Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:13:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2007- Gilberto Carlos Cerqueira Mascarenhas.pdf: 9225036 bytes, checksum: 337f1e0134743beb1e3509cf31a6ed64 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-02-28 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient?fico e Tecnol?gico / The Fair Trade movement emerged as an initiative of organizations and consumers in the North aimed at improving the living conditions of disadvantaged producers and workers in Southern countries. To achieve these objectives the movement is active on three fronts: a) the creation of markets in the North where consumers pay a differentiated price for products from the South; b) campaigns among consumers in the North to increase the market for these products; and c) lobbying activities to change the rules of world trade, which are considered prejudicial to Southern countries. Demand limitations in the North, the demonstration effect of the movement s proposals in the South, and the need to adapt to local conditions, have stimulated Fair Trade initiatives in the South. In this sense, alternative production and consumption systems directed at national and South-South markets, have been discussed and implemented in various Latin American countries, based on the principles of Fair Trade. In Brazil, North-South Fair Trade initiatives have occurred since the 80s, although a national-wide movement only began in the middle of 2001, on the initiative of a group of public and private actors who made up the Faces do Brasil platform. From 2004-6 other actors participated in the movement, defending proposals linked to the creation of a just national market or to the defense of the interests of producers who were already active in North-South Fair Trade. This thesis is dedicated to the study of this movement, from a Southern perspective aiming to analyze to what extent the Brazilian proposal is distinguished from other Southern initiatives and the proposals of the global movement. To achieve these objectives a specific analytical framework was elaborated, involving theoretical approaches to social movements, convention theory and social network analysis. Empirically, the adoption of qualitative, participatory analysis associated with quantitative methods was essential for understanding the Brazilian movement, contextualizing it within the broader horizon of the complex features of the contemporary world. Among the principal results, the specificity of the Brazilian proposals were seen to depend on the participatory character of the construction of a national system of Fair and Solidarity Trade, involving a variety of actors and movements. This resulted in the incorporation of the principles of the Solidarity Economy and Agroecology movements, participatory certification schemes and the exclusive orientation to small farmers as the beneficiaries of the movement. The public-private character of the movement was crystallized in the creation of a specific space within the governmental sphere for the discussion of proposals and the formulation of public policies oriented to the movement aimed at creating a Brazilian System of Fair and Solidarity Trade. In relation to the producers, a low level of communication and transparency on the part of Northern actors was observed, which has reduced the extent of positive influences of North-South Fair Trade among the organizations visited in the eight case studies undertaken. As for convergences between the Brazilian movement s proposals and the aspirations of the producer groups, only the platforms more directly linked to the world of production incorporated their demands. / O movimento do Com?rcio Justo surgiu da iniciativa de organiza??es e consumidores do Hemisf?rio Norte visando ? melhoria das condi??es de vida de produtores e trabalhadores em desvantagem nos pa?ses do Sul. Para atingir esse objetivo o movimento vem atuando em tr?s frentes: a) na cria??o de mercados no Norte onde consumidores pagam um pre?o diferenciado por produtos do Sul; b) campanhas junto aos consumidores para elevar a parcela de mercado para esses produtos; e c) atrav?s de lobying visando mudan?a das regras do com?rcio internacional, considerado desvantajoso para os pa?ses do Sul. As limita??es da demanda no Norte, o efeito demonstra??o do movimento, e a necessidade de adapta??o aos contextos locais, t?m estimulado o desenvolvimento propostas s de Com?rcio Justo em pa?ses do Sul. No Brasil, iniciativas de Com?rcio Justo Norte-Sul t?m ocorrido desde os anos 80, entretanto, um movimento de abrang?ncia nacional s? foi iniciado em meados de 2001, por iniciativa de um grupo de atores p?blicos e privados, que compuseram a plataforma do Faces do Brasil. No per?odo 2004 a 2006, outros atores participaram do movimento, defendendo propostas ligadas ? cria??o de um mercado justo nacional e ? defesa dos interesses dos produtores que