The interfacial structuring of three non-halogenated ionic liquids was examined at the air-liquid interface for both dry and humid condition by analysis of X-ray reflectometry data using a slab model approach. The aim was to investigate the effect of humidity on the air-liquid interface. Pure ionic liquids as well as solutions of 5% w/w and 20% w/w in propylene carbonate were examined. Three different cations were used, a phosphonium cation ([P6,6,6,14]+) and two dialkylimidazolium cations ([C6C1Im]+ and [C10C1Im]+). The anion was bis(mandelato)borate ([BMB]-), which is a non-commercial anion that has been shown to exhibit excellent tribological properties. The results reveal that the presence of ambient water has an impact on the interfacial structure and the layering of all pure ionic liquids, as well as most cases of ionic liquid solutions. Exposure to humidity had the largest response in the case of all pure and diluted solutions of [C6C1Im][BMB], for which a more pronounced layering was observed. The [P6,6,6,14][BMB] solutions did not exhibit any significant changes when exposed to ambient water, with the 20% w/w solution proving to be the most stable. / Gränsskiktsstrukturen hos tre olika icke-halogenerade jonvätskor undersöktes vid luft-vätskegränsskiktet för både torra och fuktiga förhållanden genom analys av data från en röntgen reflektometer med en “slab model approach”. Målet var att undersöka effekten av luftfuktighet på luft-vätskagränsskiktet. Rena jonvätskor såväl som lösningar av 5 och 20 vikt-% utspädda i propylenkarbonat undersöktes. Tre olika katjoner användes, en fosforkatjon ([P6,6,6,14]+) samt två dialkylimidazoliumkatjoner ([C6C1Im]+ och [C10C1Im]+). Anjonen var bis(madelato)borat ([BMB]-), vilket är en icke-kommersiell anjon som har visat bra tribologiska egenskaper. Resultatet visar att närvaron av omgivande vatten har en påverkan på gränsskiktsstrukturen samt skiktning hos alla rena jonvätskor och de flesta utspädda lösningar. Exponering för fuktighet hade den största inverkan på alla rena och utspädda lösningar av [C6C1Im][BMB], för vilka en mer distinkt skiktning kunde observeras. [P6,6,6,14][BMB] lösningar uppvisade inga signifikanta ändringar vid exponering till fuktig luft, där den lösning med 20 vikt-% visade sig vara mest stabil.

This essay provides a thorough reading of Gilles Deleuze’s (1925–95) philosophy of nature and the way music relates to this philosophy. It does so with regards to changes in the view of nature in 20th century science, especially in the theories of self-organisation as developed by, among others, Ilya Prigogine. Deleuze’s metaphysics is viewed in relation to these theories, and is also compared to the philosophy of Immanuel Kant, which is related to classical science. The essay then investigates certain key issues in Deleuze’s philosophy concerning difference and univocity (or immanence), developed in his doctoral thesis Différence et répétition (1968). Also, certain aspects of the further evolution of this philosophy of immanence in Mille plateaux (1980), co-written with Félix Guattari, are examined. The essay then studies the role of aesthetics in Deleuze’s philosophy, and the way he transforms the aesthetics of Kant. The following chapter deals with Deleuze & Guattari’s primary text concerning music, ”De la ritournelle” in Mille plateaux. In this text, they develop a highly abstract concept of music, which, in their philosophy, is: 1) granted a cosmological reach regarding rhythms and motives; 2) made an essential aspect of the emergence of art, which they find in animals creating a territory (especially in the songbird); 3) used to discuss Baroque/Classicist, Romantic and 20th century musical styles. Apart from analysing these aspects, this chapter focuses on 20th century music, with a thorough examination of Gustav Mahler and of spectral music, demonstrating that Deleuze’s philosophy can deepen the understanding of this music. The chapter also discusses problematic tendencies in Deleuzian research on contemporary music, which does not take the entirety of Deleuze’s philosophy of nature into account. This essay argues that such knowledge is necessary to correctly examine the implications of Deleuze & Guattari’s philosophy of music. The lack of awareness of Deleuze’s philosophy of nature is also significant in the critique that Deleuze’s aesthetics has received by Jacques Rancière, which is analysed in the final chapter. This chapter also discusses Michael Gallope’s reading of Deleuze & Guattari, in which he makes a distinction between a metaphysical and an ethical-aesthetic philosophy of music. Although the relation between metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics, is key to understanding their philosophy of music, this essay argues that Gallope’s idea of what sort of music they advocate is incorrect.

