tjocka kroppen som underlägsen och avvikande. Detta resulterar i att den smala kroppen premieras på bekostnad av den tjocka, vilket är bekymmersamt då det medför att tjocka människor stigmatiseras och diskrimineras i samhället. I den här studien undersöks, utifrån ett språkvetenskapligt perspektiv, hur normaliserade föreställningar av tjocka människor realiseras språkligt på tre av Sveriges största internetforum. Metodologiskt görs detta genom en kritisk diskursanalys av 225 kommentarer insamlade från; Flashback forum, Familjelivs forum samt Passagen Debatt. Då denna studie har en emancipatorisk ansats utgår jag från teorier som grundar sig i bland annat socialkonstruktivism och tredje vågens feminism. Resultatet har bland annat visat att skribenterna på forumen kategoriserar tjocka människor som en enhetlig socialt avvikande grupp, vilka de tillskriver diverse negativa egenskaper. Vidare har resultatet åskådliggjort att det skrivs betydligt mer om tjocka kvinnor på forumen överlag samt att dessa kommentarer generellt sett är mer diskriminerande än de som påträffats gällande tjocka män. / The purpose of this study is that, from a linguistic perspective, analyze how normalized performances by thick people is realized linguistically in three of Sweden's largest internet forums. Methodologically, this is done through a critical discourse analysis of 225 comments collected from Flashback forum, Familjelivs forum and Passagen Debatt. As this study has an emancipatory approach, I adopted theories based in social constructivism and feministic intersectionality. The results show that the writers on the forums categorize thick people as a unified socially deviant group, which they attribute to various negative qualities. Furthermore, the results illustrated that there is much more written about fat women in the forums in general and that these comments are generally more fat-shaming than those encountered regarding thick men.

Introduction: Renewed efforts for controlling criminality in Sweden are demanded by the Swedish Government. Restorative justice conferences (RJC), in Sweden known as mediation, can be described as a meeting mediated by a trained facilitator in which the offender and the victim of a crime meets, sometimes together with their friends and family. RJC aims to promote the offender to take responsibility for his or her actions and repair the damage the victim has suffered. Research on RJC shows promising results in regard of reduced recidivism and increased victim benefits. No Swedish publication studying public opinion on RJC has been found. The theoretical framework of reintegrative shaming stated that a community that offer reintegration is essential for successful crime prevention. Aim: To measure the level of RJC support held by a Swedish community sample in regard of different offender and offence characteristics. Method: Participants were recruited at a Swedish authority located in nine different cities (n = 192) and surveyed using an online questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on two scales measuring benefits of restorative justice and support for participation in restorative justice derived from a previous study. Results: The respondents had an overall positive attitude toward RJC. No respondent demographic was associated with the total level of restorative justice support although differences were found when using age and gender as independent variables. Respondents were more positive of RJC for juvenile offenders and non-violent crime. Discussion: A discussion regarding the public support for RJC in relation to offender recidivism is provided established on reintegrative shaming and previous empirical evidence. Concluding arguments for RJC to be extended in a wider context in the Swedish penalty system are presented. / <p>2016-06-01</p>

This project combines elements of textual analysis, feminist criticism, and media reception studies to examine wedding-themed reality television programming. Drawing on feminist media studies, television studies, and new media studies, this project investigates identity construction through wedding-themed reality television in three case studies: the renegotiation of icons of traditional femininity on Say Yes to the Dress, the policing of female behavior and perceived unruliness through Bridezillas, and the depiction of female labor in celebrity culture through three weddings featured on Keeping Up with the Kardashians. These three case studies deal with unique yet ultimately interconnected themes of gender identity construction and management. I argue that post-feminist ideologies are instrumental in shaping the way that identity is constructed through advocating specific behaviors and shaming others in three key areas: hyper-consumerism, the pursuit of pseudo-celebrity status, and the reinforcement of traditional gender norms. These themes appear in varied forms and function in different ways across the three case studies. In addition, shaming is enacted in the programs and displayed in the audience response to those programs via social media in three ways: subtle discouragement, containment, and pseudo-resistance. This study begins with a close reading of the three television programs, followed by a reception study of the related conversations taking place on the social media platform Twitter to examine how the textual themes are being understood and discussed by viewers.

Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The study takes an analytical approach to discourse in its focus on the discursive realisation and (re)production of ideology in terms of the (re)construction of a singular female identity as portrayed by the media – specifically content generated by the online news and entertainment website, BuzzFeed. Data was collected electronically over a period of fifteen months (January 2014 to May 2015) and subjected to a keyword search, which then determined the most relevant articles. These articles were entered into two separate corpora for analysis in order to identify the most significant ideologies related to body shaming, and broken down linguistically through the use of Wordsmith Tools. The analysis of the data mainly drew upon the theories of Bakhtin’s conceptualisation of dialogic (2004), Gee’s building tasks of language (2014), van Dijk’s analytical toolkit (1984), (1990) and Kress’ notion of the formation of ideology (1989). The aim of this thesis was to investigate the (re)production of ideology surrounding traditional beauty ideals as being a singular concept in order to reveal the more complex identities of women as unique individuals. The study’s findings indicate that there is a significant correlation between female empowerment in terms of associating with feminist ideals and female misogyny as one of the main sources of body shaming, with female misogyny outranking feminism with only 4,94%. Furthermore, the study revealed that overall appearance was the most commonly discussed topic throughout the corpus, being mentioned in a total of 93,83% of articles, with the face and hair of women being most frequently discussed in 23,46% of articles. Overall appearance was also the topic most commonly shamed in the corpus, closely followed by fashion, body shape and fitness. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die studie maak gebruik van ‘n analitiese benadering tot diskoers gerig op aspekte van taalwetenskap wat ‘n rol speel in die realisasie van idees in terme van die rekonstruksie van ‘n singulêre vroulike identiteit soos voorgeskryf deur die media – veral in die geval van inhoud gegenereer deur die aanlyn nuus en vermaakwebblad, BuzzFeed. Data was elektronies ingesamel oor ‘n periode van vyftien maande (vanaf Januarie 2014 tot Mei 2015) en onderwerp aan ‘n sleutelwoord soektog, wat dan die mees relevante artikels kon identifiseer. Hierdie artikels was toe in twee aparte corpora ingeskryf vir analise, ten einde van die identifikasie van ideologieë mees relevant tot die konsep van liggaambeskaming. Die data was ook taalkundig afgebreek deur die gebruik van Wordsmith Tools. Die analise van die data is hoofsaaklik gegrond op die teorieë van Bakhtin se konseptualisasie van dialogie (2004), Gee se boutake van taal (2014), van Dijk se metodologiese analise (1984), (1990) en Kress se teorie oor hoe ideologiese raamwerke gevorm word (1989). Die doel van hierdie tesis was die ondersoek in terme van die reproduksie van sekere ideologieë rondom tradisionele ideale van skoonheid as ‘n enkelvoudige konsep om meer te openbaar oor die komplekse identiteite van vroue as unieke individue. Die navorsing dui op ‘n beduidende korrelasie tussen die bemagtiging van vroue in terme van die assosiasie met feministiese ideale en vroue haat deur ander vroue as een van die hoofbronne van liggaambeskaaming, met vroue haat deur ander vroue geidentifiseer as die ideologie wat die meeste voorkom in die korpus, net 4,94% meer as feminisme. Verder onthul die studie dat algehele voorkoms die mees algemeen bespreekte onderwerp was, genoem in ‘n totaal van 93,83% van artikels, met die gesig en hare van vroue mees algemeen bespreek in 23,46% van artikels. Algehele voorkoms was ook die onderwerp wat mees algemeen verneder was, gevolg deur mode, liggaamsvorm en fiksheid.

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Starkt historiskt och kulturellt rotade normer kan vara problematiska eftersom personer som avviker från dem riskerar att bli utsatta för hat. Mom-shaming är ett begrepp som beskriver fenomenet när kvinnor får kritik för sitt sätt att vara i sin roll som mamma. En mamma som har blivit utsatt för mom- shaming är influencern Ida Warg. Syftet med studien är att genom ett genusperspektiv, kvalitativt och semiotiskt analysera influencern Ida Wargs bildkommunikation på Instagram för att se om hon framställer sin roll som mamma på ett normativt sätt. Genom att redogöra för vad bilden vill göra med betraktaren – påverka och engagera, eller erbjuda – fastställs vilken betydelse genus har för skapandet av mammarollen. Tio utvalda bilder analyseras utifrån sju kategorier som är kopplade till kvinnans roll som mamma: Moderskap, Omsorg och uppfostran, Traditionell kärnfamilj, Betalt arbete, Fritid, Miljö, samt Skönhet. Resultatet visar att historiska normer kopplade till mammarollen är ett faktum även i dagens samhälle. Ida Warg bekräftar flera förlegade normer i sin bildkommunikation samtidigt som hon diskret utmanar andra. Studien redovisar att normer är underliggande strukturer som påverkar vårt samhälle. Genom att problematisera mom-shaming belyses därmed vikten av medvetandegörandet och ifrågasättandet av normer. Avslutningsvis diskuteras hur sociala mediers makt kan både vara orsak till och lösning på problemet med mom-shaming. Lösningen kan förslagsvis ske genom uppmaning av användandet av hashtaggen #stopmomshaming. / Historically and culturally norms are socially acceptable and can be problematic for people who behave in nonconformity with them because of risk of garner hatred. Mom-shaming is a term that describes the phenomenon when women get criticism and hatred for their act in their role of mother. A woman whom has been subject to this shaming, is mother and influencer Ida Warg. With the purpose of studying norms associated with female role as mother, this paper analyzes the visual design and composition of ten photographs posted by Ida Warg to her Instagram. Theories of gender and semiotics are used as frameworks, for qualitatively study if Ida Warg mediates her role as a mother normatively on her Instagram. The photographs are analyzed according to seven categories associated with mothering: Motherhood, Care and raise of child, Traditional nuclear family, Paid work, Leisure time, Entourage and Beauty. Considering the female role as mother, the result shows that historically rooted norms are still a fact. This paper argues for Ida Warg both certifying and challenging the social norms associated with mothering. Finally, this paper discusses how obsolete norm associated with the female role as mother, as a result of cyberhate such as mom-shaming, lingers and prevents gender equality. Henceforth, this paper also discusses the power of social media, being both reason why and solution to mom-shaming. One solution may be the exhortation of the hashtag #stopmomshaming.