j? atuam no Com?rcio Justo Norte-Sul. Essa tese voltou-se para o estudo desse movimento, mas sob uma perspectiva do Sul, buscando analisar em que medida a proposta brasileira se distingue de outras iniciativas do Sul e das propostas do movimento global. Para atingir esse objetivo, um referencial anal?tico espec?fico foi adotado, envolvendo as abordagens te?ricas dos movimentos sociais, a teoria das conven??es e a an?lise de redes sociais. No campo emp?rico, a an?lise qualitativa associada a m?todos quantitativos foi essencial para a compreens?o do movimento brasileiro a partir do seu enquadramento num horizonte mais amplo de complexidade do mundo contempor?neo. Dentre os principais resultados, verificou-se que a especificidade da proposta brasileira se deve ao seu car?ter participativo na constru??o de um sistema nacional de Com?rcio Justo e Solid?rio, envolvendo atores p?blicos e privados e ? negocia??o com movimentos sociais convergentes. Isso teve como resultante a incorpora??o de princ?pios da Economia Solid?ria, da agroecologia, sistemas mais participativos de garantia e a op??o por produtores familiares como p?blico-alvo do movimento. O car?ter p?blico-privado do movimento brasileiro foi cristalizado na cria??o de um espa?o pr?prio na esfera governamental para a discuss?o das propostas e a defini??o de pol?ticas p?blicas voltadas para a implanta??o de um Sistema Brasileiro de Com?rcio Justo e Solid?rio. No ?mbito dos produtores que j? atuam no Com?rcio Justo Norte-Sul, verificou-se que h? um baixo grau de comunica??o e transpar?ncia por parte dos atores do Norte, o que tem reduzido o alcance dos objetivos do movimento junto a esses atores. Em termos da converg?ncia das propostas do movimento brasileiro com as aspira??es dos produtores, verificou-se que as plataformas mais diretamente ligadas ao mundo da produ??o s?o as que incorporam as principais necessidades desses atores.

L’épizootie de fièvre aphteuse de 2001 telle qu’elle s’est déroulée en Grande-Bretagne a montré les limites de certains des systèmes de surveillance, d’intervention, d’anticipation et d’aide à la décision actuellement en place. Parallèlement, l’assouplissement des modalités d’utilisation de la vaccination a enrichi la palette des outils utilisables par le gestionnaire de risque. Une réévaluation pour la France a semblé ainsi opportune. Pour cela, le projet de recherche s’est proposé tout d’abord d’étudier l’organisation des différentes filières d’animaux de rente en France. L’analyse du réseau d’élevages français par la méthode d’analyse des réseaux sociaux a permis de caractériser les relations entre établissements et d’estimer une vulnérabilité structurale constante face à la diffusion de maladies apportées essentiellement par le réseau d’échanges bovins.Dans une deuxième partie, la diffusion de la maladie dans ce réseau d’élevages a été étudiée en s’appuyant sur des simulations générées par un modèle spécifiquement construit. L’efficacité et les coûts de différentes stratégies de lutte envisageables (combinaisons d’abattage sanitaire, abattage préventif et vaccination) ont été ensuite comparés. Les résultats obtenus ont montré l’absence d’une stratégie unique optimale à la fois sur le plan épidémiologique et économique et la nécessité de s’adapter au contexte local. En effet, la nature de la stratégie optimale varie selon la région concernée et l’acteur considéré. Ces travaux ont permis de créer un outil de réflexion pour aider à la décision, mais également un outil d’entraînement et de formation collective pour se préparer à une telle gestion de crise. / The 2001 Foot-and-mouth disease epizootic in the United Kingdom has illustrated limits in some established surveillance, control, anticipation and decision-making systems. At the same time, the relaxation of vaccination procedures has enhanced the set of usable tools by risk managers. A reassessment in France seemed needed.For this purpose, the research project firstly proposed to study the organization of the different livestock industries in France. The analysis of French holding network by using the method of social network analysis has led to characterize the relationships between holdings and to determine a constant structural vulnerability to diseases spread especially due to bovine trade network.Secondly, the disease spread in the holding network has been studied with simulations generated by a specifically built model. The cost-effectiveness of different control strategies (combining infected herd depopulation, pre-emptive culling and vaccination) were then compared. Results showed that no single epidemiological and economical optimal strategy existed and local context must be taken into account. Indeed, the cost-effective strategy changed according to the concerned area and the considered players.This research work allowed creating a thinking tool for decision-making but also a training tool for crisis management preparation.