På många arbetsplatser genomförs medarbetarenkäter. Syftet är oftast att identifiera förbättringsområden i arbetsmiljön och att undersöka medarbetares trivsel och mående. Studien handlar om pulsade/frekventa varianter av medarbetar­undersökningar. Dessa undersökningar används i arbetsgrupper för att undersöka måendet vid många tillfällen under verksamhetsåret. En fördel kan vara möjligheten att upptäcka missförhållanden direkt i realtid. Fem chefer och fem medarbetare har intervjuats, och deras upplevelser av pulsade/frekventa medarbetarundersökningar har analyserats. Det förekommer positiva omdömen, men många utmaningar identifierades. En chefsutmaning var svarsprocenten, då många medarbetare valde att inte svara på enkäterna främst p.g.a utebliven resultatuppföljning. Det framkommer även oro för att anonymiteten inte upplevs vara garanterad. Medarbetare kan genom att inte svara demonstrera sin makt gentemot ledningen, speciellt om man inte vet vad ledningen gör med resultaten. En organisatorisk olydnad visade sig växa fram. Ett antal idealtyper hos chefer och medarbetare identifierades och presenteras i studien med koppling till lojalitet, olydnad och makt. / At many workplaces, employee surveys are carried out. The aim is usually to identify improvement areas in the work environment. The study is about frequent variations of employee surveys that are used in groups on many occasions during the year. One advantage is the possibility of detecting working environment problems directly as they occur. Five managers and five employees were interviewed, and their experiences of pulsed/frequent employee surveys have been analyzed. There are positive reviews, but many challenges were identified. A managerial challenge was the response rate, as many chose not to respond to the questionnaires because of an unsatisfactory follow-up of results. There was also concern that anonymity was not guaranteed. By not answering, employees can demonstrate their power towards management. An organizational misbehaviour turned out to emerge. A number of ideal types were identified in the study and their connection to loyalty, organizational misbehaviour and power are presented.

Vi har sett ett behov av att lyfta fram tillvaratagandet av människors potential som en nyckelfaktor för hållbar utveckling. Med bakgrund i en doxologisk kunskapssyn har vi intagit rollen som bricoleurer, där vi utifrån ett heuristiskt angreppssätt och ett pragmatiskt användande av teori-U, eklektiskt hanterat teorier från olika forskningsfält. Först har vi undersökt hur människors uppfattning om staden kanaliseras genom metaforer och hur det påverkar våra städer och våra liv. Därefter har vi med stöd av komplexitetsteori, kaosteori och systemteori undersökt staden som en helhetsmetafor. Tillsist, med hjälp av i huvudsak Ken Wilbers integralfilosofi och Gilles Deleuze eklektiska filosofi når vi vår syntes om det vi kallar Stadens interna och externa samutveckling som på sätt och vis sätter stadens metaforer i ett sammanhang. / We have seen a need to embrace human potential as a key factor for sustainable development. With a background in a doxological epistemology we have taken the role of the bricoleur, and based on a heuristic approach and a pragmatic use of Theory U we have dealt with different research fields in an eclectic fashion. First, we have investigated how people´s perceptions of the city are channeled through metaphors and how it affects our cities and our lives. Drawn on complexity theory, chaos theory and systems theory, we examined the city as a whole. Finally, using Ken Wiber´s Integral Philosophy and the philosophy of Gilles Deleuze we reach our synthesis called The City´s Internal and External Co-evolution, which puts metaphors of the city in a context.