The United Nations declared 2005 to 2014 to be the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development. This agenda is being implemented enthusiastically in university facilities management and operations, and while research in sustainability is increasingly common, tertiary curriculum has not experienced a similar push. This thesis undertakes to explore the expressions of sustainability in the academic activities of universities, and to determine what sort of change (if any) is appropriate. It also seeks to mediate what has become a polarised debate between idealists and pragmatists around the implementation of EFS. Two key features of the work are: 1) the investigation of sustainability in the aggregate student experience, rather than individual subjects; and 2) returning to first principles to avoid a normative stance a priori.¶ A range of methods is employed adaptively through the process of this alternately broad and deep exploratory study, including: participant observation, interviews, content analysis, questionnaires, social network analysis, bibliometrics, and data clustering. A systemic approach to Canadian and Australian case work captures the diversity of institutional roles and academic motivations at play in adaptation to the EFS agenda.¶ A stasis exists between the literature around higher education curriculum for sustainability and its implementation. The problem is exacerbated by the lack of pedagogical training in most university academics. A long-standing utilitarian sectoral culture and an increasingly job-focused student market further challenge such public-good concepts as sustainability in the academy. Four simple ideas sit at the heart of 35 years of environmental and sustainability education literature, despite changes in jargon: liberal education and broad foundations; interdisciplinarity in problem-solving; cosmopolitan philosophies; and civic action. Relevant disciplinary content includes biology, environmental science, policy, philosophy, human society, economics, and culture. Most of these elements are rare in the Australian sector, which instead offers science and technology-focused environmental programs with flexible requirements. A transition to the human realm is evident in programs targeting sustainability.¶ Curriculum cannot be viewed in isolation, however, as it concerns only one of a university’s many constituencies, and one facet of academic staff scholarship. For example, even in higher education sectors more sympathetic to a diversity of university niches and curricular models, like Canada’s, sustainability offerings operate at a tension from low-cost and low-effort teaching models. So-called ‘umbrella’ networking structures on cross-cutting topics must walk a careful line to be comprehensive yet non-competitive. They present great opportunities for sustainability teaching but are almost uniformly research-focused. A distinct sense emerges that the erosion of the collective identity and activities of academe has weakened the ability of universities to respond to new information and challenges in anything but corporate, isomorphic ways.¶ Two detailed Australian cases of research, research training and curriculum development activities around sustainability paint a rich picture of the agenda. The intractability of fragmentation between disciplines is evident, even in so-called interdisciplinary units. Problem-based topics often do not have an established social network or committee structure, and priorities can differ by budget unit. Disciplines provide identity, peers and cohesive research directions that can be compelling for individual academics. The most fascinating pattern that arises during the mapping of research co-authorship and co-supervisory relationships around sustainability is the bi-directional orientation: academics collaborate outside their departmental home on papers, but within that home to mentor research students. This combination unifies two contrasting theories of social capital transmission – those preferring dense and sparse networks, respectively – and may be ideal. Students then receive consistent messages while gaining access to the largest (non-redundant) set of human and technical resources via their supervisors’ personal networks. This hypothesis should be explored further: if supported, it would have major impacts on the rhetoric around collaboration in interdisciplinary units in particular.¶ Curriculum design processes in utilitarian universities are subject to the same fallibilities in adapting to sustainability as other institutions and the wider society. Change is motivated and moderated by financial imperatives and the scale of thought is often coincident with budgets. Engagement processes are often incomplete or undemocratic, hampered by inadequate leadership and shifting membership. Group learning via research, experimentation or vigorous debate is surprisingly rare. Finally, ad-hoc or project-based academic teams are rarely mandated to tackle the causes of problems, some of which can be intractable, and are limited to treating the symptoms. Incremental pragmatism may be a necessary element to university adaptation for EFS.¶ A number of recommendations are offered to improve interdisciplinarity and university values more generally. Individual academics should: offer additive alternatives to metrics and incentive schemes that maintain existing functions; act on common ground to rebuild a community of scholars; wield to the fullest the freedom in the classroom, and the opportunity to reflect, that university teaching allows; and, continue to debate ideas with passion and rigour, avoiding ‘academic correctness’. University management can contribute by: establishing a clear academic identity for the university beyond ‘excellence’, and supporting firm foundations for students based on that particular vision; taking a proactive view of course review and development and facilitating experimentation in those settings; intentionally fostering interdisciplinary units differently to disciplinary ones; and, establishing and recognising equivalence across a range of successful academic career archetypes.¶ This methodologically innovative work also suggests opportunities for extending the research, including: refining and testing the sustainability canon developed here; better understanding collaborative behaviour and the impact of various models of supervisory teams on student career paths; and, finding better ways of defining, modelling and evaluating interdisciplinary scholarship. Sustainability is likeliest to emerge from a healthy and independent tertiary sector, than one operating as an overt policy instrument.

近年隨全球生產鏈改變，廠商為維持競爭力由追求區位最佳化，轉而追求網絡位置優化。在此種現象下，引發本研究探討區位環境在廠商創新過程中所扮演之角色，並嘗試與網絡位置共同分析，探查區位環境對於廠商是否具有功能化效果。且以Markusen (1996)與Glückler(2007)之論述為基礎，檢視創新環境差異下是否存在網絡結構差異。區位環境與技術網絡分別透過創新氛圍與社會資本作為論述框架，利用兩者皆強調個體行動者特質，連結地理區位、社會化行動至創新績效之路徑。 本研究以台灣生物技術廠商為研究對象，該產業為我國新興產業之一，對於技術網絡建立與研發需求強烈。資料收集同時利用二手資料與問卷方式，建立近似於整體性的技術網絡資料，分析方法採用社會網絡分析法、變異數分析以及卜瓦松回歸進行假說驗證。分析結果呈現地區創新氛圍差異確實存在廠商社會資本型態差異，支持先前文獻論述。而地區創新氛圍在廠商創新過程中扮演調和社會資本結構面功能角色，隨創新氛圍提升，強化直接連結的正向效果，減緩了網絡中介的負向效果；突顯了區位選擇在廠商面對全球化過程中仍為影響創新績效的關鍵因子。 / The empirical studies of firms’ innovation pointed out the important of localtion. In early days, firms pursue better location to lower the cost.But now they facing the globalization recombining the global supply chain. The important of location is re-placed by “ network system”. In this view, the main part of our research tring to understand the role of innovative milieu in innovation process. According to the lite-rature of Markusen (1996) and Glückler(2007) suggest the difference network structure between difference industrial districts. The second goal of this research is using statistical data to confirm their explanation. Tthis research which indicate two important results. The first is the difference social capital of firms existing in difference innovative milieux.This result support Markusen and Glückler’s discussions. Second, the role of innovative milieu is mod-erated effect between social capital and innovative perfornment.Following the differ-ence social capital strength, the effect of innovative milieu is difference.The empirical result indicate that the important function of location is working on firms’ innovative process.

台灣董監事及高階管理者連結成為公司治理的重要議題。本研究欲探討某人同時兼任兩間以上公司之董事、監察人及高階管理者職位，所形成之董監連結，對公司經營績效之影響。本研究以董監連結變數作為衡量社會資本之質與量，並首度辨認董監連結之方向，透過社會網絡分析軟體將2010年台灣電子業上市公司之網絡連結狀況予以視覺化。 　　本研究實證結果顯示，與其他公司連結的數量愈多、兼任比例愈高，可能無法有效監督公司之經營管理，高度連結的狀況將使公司績效變差；公司擔任主要中間媒介的程度愈高，公司績效愈好。惟本研究在探討公司與其他公司的距離、連結至不同產業的種類數與公司經營績效之間的關係時，該部分實證結果並未呈現顯著相關。因此，不同的董監事連結構面對公司經營績效產生不同的影響，公司應適當的監督與控制董監事連結行為，並可以其作為透過策略聯盟提升公司經營績效的途徑之一。 / The interlocking among board members from different corporations has become one of the corporate governance research issues. Interlocking directorates means that firms appoint directors or managements who hold directorships in two or more companies. This study aims to examine the relationships between interlocking directorates and firm performance. This study uses the variable of interlocking directorates to measure the quality and quantity of social capital, and is the first study in Taiwan to identify the direction of interlocking directorates. This study uses the sample of Taiwan listed companies from 2010 to visualize the social network via SNA software. The empirical results are summarized as follow. If a firm has higher number of interlocking directorates, or a director has too many directorships, he/she is incapable of effectively monitoring the management of the firm. As a result, the high interlocking situation will hurt a firm’s performance. If a firm serves as the medium in the social network, it will enhance company’s performance. However, if a company has shorter distance to other companies or board of directors from various industries, it does not significantly affect the company’s performance. The above results suggest that different aspects of interlocking directorates have different effect on a company’s performance. Therefore, companies have to adequately monitor and control the behavior of interlocking directorates. In addition, interlocking directorates can be a way to enhance a company’s performance via strategic alliance.

<p>With accelerating urbanization it is crucial to understand how urban ecosystems play a part in generating ecosystem services for urban dwellers, such as clean water, spaces for recreation, stress relief and improved air quality. An equally important question relate to who gets to enjoy these benefits, i.e. the distribution of ecosystem services, and how issues of power and equity influence the management of ecosystems. Through case studies from the urban landscape of Stockholm, this doctoral thesis engages with these perspectives through combining ecological theory with social theory, including social network analysis, actor-network theory and social movement theory. Strategies for how to improve urban ecosystem management are presented along with frameworks for how to analyze issues of power and equity in relation to natural resource management.</p><p><b>Paper I </b>shows that ecosystem management can be studied through analyzing the structure of social networks, i.e. the patterns of relations between agencies, stake-holders and user groups. <b>Paper II</b> and <b>Paper III</b> analyze, based on a network survey of 62 civil society organizations and in-depth interviews, a transformational process of how an urban local movement managed to protect a large urban green area from exploitation (The Stockholm National Urban Park). <b>Paper IV</b> discusses, based on several case studies from Stockholm, a conducive network structure for linking managers and user groups (e.g. allotment gardens, cemetery managers, and urban planners) across spatial ecological scales so as to improve urban green area management. <b>Paper V</b> presents a framework to analyze the social-ecological dynamics behind the generation and distribution of ecosystem services in urban landscapes.</p><p>The thesis points towards the notion of "a social production of ecosystem services" and argues for deeper engagement with urban political ecology and critical geography to inform governance and collective action in relation to urban ecosystems.</p>

<p>Kommunikationen är en av våra viktigaste verktyg då den förmedlar information och kontakter mellan människor. För att den ska fungera krävs att budskapet förstås av dem vi riktar det till. Tyvärr förekommer det att kommunikationen fallerar pga. budskapet missförstås, feltolkas eller att den vi kommunicerar med inte vill ha en relation med annan part.</p><p>I den här uppsatsen har jag identifierat och analyserat hur Habia Cables kommunikations- nätverk ser ut, då de klagat på att deras kommunikation är katastrofal.</p><p>Habia Cable är en av Europas största tillverkare av specialkabel. Deras största kunder finns inom telekommunikation, kärnkraft, försvar och övrig industri.</p><p>I Sverige, är de lokaliserade på två ställen, i Upplands Väsby och i Söderfors, det är också där som deras huvudfabrik finns. De har 220 anställda I Sverige och deras omsättning 2006 var, 565 MSEK.</p><p>Syftet med denna uppsats var att identifiera:</p><p>• Hur kommunikationsstrukturen ser ut på Habia Cable?</p><p>• Vilka uppfattas som nyckelpersoner samt om det finns några centrala grupper?</p><p>• Har cheferna en central position i kommunikationsmönstret?</p><p>• Vilka personer har svag eller ingen kommunikationskontakt alls?</p><p>Jag använde mig av enkäter för att få in informationen jag behövde till denna undersökning tillsammans med en Social Nätverks Analys (SNA). Min avsikt var att få en komplett bild av kommunikationsmönstret och för att få det utförde jag en total undersökning, där alla 220 anställda fick fylla i enkäten. I enkäten fick alla svara på vilka de kände till av samtliga anställda. Mitt mål var att få in 176 svar, jag fick in 190 – 86%, vilket väl översteg mitt mål. Från datat jag fick in, kunde jag med hjälp av SNA få fram olika case-by-case relationer, vilket gav mig information om hur Habia Cables kommunikationsmönster såg ut.</p><p>Från undersökningen kunde jag se att kommunikationen kunde ha varit mycket bättre hos Habia Cable. Bara 24% hade någon form av kontakt och av dessa ansg 26% att deras kontakt inom förtaget hade stor betydelse. Det ska tilläggas att 61% kände till varandra och det fanns över 106.000 gruppkonstellationer. Det gör att jag tror att kommunikationen fungerar, men mer på det privata planet. Därför måste företaget arbeta mer med hur de kommunicerar och vilket budskap de skickar ut. Här är det viktigt att budskapet skickas ut på mottagaren villkor.</p><p>Jag vill föreslå Habia Cable att fortsätta analysera och gå djupare ner i kommunikationsmönstret. Jag vill också rekommendera dem att analysera grupp konstellationerna och vilka personer som en har en mer maktposition i dessa.</p><p>Genom denna studie, har jag lärt mig mycket om enkäter och kommunikationsmönster. Jag har också lärt mig att dessa undersökningar tar tid och att det är mycket arbete med att skriva in svaren i databasen, ett arbete jag inte är skapt för.</p> / <p>Communication is one of our most important tool due to the fact that it act as intermediary of information and connect people. For it to work it takes that the message is understood to them we direct it to. Unfortunately, the communication fails because the message is misunderstood, interpreted wrongly or that the people we communicate with, do not want this relation.</p><p>In this study, I have identified and analysed how Habia Cables communication network is structured, since they claim that their communication is catastrophic.</p><p>Habia Cable is one of Europe largest manufacture of specialized cable. Their largest customers are found in telecommunications, nuclear, defends and other industries.</p><p>In Sweden, they are located in two different places, one in Upplands Väsby and one in Söderfors, it is also here where the main manufacturing are done. They have 220 employees and the turn over where 565 MSEK in 2006.</p><p>The central question of this study where to identify:</p><p>• How the communication network at Habia Cable is structured</p><p>• Where the top management are located in the communications network?</p><p>• Which of the employees that have a centralized role in the company, and if there are any central groups</p><p>• Which employees that have a very vague or are lacking a communication network</p><p>I used questionnaires to gather information needed for this study together with a Social Network Analysis. My intension was to get a complete picture of the communication network. I performed a survey, in which all-220 employees where asked to fill in a form. In the form, they where asked to acknowledge who they knew out of all the 220 employees. My wish where to get 176 answerers; I got 190 - 86% which fulfilled my requirements. From the collected data, I received different case-by-case relations, which in the analysis could give information about how their communication network was structured.</p><p>From the findings and analysis, I could see that the communication could be much better at Habia Cable. Only 24% had any form of contact and 26%, of these 24% said that the contact they had within the company where of large importance. With that said, 61% knew of each other and there where over 106.000 workgroups. This leaves me to believe that the communication do work, but in a more private matter. Therefore, the company need to work more on how they communicate and what the message is all about. The message should be told to the recipient in his way.</p><p>My suggestions for Habia Cable is to keep analyse and go deeper into the communication network. I would also recommend them to analyse the group constellations and which people that have a more powerful position.</p><p>By doing the study, I have learnt a lot in questionnaires and communication networks. I have also learnt that these surveys take time and that it is a lot of work writing them in to the database, a work I am not designed for.</p>

With accelerating urbanization it is crucial to understand how urban ecosystems play a part in generating ecosystem services for urban dwellers, such as clean water, spaces for recreation, stress relief and improved air quality. An equally important question relate to who gets to enjoy these benefits, i.e. the distribution of ecosystem services, and how issues of power and equity influence the management of ecosystems. Through case studies from the urban landscape of Stockholm, this doctoral thesis engages with these perspectives through combining ecological theory with social theory, including social network analysis, actor-network theory and social movement theory. Strategies for how to improve urban ecosystem management are presented along with frameworks for how to analyze issues of power and equity in relation to natural resource management. <b>Paper I </b>shows that ecosystem management can be studied through analyzing the structure of social networks, i.e. the patterns of relations between agencies, stake-holders and user groups. <b>Paper II</b> and <b>Paper III</b> analyze, based on a network survey of 62 civil society organizations and in-depth interviews, a transformational process of how an urban local movement managed to protect a large urban green area from exploitation (The Stockholm National Urban Park). <b>Paper IV</b> discusses, based on several case studies from Stockholm, a conducive network structure for linking managers and user groups (e.g. allotment gardens, cemetery managers, and urban planners) across spatial ecological scales so as to improve urban green area management. <b>Paper V</b> presents a framework to analyze the social-ecological dynamics behind the generation and distribution of ecosystem services in urban landscapes. The thesis points towards the notion of "a social production of ecosystem services" and argues for deeper engagement with urban political ecology and critical geography to inform governance and collective action in relation to urban ecosystems.

在耐延遲網路環境下節點的相遇情況不是很頻繁，這可能導致節點間的連線斷斷續續，使得有效地將訊息傳遞成為一件困難的事情。藉由社群感知轉送機制的中間度指標特性，可以來提升傳送成功率。雖然大多數研究幾乎都是將訊息轉送到單一目的地或是多個且已知的目的地。然而，一些應用像是廣告的散佈，要將訊息送給對訊息有興趣的人，但卻不知道是誰。因此，關鍵的問題為如何建立社群網路關係的親密度機制，來選擇作為轉送訊息的節點，並利用群體廣播的方式盡可能有效地傳播至最多可能目標目的地，進而提升效能。 本論文以群播機制和社群感知當作基礎概念，來設計新的轉送訊息的方法和公式化選擇中繼節點的機制。最後，我們使用政治大學實際軌跡來模擬，將模擬結果與其它路由演算法比較，其結果證明我們所提出的方法能提高訊息傳送成功率和正確率，降低傳送延遲時間和傳送訊息的成本。 / In delay tolerant networks (DTNs), nodes infrequently encounter with each others. This results in intermittent connectivity of the nodes, and makes it difficult to deliver the message effectively. A social-aware forwarding scheme can help for successful delivery ratio by utilizing the characteristic of their centrality metric. Most of the previous studies focus on message delivery to single destination or some priori known destinations. However, some applications like advertisement dissemination may not know who will be the interested persons to be delivered. Therefore, the key challenge is how to establish the social relationship strategy to select appropriate nodes as relays, and furthermore to use multicasting to disseminate effectively as many “target” destinations as possible to improve the performance. This thesis developed a new strategy which has a new forwarding message scheme and formulates the selection of the relay nodes based on the concept of the multicasting and the social network. Finally, we used the reality trace data of National Chengchi University to simulate. The simulation results are compared to others DTNs routing protocols as well as other social-aware forwarding schemes. The results showed that our proposed approach can enhance the successful delivery ratio and delivery accuracy, decrease the delivery delay and reduce the delivery overhead.

Aquest treball de recerca se centra en un dels processos més rellevants de les persones: l’intercanvi de coneixements (IC). El coneixement pot ser explícit o tàcit. L’explícit es pot codificar, estructurar i emmagatzemar de manera que pugui estar disponible. El coneixement tàcit, conegut també com a tacit knowing, és l’acció de conèixer que no es pot codificar ni estructurar, sinó que depèn de les experiències, el criteri i els valors de la persona. Les xarxes socials informals de les organitzacions esdevenen un mitjà pel qual es pot facilitar la transmissió del tacit knowing, de manera que mitjançant l’anàlisi de xarxes socials (social network analysis, SNA) es poden entendre i analitzar les relacions entre les persones, més enllà de les estructures formals i jeràrquiques. Aquesta situació és rellevant perquè l’alta direcció potenciï, i no cerqui d’estructurar o de controlar, aquestes xarxes socials i amb una gestió adequada incentivi que el coneixement flueixi a través d’elles. Es plantegen els objectius següents: 1) establir l’impacte de la complexitat de tasques en la intensitat de la interacció de xarxes socials en una organització; 2) establir l’impacte de la complexitat de tasques en el procés d’intercanvi de coneixement, i 3) verificar si hi ha alguna relació entre la intensitat de la interacció de les xarxes socials en el procés d’intercanvi de coneixement (IC). En la recerca, s’ha administrat una enquesta a tres organitzacions peruanes intensives en coneixement. Es planteja que, com més complexes siguin les tasques, la propensió de la persona a intercanviar coneixements ha de ser més gran. Els criteris de classificació de la complexitat es basen en la multiplicitat de resultats, esquemes de solució, conflictes i incertesa, i s’ha pres la qualificació d’experts de les tres organitzacions, els quals indiquen en els individus qualificats el percentatge de temps que dediquen per realitzar cada tipus de tasca en la seva rutina normal. La intensitat de la interacció de xarxes i la propensió a l’IC s’obtenen de les enquestes. De l’anàlisi efectuada, s’observa una relació directa entre la complexitat de tasques i la intensitat en la interacció de la xarxa social de coneixement, com també entre la complexitat i la propensió a intercanviar coneixement. Així mateix, s’ha trobat una relació directa entre les persones que tenen un grau més alt d’interacció en la xarxa social de coneixement i la seva propensió a l’intercanvi de coneixements. Les contribucions principals d’aquesta recerca són aquestes: 1) en l’aspecte acadèmic, la metodologia plantejada quan es treballa amb la qualificació de la persona que coneix millor la naturalesa del treball; 2) en l’aspecte pràctic, la sistematització que es pot obtenir per identificar les persones que tenen més propensió a intercanviar coneixements per potenciar-los dins de l’organització. / El presente trabajo de investigación enfoca uno de los procesos más relevantes de las personas, el Intercambio de Conocimientos (IC). El conocimiento puede ser explícito o tácito. El explícito se puede codificar, estructurar y almacenar de manera que pueda estar disponible. El conocimiento tácito, o también conocido como Tacit Knowing, es la acción de conocer que no se puede codificar ni estructurar; este depende de las experiencias, el criterio y los valores de la persona. Las redes sociales informales en las organizaciones se convierten en un medio por el cual se puede facilitar la transmisión del Tacit Knowing, por lo que mediante el análisis de redes sociales (Social Network Analysis (SNA)) se puede entender y analizar las relaciones entre las personas más allá de las estructuras formales y jerárquicas. Esta situación es relevante para que la alta gerencia potencie, y no trate de estructurar o controlar, estas redes sociales y con una adecuada gestión que incentive que el conocimiento fluya a través de ellas. Se plantean los siguientes objetivos: 1) establecer el Impacto de la Complejidad de Tareas en la intensidad de la interacción de Redes Sociales en una organización, 2) establecer el Impacto de la Complejidad de Tareas en el proceso de Intercambio de Conocimiento y 3) verificar si existe alguna relación entre la intensidad de la interacción de las redes sociales en el proceso de Intercambio de Conocimiento (IC). En la investigación se ha aplicado una encuesta a tres organizaciones peruanas intensivas en conocimiento. Se plantea que a mayor complejidad de tareas, la propensión que debe de tener la persona al intercambio de conocimientos debe ser mayor. Los criterios de clasificación para la complejidad se basan en la multiplicidad de resultados, esquemas de solución, conflictos e incertidumbre y se ha tomado la calificación de expertos de las tres organizaciones, quienes indican en los individuos calificados el porcentaje de tiempo de cada tipo de tareas realizadas en su rutina normal. La intensidad de la interacción de redes y la propensión al IC se obtienen de las encuestas. Del análisis efectuado, se observa una relación directa entre la complejidad de tareas y la intensidad en la interacción de la red social de conocimiento, así como entre la complejidad y la propensión a intercambiar conocimiento. Asimismo, se ha encontrado una relación directa entre las personas que tienen un mayor grado interacción en la red social de conocimiento y su propensión al intercambio de conocimientos. Las principales contribuciones de la presente investigación son las siguientes: 1) en el aspecto académico está la metodología planteada cuando se trabaja con la calificación de la persona que mejor conoce la naturaleza del trabajo; 2) en el aspecto práctico está en la sistematización que se puede obtener para identificar a las personas que tienen una mayor propensión a intercambiar conocimiento para potenciarlos dentro de la organización. / The research addresses one of the most important processes of people, the Knowledge Sharing (KS). Knowledge can be explicit or tacit. The explicit can be structured and stored in a manner that may be available. Tacit knowledge, or also known as Tacit Knowing, is action learning that can not be encoded or structure, this depends on the experience, judgment and values of the person. Informal social networks in organizations become a means to facilitate the transmission of Tacit Knowing, so by analyzing social networks (Social Network Analysis (SNA)) can be understood and analyzed the relationships between people beyond formal and hierarchical structures. This situation is relevant to senior management in order to enhance, rather than try to structure or control, these social networks. An appropriate management should incentive that knowledge flows through them. The research objectives are: 1) establish the Impact of Task Complexity in the intensity of the interaction of social networks in an organization, 2) set the Impact of Task Complexity in the process of knowledge sharing and 3) verify if there is any relationship between the intensity of the interaction of social networks in the process of Knowledge Sharing (KS). A survey has been applied to three peruvian knowledge intensive organizations. It argues that a more complex task, the propensity that the person must have knowledge sharing should be higher. The classification criteria for complexity based on the multiplicity of outcomes, settlement schemes, conflict and uncertainty and has taken the qualification of experts from the three organizations, who qualified individuals listed in the percentage of time each type of task made in their normal routine. The intensity of the interaction of networks and the propensity to KS are obtained from surveys. The analysis conducted, there is a direct relation between task complexity and intensity in the interaction of the social network of knowledge and between complexity and propensity to share knowledge. Also found a direct relationship between people with greater social interaction network of knowledge and their propensity to knowledge sharing. The main contributions of this research are: 1) academically the proposed methodology when working with the qualification of the person who best knows the nature of work, 2) on the practical aspect is that the systematization can get to identify people who have a greater propensity to share knowledge to empower them within the organization.